Yup'ik doll facts for kids
Yup'ik doll (Yup'ik yugaq sg yugak dual yugat pl or yuguaq, irniaruaq, irnianguaq, inuguaq; also, yunguaq in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, sugaq, sugaruaq, suguaq in Bristol Bay dialect, cugaq, cugaruaq in Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect, cuucunguar in Nunivak dialect) is a traditional Eskimo style doll and figurine form made in the southwestern Alaska by Yup'ik people. Also known as Cup'ik doll for the Chevak Cup'ik dialect speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig doll for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect speaking Eskimos of Nunivak Island. Typically, Yup'ik dolls are dressed in traditional Eskimo style Yup'ik clothing (as irniaruam atkua "doll parka"), intended to protect the wearer from cold weather, and are often made from traditional materials obtained through food gathering. Play dolls from the Yup'ik area were made of wood, bone, or walrus ivory and measured from one to twelve inches in height or more. Male and female dolls were often distinguished anatomically and can be told apart by the addition of ivory labrets for males and chin tattooing for females. The information about play dolls within Alaska Native cultures is sporadic. As is so often the case in early museum collections, it is difficult to distinguish dolls made for play from those made for ritual. There were always five dolls making up a family: a father, a mother, a son, a daughter, and a baby. Some human figurines were used by shamans.
Eskimo doll
Both Yup'ik, Siberian Yupik, and Iñupiaq dolls are also known as Eskimo doll in Alaska. It is possible to distinguish Yup'ik human figurines from Iñupiaq examples on the basis of facial features. Yup'ik figurines have a distinct brow line, shaped like two crescents joined at the center by the nose, whereas Iñupiaq figurines lack this brow line and have more pronounced noses and tiny eyes that look as through they had been poked in by the tip of a pencil or pen. The mouth of Yup'ik figurines mirror the crescent shape of the brows, whereas the Inupiaq dolls have small, straight mouths. Overall, the features of the Iñupiaq examples are crudely carved.
Characteristics
Most had round wooden, walrus ivory or bone heads, ovoid-shaped eyes, and mouths, short necks, solid torsos, and arms that formed but not separated from the body. The faces of female dolls were frequently chin tattooed. Other decorations, including hairdressings, nose piercing earrings, was represented by hair and beads placed in the correct positions. Some even had bracelets and bead necklaces. The male dolls had labrets made from beads or bead pieces.
A relatively limited number of women in southwestern Alaska make coiled grass dolls, a spinoff of the coiled grass basketry practiced widely throughout the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.
Some non-traditional dolls seems as the influence of missionaries. Missionaries well understood that miniature human representations were powerful symbols, and influencing a native culture required reducing its central protectors to the realm of child’s play.
Uses
Some human figurines were used by shamans. Along the lower Yukon River, Yup'ik Eskimo and Athabaskan shamans hung human figurines made of driftwood in trees to foretell the location of game.
Dolls also mediated the transition between childhood and adulthood in the Yup'ik shamanism. The centrality of play dolls in the lives of Yup'ik girls is evident from the role they assumed as the markers of seasons and life cycles. There was a strict rule against taking a doll outside during winter and breaking it was thought to bring endless cold and storms.
