James A. Johnston facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
James A. Johnston
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| Born |
James Aloysius Johnston
September 15, 1874 |
| Died | September 7, 1954 (aged 79) |
| Other names | Old Saltwater (nickname) |
| Occupation | Prison warden, writer |
| Known for | Warden of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary (1934–1948) |
James Aloysius Johnston (born September 15, 1874 – died September 7, 1954) was an important figure in American prison history. He was the very first warden of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. He served in this role from 1934 to 1948, making him the longest-serving warden there.
Contents
Early Life and Career
James Johnston had a challenging start to life. He became an orphan when he was only ten years old. By the age of 15, he began working to support himself. He started in a clothing store, selling ties.
He worked hard and eventually became a general manager. Later, he even opened his own men's clothing store in San Francisco. Johnston also got involved in public service. He was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1907. This group helps manage the city.
Becoming a Prison Warden
James Johnston's career then shifted towards managing prisons. Before Alcatraz, he served as the warden for two other famous prisons in California: Folsom and San Quentin. These experiences prepared him for his biggest challenge yet.
Leading Alcatraz Prison
James Johnston played a key role in creating Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. He helped design the prison when it was being turned into a federal prison in 1934. He then became its first warden.
He was known for being very strict but also for wanting to improve the prison system. He was nicknamed the 'Golden Rule Warden' because he believed in fair rules.
Johnston's Rules and Nicknames
Warden Johnston set many rules at Alcatraz. One famous rule was a strict code of silence among prisoners. Despite being strict, he was generally liked by both inmates and guards. Prisoners even called him "Old Saltwater."
He worked to make prison life better for inmates. He challenged harsh methods like using straitjackets and dark solitary confinement. He wanted to improve the lives of prisoners in general.
Challenges and Escapes
Being a warden at Alcatraz was not easy. In 1937, an inmate named Burton Phillips attacked him in the dining hall. Even after this, Johnston continued to eat meals without guards.
During his time, ten of the fourteen escape attempts from Alcatraz happened. This included the famous event known as the Battle of Alcatraz.
Later Life and Legacy
James Johnston wrote several books about his experiences. One book, "Prison Life is Different," shares stories from his time as warden. He wrote about his years at Folsom, San Quentin, and Alcatraz.
He was married to Ida Mae Fulton. They had one son and three daughters. James Johnston passed away on September 7, 1954, in San Francisco, California.
Images for kids
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From left to right: Warden James A. Johnston, Associate Warden E.J. Miller, District Attorney Frank J. Hennessy
