Image: Gravitational constant historical

Description: Timeline of measurements and recommended values for the gravitational constant, 1911-2014. Data points in red are recommended value based on a review of the entire evidence. Data points in blue are results of torsion balance experiments (Cavendish experiment). Data points in green are from other types of experiments (two with pendulums, one with a beam balance and one [2014] from atom interferometry). The 1911 value is from Poynting's article in Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 edition, it represents the best estimate made by Poynting at this time, but it essentially corresponds to Poynting's own result from 1891, which was the best available at that time. Only the upper half of Poynting's error bar is shown. Red values from 1969 onwards are the CODATA NIST recommended values. The image illustrates how all experiments since the 1980s have remained inside the uncertainty of the 1969 recommended value, but have failed to converge on any more accurate value in spite of the citation of very optimistic uncertainty intervals in some experiments. Literature: Schlamminger (2014), Schlamminger, Gundlach, Newman (2015), DeSalvo (2015) Data: meta: 1911 6.66 0.013 Poynting EB1911 1969 6.6732 0.0031 CODATA 1973 6.672 0.0049 CODATA 1986 6.67449 0.00081 CODATA 1998 6.673 0.001 CODATA 2002 6.6742 0.0001 CODATA NIST 2002 2006 6.67428 0.00067 CODATA NIST 2006 2010 6.67384 0.0008 CODATA NIST 2010 2014 6.67408 0.00031 CODATA NIST 2014 torsion: 1930 6.67 0.005 Heyl 1930 1942 6.673 0.003 Heyl and Chrzanowski 1942 1982 6.6726 0.0005 Luther and Towler 1982[1] 1996 6.6729 0.0005 Karagioz and Izmailov 1996[2] 1997 6.6740 0.0007 Bagley and Luther 1997[3] 2000 6.674215 0.000092 Gundlach and Merkowitz 2000[4] 2001 6.67559 0.00027 Quinn et al. 2001[5] 2003 6.67387 0.00027 Armstrong and Fitzgerald 2003[6] 2010 6.67349 0.00018 Tu et al. 2010[7] 2013 6.67545 0.00018 Quinn et al. 2013[8] 2014 6.67433 0.00013 Newman et al. 2014 [9] [not shown] other: 2002 6.67422 0.00098 Kleinevoss 2002[10] (two pendulums) 2006 6.674252 0.000122 Schlamminger et al. 2006[11] (beam balance) 2010 6.67234 0.00014 Parks and Faller 2010[12] (two pendulums) 2014 6.67191 0.00099 Rosi et al. 2014 (atom interferometry)[13] .
Title: Gravitational constant historical
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