Image: NavajoVowelFormantsMcDonough1993
Description: Navajo vowel formants. The graphing the first and second formants of a vowel roughly corresponds to its perceived location on a vowel chart. Formant data from McDonough et al. (1993). First formant (F1) is plotted against the difference between the second and first formants (F2-F1). Formant measurements are in Hz. The frequencies have been converted to a mel scaling (the equation is mel=(1000/log102)(log10(1+frequency/1000)) {\displaystyle mel=(1000/\log _{10}2)(\log _{10}(1+frequency/1000))\ }, which is from Fant (1968)). The F2-F1 vs. F1 plotting (over a F2 vs. F1 plotting) is suggested by Ladefoged (1993). The mel scaling suggestion is from Ladefoged (1967). McDonough's formant values are found here: Navajo phonology: Vowels: Acoustic phonetics. Bibliography: Fant, Gunnar. (1968). Analysis and synthesis of speech processes. In B. Malmberg (Ed.), Manual of phonetics (pp. 173-177). Amsterdam: North-Holland. Ladefoged (1967). Three areas of experimental phonetics. London: Oxford University Press. Ladefoged (1993). A course in phonetics (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; & George, H. (1993). Navajo vowels and universal phonetic tendencies. University of California Working Papers in Phonetics, 84, 143-150.
Title: NavajoVowelFormantsMcDonough1993
Credit: Own work
Author: Ishwar
Usage Terms: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
License: CC BY 3.0
License Link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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