Image: Herbert Marshall & Miriam Hopkins - Trouble in Paradise publicity shot

Description: Publicity photo of actors Herbert Marshall and Miriam Hopkins, intended to promote the 1932 film, Trouble in Paradise Other information If the image was copyrighted, the copyright would have had to have been renewed in 1960 (28 years after publication, as stated by the 1909 Copyright Act, which was law until 1978). Searches at The United States Copyright Office provide no indication that this publicity photograph was copyrighted or renewed by 1960.
Title: Herbert Marshall & Miriam Hopkins - Trouble in Paradise publicity shot
Credit: Original publication: released to the press by the studio Immediate source: original photo
Author: Paramount Studios Publicity Department (Life time: n/a)
Permission: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote an actor. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.): "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary." Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes: "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes: "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible." Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that: "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
Usage Terms: Public domain
License: Public domain
Attribution Required?: No