List of the prehistoric life of Virginia facts for kids

This list of the prehistoric life of Virginia contains the various prehistoric life-forms whose fossilized remains have been reported from within the US state of Virginia.

Precambrian

The Paleobiology Database records no known occurrences of Precambrian fossils in Virginia.

Paleozoic

Selected Paleozoic taxa of Virginia

• †Acmarhachis
• †Amplexopora
• †Ampyx
• 

  Fossils of the Carboniferous-Permian bryozoan Archimedes
  †Archimedes
• †Arthrorhachis
• †Athyris
  • †Athyris lamellosa
• †Atrypa
  • †Atrypa reticularis
• †Aulopora
• †Aviculopecten
• †Bassleroceras
• †Bellerophon
  • †Bellerophon spergensis – tentative report
• †Bimuria
• †Blountiella
• 

  Life restoration of the Late Devonian placoderm fish Bothriolepis
  †Bothriolepis
• †Bumastus
  • †Bumastus lioderma – or unidentified comparable form
• †Callixylon
• †Calymene
• †Calyptaulax
• †Camarotoechia
  • †Camarotoechia contracta
• †Campbelloceras
• †Cardiopteris
• †Ceratocephala
• †Ceratopsis
• †Ceraurinella – type locality for genus
• †Ceraurus
• †Chasmatopora
• †Chonetes
  • †Chonetes chesterensis
  • †Chonetes novascoticus
• †Christiania
• 

  Assemblage of fossilized shells of the Ordovician brachiopod Cincinnetina
  †Cincinnetina
  • †Cincinnetina meeki
  • †Cincinnetina multisecta
• †Clarkoceras – tentative report
• †Cleiothyridina
  • †Cleiothyridina sublamellosa – or unidentified comparable form
• †Climacograptus
• †Coleoloides
• †Columnaria
• †Composita
  • †Composita subquadrata – or unidentified comparable form
• †Conocardium
• †Constellaria
• †Coosia
• †Coosina
• †Cornulites
  • †Cornulites flexuosus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Craniops
• †Crepicephalus
• †Cryptophragmus
• 

  Restoration of the Cambrian-Middle Devonian nautiloid cephalopod Cyrtoceras
  †Cyrtoceras
• †Cyrtospirifer
• †Cystodictya
  • †Cystodictya lineata
• †Dakeoceras
• †Dalmanites – or unidentified comparable form
• †Diplograptus
• †Echinosphaerites
• †Edmondia
• †Encrinuroides
• †Eophacops
• †Epiphyton
• 

  Illustration with inset cross-section diagrams of the Cambrian sponge Ethmophyllum
  †Ethmophyllum
• †Favosites
• †Fletcheria – tentative report
• †Flexicalymene
  • †Flexicalymene senaria
• †Foerstia
• †Girvanella
• †Glauconome
• †Gonioceras
• †Hallopora
• †Helcionella
• †Heliomeroides
• †Hemithecella – type locality for genus
• †Holia
• †Holopea
• †Homagnostus
• †Hyolithellus
• †Hyolithes
• †Hypseloconus
• †Illaenus
• 

  Fossil of the Middle-Late Ordovician giant trilobite Isotelus.
  †Isotelus
  • †Isotelus maximus
• †Kingstonia
• †Kionoceras
• †Komaspidella
• †Kootenia
• †Krausella
• †Kutorgina
• †Labyrinthus
• †Latouchella
• 

  Restoration of the Carboniferous-Late Triassic club moss relative Lepidodendron. Eli Heimans (1911).
  †Lepidodendron
• †Levisoceras
• Lingula
• †Lingulella – tentative report
• †Llanoaspis
• †Lonchodomas
• †Maryvillia
• †Meteoraspis
• †Michelinoceras
• †Microplasma
• †Miraspis
• †Naticopsis
• †Niobe
• †Nisusia
• Nucula
• †Odontopleura
• †Olenellus
• †Olenoides
• †Orthoceras
• †Oulodus
• †Ozarkodina
• †Pagetia
• †Paractinoceras
• †Paterina
• †Pemphigaspis
• 

  Fossilized theca of the Carboniferous blastoid echinoderm ("sea bud") Pentremites
  †Pentremites
• †Phillipsia
• †Phragmolites
• †Phylloporina
• Pinna
• †Plaesiomys
• †Platyceras
• †Platystrophia
• †Plectoceras
• †Posidonia
• †Proetus
• †Protobarinophyton
• †Raymondaspis
• 

  Fossil of the Early Ordovician-Permian benthic alga Receptaculites
  †Receptaculites
• †Remopleurides
• †Rhodea
• †Rothpletzella
• †Salterella
• †Siphonodella
• †Skenidioides
• Solemya
• †Solenopora
  • †Solenopora compacta
• †Sowerbyella
• †Spathognathodus
• †Sphaerexochus
• †Sphaerocoryphe
• †Spirifer
• †Spyroceras
• †Strophomena
  • †Strophomena filitexta
  • †Strophomena incurvata
• †Subligaculum
• †Subulites
• †Syringopora
• 

  Assemblage of fossilized shells of the Early Ordovician-Late Devonian probable mollusc Tentaculites
  †Tentaculites
• †Terranovella
• †Tetradium
• †Tricrepicephalus
• †Trinodus
• Trypanites
• †Wilkingia

Mesozoic

• †Abietites – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Abietites longifolius
• †Acrostichites
  • †Acrostichites linnaeaefolius
• †Agrestipus – type locality for genus
  • †Agrestipus hottoni – type locality for species
• †Alisporites
  • †Alisporites aequalis
• †Amblydactylus
  • †Amblydactylus gethingi
• †Anchisauripus
  • †Anchisauripus parallelus
• 

  Fossil (right) of the Early Jurassic dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Anomoepus
  †Anomoepus
• †Appomatoxia – type locality for genus
  • †Appomatoxia ancistrophora – type locality for species
• † Aquia – type locality for genus
• † Aquia
  • †Aquia brookensis – type locality for species
• Aralia
  • †Aralia dubia
• †Aratrisporites
  • †Aratrisporites scabratus
• †Araucarites
  • †Araucarites aquiensis
• †Arcellites
  • †Arcellites disciformis
  • †Arcellites pyriformis – or unidentified comparable form
• †Athrotaxis
  • †Athrotaxis ungeri – or unidentified comparable form
• †Athrotaxopsis
• †Atreipus
  • †Atreipus milfordensis
• †Auriculophora
  • †Auriculophora acrostichoides
• †Boreogomphodon – type locality for genus
  • †Boreogomphodon jeffersoni – type locality for species
• †Brachyphyllum
  • †Brachyphyllum crassicaule
• †Brenneria – type locality for genus
  • †Brenneria potomacensis – type locality for species
• †Brennerispermum – type locality for genus
  • †Brennerispermum potomacensis – type locality for species
• 

  Fossil of the sauropod dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Brontopodus
  †Brontopodus
  • †Brontopodus birdi
• †Caririchnium
  • †Caririchnium leonardii
• †Carpestella – type locality for genus
  • †Carpestella lacunata – type locality for species
• †Chirotherium
  • †Chirotherium lulli
  • †Chirotherium parvum
• Cladophlebis
  • †Cladophlebis auriculata
  • †Cladophlebis constricta
  • †Cladophlebis mexicana
• †Classopollis
• †Clathropteris
  • †Clathropteris meniscoides
• †Colpectopollis
  • †Colpectopollis ellipsoideus
• †Crudia
  • †Crudia grahamiana – type locality for species
• †Crybelosporites
  • †Crybelosporites striatus
• †Cyathocaulis
  • †Cyathocaulis carolinensis
• †Cyathoforma
  • †Cyathoforma carolinensis
  • †Cyathoforma minuta
  • †Cyathoforma penticarpa
• †Danaeopsis
  • †Danaeopsis virginiensis
• †Decussosporites
  • †Decussosporites microreticulatus
• †Delosorus
  • †Delosorus heterophyllus
• †Dichotozamites
  • †Dichotozamites cycadopsis
• Dicotylophyllum
  • †Dicotylophyllum ovatodecurrens – type locality for species
• Dicranopteris
• †Dictyophylum
• †Dictyopygae
• †Dictyothylakos
  • †Dictyothylakos pesslerae
• †Diplurus
• 

  Life restoration of the Late Triassic reptile Doswellia
  †Doswellia – type locality for genus
  • †Doswellia kaltenbachi – type locality for species
• †Drewria
• †Echitriletes
  • †Echitriletes lanatus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Emydhipus – or unidentified related form
• †Equisetites
  • †Equisetites milleri
  • †Equisetites richmondensis
  • †Equisetites rogersii
• †Equisetum
  • †Equisetum lyellii – or unidentified comparable form
• †Erlansonisporites
  • †Erlansonisporites erlansonii
• 

  Fossils of the large theropod dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Eubrontes
  †Eubrontes
  • †Eubrontes approximus
  • †Eubrontes giganteus
• †Eucommiidites
• †Euscolosuchus – type locality for genus
  • †Euscolosuchus olseni – type locality for species
• †Exesipollenites
• †Ficophyllum
  • †Ficophyllum crassinerve
• †Gleichenites
  • †Gleichenites distans
• †Gomphiosauridion – type locality for genus
  • †Gomphiosauridion baileyae – type locality for species
• 

  Negative footprint of G. cuneatus showing skin impressions
  †Grallator
  • †Grallator cuneatus
  • †Grallator formosus
• †Gregaripus
• †Gwyneddichnium
  • †Gwyneddichnium majore
• †Gypsichnites
  • †Gypsichnites pacensis
• †Hypsiloichnus
  • †Hypsiloichnus marylandicus
• †Isoetodendron
  • †Isoetodendron striata
• †Juglandiphyllum
  • †Juglandiphyllum integrifolium
• †Kayentapus
  • †Kayentapus minor
• †Kenella – or unidentified related form
• †Lagenella
  • †Lagenella martinii
• †Landonia
  • †Landonia calophylla – or unidentified comparable form
• †Lapposisporites
  • †Lapposisporites loricatus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Leptocyclotes
  • †Leptocyclotes americana
• 

  Electron micrograph of fossilized teeth from the Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous freshwater shark Lissodus
  †Lissodus
• †Lonchopteris
  • †Lonchopteris oblonga
• †Lunatisporites
  • †Lunatisporites acutus
• †Macrotaeniopteris
  • †Macrotaeniopteris crassinervis
  • †Macrotaeniopteris magnifolia
• †Megalosauropus
• †Mertensides
  • †Mertensides bullatus
• †Microconodon
  • †Microconodon tenuirostris
• †Nageiopsis
  • †Nageiopsis longifolia
• †Nelumbites
  • †Nelumbites extenuinervis – type locality for species
  • †Nelumbites minimus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Neocalamites
  • †Neocalamites delawarensis – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Neocalamites knowltonii
  • †Neocalamites virginiensis
• †Onychopsis
  • †Onychopsis latiloba
• †Ornithomimipus
  • †Ornithomimipus angustus
• 

  Fossil of the Permian-Late Cretaceous fern Osmundites
  †Osmundites
  • †Osmundites winterpockensis
• †Ovalipollis
  • †Ovalipollis ovalis
• †Pabiania – or unidentified related form
• †Patinasporites
  • †Patinasporites densus
• †Paxillitriletes
• †Pecopteris
  • †Pecopteris rarinervis
• †Phlebopteris
  • †Phlebopteris smithii – or unidentified comparable form
• †Pityopollenites
  • †Pityopollenites neomundanus
• †Platanocarpus
  • †Platanocarpus brookensis – type locality for species
• †Platanophyllum
  • †Platanophyllum crassinerve
• †Plesiornis
  • †Plesiornis pilulatus
• †Plicarizamites
  • †Plicarizamites lanceolatus
• †Podozamites
  • †Podozamites acutifolius
  • †Podozamites lanceolatus
  • †Podozamites tenuistriatus
• †Populophyllum
  • †Populophyllum crassinerve
• †Potomacanthus
  • †Potomacanthus lobatus
• †Primaraucaria
  • †Primaraucaria wielandii
• †Protodiploxypinus
  • †Protodiploxypinus doubingeri
• †Protohaploxypinus
• †Pseudofrenelopsis
  • †Pseudofrenelopsis nathorstiana – type locality for species
  • †Pseudofrenelopsis parceramosa
• †Pteridocaulis
  • †Pteridocaulis facialis
  • †Pteridocaulis rhombiformis
• †Pterophyllum
  • †Pterophyllum affine
  • †Pterophyllum braunianum
  • †Pterophyllum descussatum
  • †Pterophyllum giganteum
  • †Pterophyllum grandifolium
  • †Pterophyllum taxinum
  • †Pterophyllum tenuinervis
• †Ptycholepis
  • †Ptycholepis marshi
• †Redfieldius
• †Rothwellia – type locality for genus.
  • †Rothwellia foveata – type locality for species
• 

  Life restoration of the Late Triassic phytosaur Rutiodon
  †Rutiodon
  • †Rutiodon manhattanensis – or unidentified comparable form
• †Sagenopteris
  • †Sagenopteris rhoifolia
• †Sanmiguelia – tentative report
• †Sapindopsis
  • †Sapindopsis – or unidentified comparable form magnifolia/variabilis – informal
  • †Sapindopsis minutifolia – type locality for species
  • †Sapindopsis obtusifolia
• Sassafras
  • †Sassafras bilobata
• 

  Fossilized leaf of the Late Cretaceous ginkgo relative Sphenobaiera
  †Sphenobaiera
  • †Sphenobaiera striata
• †Sphenolepis
  • †Sphenolepis sternbergiana
• †Sphenopteris
  • †Sphenopteris lobata
  • †Sphenopteris sitholeyi
• †Sphenozamites
  • †Sphenozamites rogersianus
• †Stangerites
  • †Stangerites obliqua
  • †Stangerites planus
• 

  Ripe fruit capsule and seeds of a living Sterculia, or tropical chestnut
  Sterculia
  • †Sterculia elegans
• †Sulcatisporites
  • †Sulcatisporites kraeuseli
• †Taeniopteris
  • †Taeniopteris diminuta
• †Tetrapodosaurus
  • †Tetrapodosaurus borealis
• †Thodaya – type locality for genus. Preoccupied.
  • †Thodaya sykesiae – type locality for species
• †Thylakosporites
  • †Thylakosporites retiarius
• †Trassiflorites
  • †Trassiflorites grandiflora
• †Triadispora
  • †Triadispora modesta
  • †Triadispora verrucata
• †Uatchitodon – type locality for genus
  • †Uatchitodon kroehleri – type locality for species
• †Ulmiphyllum
  • †Ulmiphyllum crassinerve
• †Vallasporites
  • †Vallasporites ignacii
  • †Vallasporites perspicuus
• †Verrutriletes
  • †Verrutriletes carbunculus
• †Virginianthus – type locality for genus
  • †Virginianthus calycanthoides – type locality for species
• †Watsoniocladus – type locality for genus
  • †Watsoniocladus florinii – type locality for species
  • †Watsoniocladus obatae
  • †Watsoniocladus pseudoexpansum
  • †Watsoniocladus ramonensis
  • †Watsoniocladus valdensis
  • †Watsoniocladus virginiensis – type locality for species
• †Xenodiphyodon – type locality for genus
  • †Xenodiphyodon petraios – type locality for species
• †Zamiostrobus
  • †Zamiostrobus lissocardius
  • †Zamiostrobus triasiccus
• 

  Fossil of the Early Triassic-Eocene cycad-like frond Zamites
  †Zamites
  • †Zamites buchianus
  • †Zamites powellii

Cenozoic

Selected Cenozoic taxa of Virginia

• Abies
• †Abra
• Acanthocybium
• Accipiter
  • 

    Living adult (center) and chick (lower right) Accipiter striatus, or sharp-shinned hawks
    †Accipiter striatus
• Acipenser
• Acmaea
• Acteocina
• Acteon
• †Actinocyclus
• Actitis – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Actitis macularia
• †Adeorbis
• Aegolius
  • †Aegolius acadicus
• Aequipecten
• Aetobatus
• Aetomylaeus
• Agelaius
  • †Agelaius phoeniceus
• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene baleen whale Aglaocetus
  †Aglaocetus
• †Aglyptorhynchus
• Albula
• Alca
  • †Alca torda – or unidentified comparable form
• Alces – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Alces alces
• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene pig-nosed turtle Allaeochelys
  †Allaeochelys
• Alnus
• Alopias
• Aluterus
• †Ambystoma
• Amia
• Ammonia
  • †Ammonia tepida
• †Amonia
• †Ampelopsis
• Amyda – or unidentified comparable form
• Anachis
• Anadara
  • †Anadara ovalis
  • 

    Shell of an Anadara transversa, or transverse ark clam
    †Anadara transversa
• Anas
  • †Anas crecca
  • †Anas discors
  • †Anas platyrhynchos – or unidentified comparable form
• Anguilla
• †Anguispira
  • †Anguispira alternata
• Angulus
• Anomia
  • †Anomia simplex
• †Anomotodon
• 

  A living Anoxypristis cuspidata, or knifetooth sawfish
  Anoxypristis
• †Anthus – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Anthus spinoletta
• Aporrhais
• Arbacia
• †Archaeohippus
• †Archaeomanta
• Architectonica
• 

  Restoration of an Arctodus, or short-faced bear, with a human to scale
  †Arctodus
  • †Arctodus simus
• Argobuccinum
• Argopecten
  • †Argopecten gibbus
• Arius – tentative report
• Asio
  • †Asio flammeus – or unidentified comparable form
• Astarte
  • †Astarte castanea
• Astrangia
  • †Astrangia danae
• Astyris
  • †Astyris lunata
• Athleta
• Balaena
• Balaenoptera
• 

  Fossilized vertebrae of the Pliocene baleen whale Balaenotus
  †Balaenotus
• Balanophyllia
• Balanus
  • †Balanus improvisus
• Barbatia
• Barnea
• Bartramia
  • †Bartramia longicauda
• †Basilotritus
• Betula
• Bison
  • †Bison bison
• Bittiolum
  • †Bittiolum alternatum
• Blarina
  • †Blarina brevicauda
• †Bohaskaia – type locality for genus
  • †Bohaskaia monodontoides – type locality for species
• †Bolcyrus – or unidentified comparable form
• Bombycilla
  • †Bombycilla cedrorum
• Bonasa
  • †Bonasa umbellus
• †Bootherium
  • 

    Fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene-Holocene bovid Bootherium bombifrons, or Harlan's musk ox.
    †Bootherium bombifrons
• Boreotrophon
• Bos
  • †Bos taurus
• Bostrycapulus
  • †Bostrycapulus aculeatus
• Botaurus
  • †Botaurus lentiginosus
• Brachidontes
• Branta
  • †Branta bernicla
• †Brevoortia
• †Brychaetus
• Bubo
  • 

    A living Bubo virginianus, or great horned owl
    †Bubo virginianus
• Buccella
• Buccinum
  • †Buccinum undatum
• Bucephala
  • †Bucephala albeola
• Bufo
  • †Bufo woodhousei
• †Burnhamia
• Busycon
  • †Busycon carica
  • †Busycon contrarium
• Busycotypus
  • †Busycotypus canaliculatus
• Buteo
  • 

    A living Buteo jamaicensis, or red-tailed hawk
    †Buteo jamaicensis
  • †Buteo lineatus
  • †Buteo platypterus
• Cadulus
• Caecum
  • †Caecum cooperi
• Caestocorbula
• †Calippus
• Calliostoma
• †Callippus
• Callista
• Calonectris
• Cambarus
  • †Cambarus bartonii – or unidentified comparable form
• †Canarium
• Cancellaria
• Cancer
  • †Cancer irroratus
• Canis
  • 

    Modern mounted skeleton of Canis lupus, the grey wolf, to scale with a fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene wolf Canis dirus, or dire wolf
    †Canis dirus
  • †Canis latrans
  • †Canis lupus – or unidentified comparable form
• Cantharus
• Canthon
• Capella
  • †Capella gallinago
• Carcharhinus
• Carcharias
• Carcharodon
  • †Carcharodon hastalis
• Carditamera
• †Carolinochelys
  • †Carolinochelys wilsoni
• Carphophis
  • †Carphophis amoenus
• Carya
• Castor
  • †Castor canadensis
• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Pleistocene giant beaver Castoroides
  †Castoroides
  • †Castoroides ohioensis
• Catharus
• †Catinella
• Catoptrophorus
  • †Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
• †Catostomus
• Celtis
  • †Celtis occidentalis
• Cerithiopsis
  • †Cerithiopsis greenii
• Certhia
  • †Certhia familiaris
• †Cervalces – tentative report
  • †Cervalces scotti
• Cervus
  • †Cervus elaphus
• Cetorhinus
• 

  Life restoration of the Miocene-Pliocene whale Cetotherium
  †Cetotherium
• Chaetura
  • †Chaetura pelagica
• Chama
  • †Chama congregata
• Charadrius
  • †Charadrius vociferus
• Chelydra
  • †Chelydra serpentina
• †Chesapecten
  • 

    Shells of the Pliocene scallop Chesapecten jeffersonius
    †Chesapecten jeffersonius
• Chione
  • †Chione cancellata
• Chlamys
• †Chordeiles
  • †Chordeiles minor
• Cibicides
• Cingula
• Circulus
• Cirsotrema
• Cistothorus
  • †Cistothorus platensis – or unidentified comparable form
• Clavus – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
• Clethrionomys
  • †Clethrionomys gapperi
• 

  A living Cliona sponge
  Cliona
• Coccyzus
• Colaptes
  • †Colaptes auratus
• Colinus
  • †Colinus virginianus
• Coluber
  • †Coluber constrictor
• †Columella
• Colus
  • †Colus pygmaeus
• Condylura
  • †Condylura cristata
• Contopus
  • †Contopus virens
• Conus
• 

  Shell of a Corbula basket clam
  Corbula
• Corvus
  • †Corvus brachyrhynchos
• Cotonopsis
  • †Cotonopsis lafresnayi
• †Coupatezia
  • †Crassinella lunulata
• Crassostrea
  • †Crassostrea virginica
• Crepidula
  • †Crepidula convexa
  • †Crepidula fornicata
  • †Crepidula plana
• 

  Fossil of the Early Cretaceous-Eocene shark Cretolamna
  †Cretolamna
  • †Cretolamna appendiculata
• Crocodylus
• Crotalus
  • †Crotalus adamanteus – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Crotalus horridus
• Crucibulum
  • †Crucibulum striatum
• Cryptobranchus
  • 

    A living Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, or hellbender salamander
    †Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
• †Cryptogramma
  • †Cryptosula pallasiana
• Cryptotis
  • †Cryptotis parva
• Cucullaea
• Cumingia
• Cupuladria
• Cyanocitta
  • †Cyanocitta cristata
• Cyclocardia
  • †Cyclocardia borealis
• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene bony fish Cyclopoma
  †Cyclopoma
• Cylichna
• †Cylindracanthus
• Cymatosyrinx
• †Cynelos
• Cynoscion
  • †Cyrtopleura costata
• Dasyatis
• Dasypus
  • 

    Fossilized cranium seen from above and below of the Pleistocene Dasypus bellus, or beautiful armadillo
    †Dasypus bellus – or unidentified comparable form
• Dendrocopos
• †Dendroica – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Dendroica coronata
• Dentalium
• Dentimargo
  • †Dentimargo aureocinctus
• Desmognathus
• Diadophis
• Dicaelus
• Dinocardium
  • †Dinocardium robustum
• Diodora
• †Diorocetus
• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Paleocene-Miocene crocodilian Diplocynodon
  †Diplocynodon
  • †Diplodonta punctata
• Discinisca
• †Discoaster
• Discus
  • †Discus catskillensis
• †Dolicholatirus
• †Dolichonyx – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Dolichonyx oryzivorus
• Donax
  • 

    Shells of Donax variabilis, or coquina
    †Donax variabilis
• Dosinia
  • †Dosinia discus
• Dryocopus
  • †Dryocopus pileatus
• Echinocardium
• Echinorhinus
• †Ecphora
  • †Ecphora gardnerae
• †Ectopistes
  • †Ectopistes migratorius
• †Egertonia
• Elaphe
  • †Elaphe guttata – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Elaphe obsoleta – or unidentified comparable form
• Electra
• Elphidium
• †Empidonax
• Ensis
  • †Ensis directus
• 

  Life restoration of two of the Miocene baleen whale Eobalaenoptera pursued by the giant shark Carcharocles megalodon
  †Eobalaenoptera – type locality for genus
  • †Eobalaenoptera harrisoni – type locality for species
• †Eosphargis
• †Eosuchus
  • †Eosuchus lerichei
• Epitonium
  • †Epitonium humphreysii
• Eptesicus
  • †Eptesicus fuscus
• Equus
  • †Equus fraternus
• Eremophila
  • †Eremophila alpestris
• Erethizon
  • 

    A living Erethizon dorsatum, or North American porcupine
    †Erethizon dorsatum
• Erolia
• Eschrichtius
  • †Eschrichtius robustus
• Esox
  • †Esox americanus – or unidentified comparable form
• Eulima
• Eumeces
  • †Eumeces laticeps – or unidentified comparable form
• Eupleura
  • †Eupleura caudata
• 

  Life restoration of the Miocene whale Eurhinodelphis (above)
  †Eurhinodelphis
  • †Eurhinodelphis longirostris
• Euspira
  • †Euspira heros
• Eutamias
  • †Eutamias minimus
• Euvola
• Falco
  • †Falco sparverius
• Felis
  • †Felis domesticus
• Ficus
• Flabellum
• Fossarus
• Fusinus
• Gadus
• 

  A living Galeocerdo cuvier, or tiger shark
  Galeocerdo
  • †Galeocerdo aduncus
  • †Galeocerdo contortus
• Galeodea
• Galeorhinus
• Galerita
  • †Galerita bicolor – or unidentified comparable form
• Gallinula
  • †Gallinula chloropus
• Gari
• Gastrochaena
• Gastrocopta
  • †Gastrocopta armifera
  • †Gastrocopta contracta
• Gavia
• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene crocodile relative Gavialosuchus
  †Gavialosuchus
• Gemma
  • †Gemma purpurea
• Genota – or unidentified comparable form
• Geomys
• Geukensia
  • †Geukensia demissa
• Gibbula – tentative report
• Ginglymostoma
• Glaucomys
  • 

    A living Glaucomys sabrinus, or northern flying squirrel
    †Glaucomys sabrinus
• Globigerina
• Globulina
• Glossus
• Glycymeris
  • †Glycymeris americana
• Granulina
• Grus
  • †Grus americana
• †Hadrodelphis – or unidentified comparable form
• Halichoerus
  • 

    A living Halichoerus grypus, or grey seal
    †Halichoerus grypus
• Hastula
• Helicodiscus
  • †Helicodiscus parallelus
• Hemipristis
  • †Hemipristis serra
• Heterodontus
• Hexanchus
• Hiatella
  • †Hiatella arctica
• Hipponix
• 

  Fossilized skull of the Eocene tapir-like mammal Homogalax
  †Homogalax – or unidentified related form
• Hydrobia
  • †Hydrobia truncata
• Hydroides
• Hyla
  • †Hyla crucifer – or unidentified comparable form
• Hylocichla
• †Hyopsodus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Hyposaurus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Icterus – or unidentified comparable form
  • 

    A living Icterus spurius, or orchard oriole
    †Icterus spurius
• Ilyanassa
  • †Ilyanassa obsoleta
  • †Ilyanassa trivittata
• Ischadium
  • †Ischadium recurvum
• Isistius
• Isognomon
• Istiophorus
• Isurus
• Junco
  • †Junco hyemalis
• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene dolphin Kentriodon
  †Kentriodon
• Kuphus
• Kurtziella
  • †Kurtziella cerina
• Lagena
• †Lagopus
  • †Lagopus mutus – or unidentified comparable form
• Lamna
• Lampropeltis
• Larus
  • 

    A living Larus hyperboreus, or glaucous gull
    †Larus hyperboreus
• Lasiurus
  • †Lasiurus borealis
• Latirus
• Lepisosteus
• †Leptophoca
  • †Leptophoca lenis
• †Leptoxis
  • †Leptoxis carinata
• Lepus
  • 

    A living Lepus americanus, or snowshoe hare
    †Lepus americanus
• Libinia
  • †Libinia dubia
  • †Libinia emarginata
• †Limosa – or unidentified comparable form
• Linga
  • †Lingulodinium machaerophorum
• Litiopa
• Littoraria
  • †Littoraria irrorata
• Lontra
  • †Lontra canadensis
• 

  Mounted skeleton of a Lophius americanus, or American anglerfish
  Lophius
• Lophodytes
  • †Lophodytes cucullatus
• Lopholatilus
• Loxia
• Lucina
• Lunatia
• Lymnaea
• Lynx
  • 

    A living Lynx rufus, or bobcat
    †Lynx rufus – or unidentified comparable form
• Lyonsia
• Macoma
  • †Macoma balthica
  • †Macoma tenta
• Macrocallista
• Makaira
  • †Makaira nigricans – or unidentified comparable form
• †Mammut
  • †Mammut americanum
• †Mammuthus
  • †Mammuthus columbi
  • 

    Life restorations of a Mammut americanum, or American mastodon (right), and a Mammuthus primigenius, or wooly mammoth (left)
    †Mammuthus primigenius
• †Margaritaria
• Marginella
• Marmota
  • †Marmota monax
• Masticophis
  • †Masticophis flagellum
• Megaceryle
  • †Megaceryle alcyon
• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene ground sloth Megalonyx
  †Megalonyx
  • †Megalonyx jeffersonii
• Megalops
• Megaptera
• Melanerpes
  • †Melanerpes carolinus
  • †Melanerpes erythrocephalus
• Meleagris
  • †Meleagris gallopavo
• Melospiza
  • †Melospiza melodia
• 

  Living Membranipora bryozoan
  Membranipora
• Mephitis
  • †Mephitis mephitis
• Mercenaria
  • †Mercenaria mercenaria
• Mergus
• †Merychippus
• †Mesocetus
• Mesoplodon
• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene manatee relative Metaxytherium
  †Metaxytherium
• †Metopocetus – type locality for genus
• Microtus
  • †Microtus chrotorrhinus
  • †Microtus ochrogaster
  • †Microtus pennsylvanicus
  • †Microtus pinetorum
  • †Microtus xanthognathus
• Mitrella
• Modiolus
• Mola
• Molothrus
  • †Molothrus ater
• †Monotherium
  • †Monotherium wymani
• Morus
  • 

    A living Morus bassanus, or northern gannet
    †Morus bassanus
• †Moxostoma
• Mulinia
  • †Mulinia lateralis
• Musculus
  • †Musculus lateralis
• Mustela
  • †Mustela nivalis
  • †Mustela richardsonii
• †Mya
  • †Mya arenaria
• Myliobatis
• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Holocene peccary Mylohyus
  †Mylohyus
  • †Mylohyus fossilis
• Myotis
  • †Myotis grisescens
  • †Myotis keenii
  • †Myotis lucifugus
• Myriophyllum
• Mytilus
  • †Mytilus edulis
• Napaeozapus
  • †Napaeozapus insignis
• Nassarius
• Naticarius
• Natrix
• Nebrius
• Negaprion
• Neofiber
  • †Neopanope texana
• Neogale
  • †Neogale frenata
  • †Neogale vison
• Neotoma
  • 

    Close-up of a Neotoma floridana, or eastern woodrat
    †Neotoma floridana
• Nerodia
  • †Nerodia sipedon
• Neverita
• †Nipa – or unidentified comparable form
• Niso
• †Nocomis
  • †Nocomis raneyi – or unidentified comparable form
• Notophthalmus
  • †Notophthalmus viridescens – or unidentified comparable form
• 

  Illustration of a living Notorynchus cow shark
  Notorhynchus
• Notorynchus
• †Noturus
• Nucula
  • †Nucula proxima
  • †Nuculana acuta
• †Nyssa
• Ochotona
• Ocypode
• Odobenus
  • †Odobenus rosmarus
• Odocoileus
  • †Odocoileus virginianus
• Odontaspis
• 

  Illustration of a fossilized partial skull of the Paleocene-Eocene pseudo-toothed bird Odontopteryx
  †Odontopteryx – tentative report
• Odostomia
• Oliva
  • †Oliva sayana
• Olivella
  • †Olivella mutica
• Ondatra
  • †Ondatra zibethicus
• Onthophagus
• †Ontocetus – type locality for genus
  • †Ontocetus emmonsi – type locality for species
• Opheodrys
• †Opsanus
• †Orycterocetus
• †Osteopygis
• †Ostracion
• Ostrea
  • †Ostrea compressirostra
• †Otodus
  • 

    Diagram illustrating the largest (grey) and most conservative (red) size estimates of the Miocene-Pliocene shark Carcharocles megalodon (sometimes Carcharodon or Otodus megalodon) with a whale shark (violet), great white shark (green), and anachronistic human (black) to scale
    †Otodus megalodon
• Otus
  • †Otus asio
• †Oxyrhina
• †Oxyura
  • †Oxyura jamaicensis
• †Pachecoa
• †Palaeophis
• †Palaeorhincodon
• †Palaeosinopa – or unidentified comparable form
• Pandora
• Panopea
• Panopeus
  • †Panopeus herbstii
• Panthera
  • 

    A living Panthera leo, or lion
    †Panthera leo
• †Paralbula
• Parascalops
  • †Parascalops breweri
• †Parietobalaena
  • †Parietobalaena palmeri
• Parus
  • †Parus bicolor
• Parvanachis
  • †Parvanachis obesa
• Passerella
  • †Passerella iliaca
• Pecten
• †Pedalion
• Pedioecetes
  • †Pedioecetes phasianellus
• Pekania
  • †Pekania pennanti – or unidentified comparable form
• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Pleistocene false-toothed bird Pelagornis
  †Pelagornis
• †Pelocetus
• †Perimyotis
  • †Perimyotis subflavus
• Perisoreus
  • †Perisoreus canadensis
• Peristernia
• Peromyscus
  • †Peromyscus leucopus
  • †Peromyscus maniculatus
• Petaloconchus
• Petricola
  • †Petricola pholadiformis
• Petrochelidon
  • †Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
• Phalacrocorax
  • 

    A living Phalacrocorax auritus, or double-crested cormorant
    †Phalacrocorax auritus
• Phenacomys
  • †Phenacomys intermedius
  • †Phenacomys ungava – or unidentified comparable form
• †Phocageneus – type locality for genus
• Pholadomya
• Pholas
• Phyllodus
• Physa
  • †Physa heterostropha
• †Physogaleus
  • †Physogaleus contortus
• †Phytolacca
  • †Phytolacca decandra
• Pica
  • 

    A living Pica pica Eurasian magpie
    †Pica pica
• Picea
• †Pinguinus
  • †Pinguinus impennis
• Pinicola – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Pinicola enucleator
• Pinus
• Pipistrellus
  • †Pipistrellus subflavus
• Piranga
• Pisania
• Pisidium
• Pitar
  • †Pitar morrhuanus
• Placopecten
• 

  Restoration of a herd of alarmed Miocene-Pleistocene peccaries of the genus Platygonus. Charles R. Knight (1922).
  †Platygonus
  • †Platygonus compressus
• Plecotus
  • †Plecotus townsendii – or unidentified comparable form
• Pleuromeris
  • †Pleuromeris tridentata
• Plicatula
  • †Plicatula gibbosa
• Pluvialis
  • †Pluvialis dominica
• Podiceps
  • †Podiceps auritus
• Podilymbus
  • 

    A living Podilymbus podiceps, or pied-billed grebe
    †Podilymbus podiceps
• Pogonias
• Polinices
• Polydora
• Polygonum
• †Pomatiopsis
  • †Pomatiopsis lapidaria
• †Pooecetes
  • †Pooecetes gramineus
• Porzana
  • †Porzana carolina
• †Potamogeton
• †Prionodon
• Prionotus
• Pristis
• †Procamelus – or unidentified comparable form
• †Procolpochelys
• Procyon
  • †Procyon lotor
• †Prolates
• †Protautoga
• Prunum
  • †Prunum roscidum
• Psammechinus
• †Psephophorus
• Pseudochama
• Pseudoliva
• Pseudotorinia
• Pteria
  • †Pteria colymbus
• Pteromeris
• Pteromylaeus
• †Ptychosalpinx
• †Puppigerus
• Pycnodonte
• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Late Cretaceous-Eocene bony fish Pycnodus
  Pycnodus
• Quercus
• Quinqueloculina
• Raja
• Rallus
  • †Rallus limicola
• †Rana
  • †Rana catesbiana – lapsus calami of Rana catesbeiana
  • †Rana clamitans – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Rana palustris
  • †Rana pipiens
  • †Rana sylvatica – or unidentified comparable form
• Rangia
• Rangifer
  • 

    A living Rangifer tarandus, or reindeer
    †Rangifer tarandus
• Ranzania
• †Retinella
• Retusa
  • †Retusa obtusa
• Rhinobatos
• Rhinoptera
• Rosalina
• Rostellaria
• †Sarda
• Sayornis
  • †Sayornis phoebe
• †Scala
• Scalopus
  • †Scalopus aquaticus
• Scaphella
• Scaphiopus
  • †Scaphiopus holbrooki
• Sceloporus
  • †Sceloporus undulatus
• †Sceptrum
• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene toothed whale Schizodelphis
  †Schizodelphis
• Schizoporella
• Sciaenops
  • †Sciaenops ocellatus
• †Sciaenurus – or unidentified comparable form
• Sciurus
  • †Sciurus carolinensis
• Scolopax
  • 

    A living Scolopax minor, or American woodcock
    †Scolopax minor
• Scomberomorus
• †Scombrinus
• Scyliorhinus
• Seila
  • †Seila adamsii
• †Seiurus
• Semele
• †Semotilus
  • †Semotilus corporalis – or unidentified comparable form
• Serpulorbis
• 

  Fossilized teeth of the Cretaceous-Eocene shark Serratolamna
  †Serratolamna
  • †Serratolamna lerichei
• †Sialia – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Sialia sialis
• Sinum
• Sitta
  • †Sitta canadensis
• †Solarium
• Solemya
  • †Solemya velum
• Solen
• Solenosteira
  • †Solenosteira cancellaria
• Sorex
  • †Sorex arcticus
  • †Sorex cinereus
  • †Sorex dispar
  • †Sorex fumeus
  • †Sorex hoyi
  • 

    A living Sorex palustris, or American water shrew
    †Sorex palustris
• †Spatangus
• Spermophilus
  • †Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
• Sphaerium
• Sphyraena
• †Sphyrapicus
  • †Sphyrapicus varius
• Sphyrna
• Spilogale
  • †Spilogale putorius
• Spisula
• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene shark-toothed dolphin Squalodon
  †Squalodon
  • †Squalodon calvertensis
• Squalus
• Squatina
• †Stenotrema
  • †Stenotrema hirsutum
• Stewartia
• Storeria
• †Striatolamia
• Strioterebrum
• 

  Shell of a Strobilops land snail
  Strobilops
• Strombiformis
• Sturnella – or unidentified comparable form
• Sveltia – or unidentified comparable form
• †Syllomus
• Sylvilagus
  • †Sylvilagus transitionalis
• Symplocos
• Synaptomys
  • †Synaptomys cooperi
• Tagelus
• Tamias
  • †Tamias striatus
• Tamiasciurus
  • †Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
• 

  A living Tapirus, or tapir
  Tapirus
  • †Tapirus veroensis
• Tautoga
  • †Tautoga onitis
• Tectonatica
  • †Tectonatica pusilla
• Teinostoma
• Tellina
• Terebra
• Teredo
• Terrapene
  • †Terrapene carolina
• Textularia
• Thamnophis
  • †Thamnophis sirtalis
• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Oligocene-Miocene gavial relative Thecachampsa
  †Thecachampsa
  • †Thecachampsa antiqua
• †Thoracosaurus
• Thracia
• †Thuja
  • †Thuja occidentalis
• Thunnus
• Tilia
• Toxostoma
  • †Toxostoma rufum
• Triakis
• Trigonostoma
• Tringa – or unidentified comparable form
  • †Tringa solitaria
• †Triodopsis
  • 

    A living Triodopsis tridentata land snail, or northern threetooth
    †Triodopsis tridentata
• Triphora
• Trochita
  • †Trochita trochiformis
• Trox
• †Tsuga
  • †Tsuga canadensis – or unidentified comparable form
• Tucetona
• Turbonilla
  • †Turbonilla interrupta
• Turdus
  • 

    A living Turdus migratorius, or American robin
    †Turdus migratorius
• Turritella
• Uria
  • †Uria aalge
• Urosalpinx
  • †Urosalpinx cinerea
• Ursus
  • †Ursus americanus
• Vallonia
  • †Vallonia costata
• Valvata
• Venericardia
• Vermetus
• Vertigo
• Vitis
• Vitrinella
• †Voltaconger
• Voluta
• Volutifusus
• Vulpes
• Xenophora
• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Miocene whale Xiphiacetus
  †Xiphiacetus
• Yoldia
  • †Yoldia limatula
• Zapus
  • †Zapus hudsonius
• Zonotrichia
  • †Zonotrichia albicollis