Image: Ayn Rand (1957 Phyllis Cerf portrait)

Description: Photo portrait of Russian-American writer Ayn Rand used for the first-edition back cover of her novel Atlas Shrugged (1957).
Title: Ayn Rand (1957 Phyllis Cerf portrait)
Credit: Scan via Heritage Auctions Lot #36545. Cropped from the original image and retouched; see upload history below for unretouched original.
Author: Photo portrait by Phyllis Cerf. Published by Random House.
Permission: No permission is required because the portrait is in the public domain. First, the photo is a mechanical scan/photocopy cover and does not qualify for independent copyright protection. Second, the portrait was first published prior to 1978 without a valid copyright notice. Atlas Shrugged was first published in 1957; the hardcover book itself carried a copyright notice, so its contents remain copyrighted. However, the first-edition dust jacket did not carry a separate copyright notice. According to The Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices: Chapter 2200, § 2207.1(C) at p. 15:"A notice of copyright on the dust jacket of a book is not an acceptable notice for the book, because the dust jacket is not permanently attached to the book. Likewise, a notice appearing in a book is not an acceptable notice for the dust jacket or any material appearing on that dust jacket, even if the book refers to the jacket or material appearing on the jacket."Keep in mind that the pre-1989 requirements for copyright notice were highly formalistic and, other than a few enumerated exceptions, required these three elements: "The symbol © or the word 'Copyright' or the abbreviation 'Copr.' or an acceptable variant such as "(c)"; "The year of first publication for the work"; and "The name of the copyright owner, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner." If just one of these elements is omitted, the work is deemed to be published without notice and is not eligible for copyright protection. Neither the year nor a copyright symbol appear anywhere on the dust jacket.
Usage Terms: Public domain
License: Public domain
Attribution Required?: No