List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings facts for kids
The Ottoman Empire was a powerful state that lasted for over 600 years, from the late 1200s until after World War I. During its long history, the Ottomans were involved in many important battles, especially sieges (when an army surrounds a city or castle to capture it) and landings (when troops arrive by sea). This list shows some of the most important sieges and landings that helped the Ottoman Empire grow and change.
Contents
The Ottoman Empire's Early Days (1299–1453)
This period saw the Ottoman Empire begin as a small state and grow into a major power. They started by taking control of lands around the Sea of Marmara and then expanded into Europe.
| What Happened | When | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Ottomans took over Kalolimnos Island (now İmralı Island) and started their presence in the Sea of Marmara.
They also captured Gallipoli. |
1308
1312 |
|
| The Ottoman Emirate captured Mudanya and made their first landings in Thrace, a part of southeastern Europe. | 1321 | |
| The Ottomans took the important port city of Gemlik on the Marmara Sea. | 1333 | |
| Admiral Umur Bey won naval battles against Serbian, Byzantine, and Genoese fleets in the Aegean Sea, near Rhodes, the Dardanelles, Macedonia, and Morea. | 1334–1348 | |
| Ottomans captured Üsküdar and Kadıköy (on the Asian side of İstanbul), Marmara Island, Thrace, and Gallipoli. They were also involved in a Byzantine civil war and conquered parts of the Byzantine, Serbian, and Second Bulgarian Empires. | 1352 | |
| First Ottoman landings in Attica, Morea, and the Adriatic Sea. | 1372 | |
| First conquests in North Macedonia, including lands of the Mrnjavčević family. | 1371
1373 |
|
| Conquest of Moravian Serbia.
Siege and capture of Sofia. Siege and capture of Niš and Pirot. Siege and capture of Thessaloniki and Macedonia. |
1381
1385 1386 1387 |
|
| Conquest of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Conquest of most of the southern Balkans, including northern Bulgaria and Wallachia. |
1388
1389 |
|
| Landings at Chios, Euboea, Attica, and Morea. | 1390–1391 | |
| Conquest of northern Albania and southern Montenegro. | 1392 | |
| More landings at Morea. | 1394 | |
| The Ottoman blockade of Constantinople began.
Conquest of Wallachia. |
1394
1395 |
|
| Reconquest of northern Bulgaria.
Conquest of Albania. |
1396 | |
| Conquest of several coastal towns on the Aegean Sea in Greece and some Anatolian states on the Black Sea. | 1397 | |
| Landings at Thessaly, Morea, Albania, and Epirus.
Defeat against Mongols in the Battle of Ankara. |
1397–1399
1402 |
|
| Second Ottoman siege of Constantinople. | 1411 | |
| First conquest of Kurvingrad.
Conquest of several islands in the Aegean Sea. |
1413
1415–1416 |
|
| Conquest of the important port of Samsun on the Black Sea. | 1417 | |
| Third Ottoman siege of Constantinople. | 1422 | |
| Reconquest of Albania and conquests of several coastal towns in Morea. | 1423 | |
| Ottoman-Venetian War. | 1423–1430 | |
| Conquest of the important port of Sinop on the Black Sea. | 1424 | |
| Conquest of Smyrna from a local Anatolian state. | 1426 | |
| Reconquest of Thessalonica. | 1422–1430 | |
| Conquest of Ioannina. | 1430 | |
| First siege of Belgrade.
First siege and conquest of Novo Brdo. Attempted reconquest of Albania. |
1440
1441-1444 1448–1450 |
|
| Conquest of Arta in Epirus.
Second conquest of Kurvingrad. |
1449
1451 |
|
| Conquest of Constantinople (İstanbul), Imbros, Lemnos, and Thasos. This was a huge victory! | 1453 |
The Empire Grows Stronger (1453–1550)
After capturing Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand rapidly, becoming a dominant power in the Mediterranean and beyond.
| What Happened | When | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Landings at the Dodecanese Islands.
Second conquest of Novo Brdo. Second siege of Belgrade. |
1454
1455 1456 |
|
| Conquest of Despotate of the Morea, Serbian Despotate, and the Duchy of Athens. | 1458 1459 1460 | |
| Conquest of the Empire of Trebizond and the Genoese colony of Amasra. | 1461 | |
| Conquest of Genoese islands in the northern Aegean Sea, including Lesbos. | 1462 | |
| Conquest of the Kingdom of Bosnia and the castle of Riniassa with its region of Preveza. | 1463 | |
| Ottoman-Venetian War. | 1463–1479 | |
| Conquest of castles and forts in Albania, but failed sieges of Krujë. | 1466 | |
| Siege of Negroponte. | 1470 | |
| Siege of Shkodër. | 1474 | |
| Conquest of Crimea. | 1475 | |
| Conquest of Venetian forts in Albania and second siege of Shkodra. | 1477 1478 | |
| Landings at Lepanto in Greece and Veneto in Italy. | 1477 1478 | |
| Conquest of Vonitsa, Lefkas, Cephalonia, and Zante. | 1463 | |
| First siege and capture of Otranto in Italy. | 1480 | |
| First siege of Rhodes.
Conquest of Herzegovina. |
1480 1481
1482 |
|
| Ottoman conquest of Kilia and Akkerman. | 1484 | |
| Landings at the Balearic Islands, Corsica, and Pisa. | 1487 1490 | |
| Landings at Elche, Almeria, and Málaga in Spain. | 1490 1495 | |
| Landings at the Gulf of Taranto in Italy. | 1496 | |
| Conquest of Montenegro. | 1496
1499 |
|
| Ottoman-Venetian Wars. | 1499 1503 | |
| Battle of Zonchio. | 1499 | |
| Landings at Corfu. | 1500 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Pianosa. | 1501 | |
| Capture of several towns in Sardinia. | 1501 | |
| Landings at Piombino. | 1501 | |
| Landings at the Balearic Islands and Andalusia. | 1501 | |
| Reconquest of Morea. | 1503 | |
| Landings at Rhodes, Calabria, Sicily, and Andalusia. | 1505 | |
| Landings at Sicily. | 1506 | |
| Landings at Liguria. | 1508 1509 | |
| Landings at Capo Passero in Sicily. | 1510 | |
| Landings at Bougie, Oran, and Algiers. | 1510 | |
| Landings at Reggio Calabria. | 1511 | |
| Conquest of Moldavia. | 1512 | |
| Landings at Andalusia and Minorca. | 1512 | |
| Landings at Alicante, Malaga, and Cherchell. | 1513 1514 | |
| Capture of Jijel in Algeria and Mahdiya in Tunisia. | 1514 | |
| Bombardment of Bougie, landings at Ceuta, Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and Sicily. | 1514 | |
| Conquest of Syria. | 1516 | |
| Conquest of Algeria from Spain. | 1516 1517 | |
| Landings at Elba and Liguria. | 1516 | |
| Conquest of Egypt and the end of the Mameluke Empire. | 1517 | |
| Landings at Capo Limiti, Capo Rizzuto, and Calabria. | 1517 | |
| Landings in Provence, Toulon, and the Îles d'Hyères in France. | 1519 | |
| Third siege and conquest of Belgrade.
Landings at the Balearic Islands. |
1521 | |
| Siege of Knin. | 1522 | |
| Conquest of Rhodes from the Knights of St. John, who then moved to Malta. | 1522 | |
| Landings at Sardinia. | 1525 | |
| Capture of Capo Passero in Sicily. | 1526 | |
| Landings at Crotone, Reggio Calabria, Castignano, Capo Spartivento, Messina, Tuscany, and Campania. | 1526 | |
| Conquest of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, and Bosnia. | 1527 | |
| Landings at Italian and Spanish coastal towns. | 1527 | |
| Ottoman-Spanish War near the Isle of Formentera. | 1529 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Peñón. | 1529 | |
| Landings at Andalusia. | 1529 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Cabrera. | 1530 | |
| Landings at Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Marseilles, Provence, Liguria, Sardinia, and Piombino. | 1530 | |
| Landings at the Isle of Favignana, Calabria, Puglia, Tripoli, and Spain. | 1531 | |
| Landings at Sardinia, Bonifacio, Montecristo, Elba, Lampedusa, Messina, and Calabria. | 1532 | |
| First conquest of Tunisia from Spain, and reconquest of Morea. | 1534 | |
| Capture of San Lucido, Cetraro, Capri, Procida, and Tunis. | 1534 | |
| Landings at Reggio Calabria, Gaeta, Villa Santa Lucia, Sant'Isidoro, Sperlonga, Fondi, Terracina, Ostia, Ponza, Sicily, and Sardinia. Bombardment of ports at the Gulf of Naples. | 1534 | |
| Recapture of Capri. | 1535 | |
| Landings at Spain, the Balearic Islands, and Tlemcen. | 1535 | |
| Siege of Klis. | 1537 | |
| Conquest of the Duchy of Naxos and islands like Syros, Aegina, Ios, Paros, Tinos, Karpathos, and Kasos. | 1537 | |
| Second siege and capture of Otranto, Castro, and Ugento. | 1537 | |
| Landings at Calabria and Corfu. | 1537 | |
| Battle of Preveza. | 1538 | |
| Conquest of Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi) in Dalmatia. | 1538 | |
| Conquest of Aden and Yemen from the Portuguese, and Jeddah and Hijaz in Arabia. | 1538 1539 | |
| Capture of Diu in India. | 1538 | |
| Capture of the Gulf of Preveza, Isle of Lefkada, and eastern Adriatic and Aegean islands belonging to Venice, and Candia in Crete. | 1538 | |
| Ottoman-Portuguese Wars in the Indian Ocean. | 1538 1566 | |
| Landings at Crete in Greece and Gujarat in India. | 1538 | |
| Conquest of Risan, Skiathos, Skyros, Andros, and Serifos. | 1539 | |
| Reconquest of Castelnuovo. | 1539 | |
| Landings at Cattaro and Pesaro, Corfu, and Crete. | 1539 | |
| Capture of Gozo, Pantelleria, Capraia, and conquest of Serbia. | 1540 | |
| Landings at Sicily, Corsica, and Spain. | 1540 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet in Algiers. | 1541 | |
| Capture of Esztergom, Hungary. | 1543 | |
| Capture of Reggio Calabria, Messina, Nice, Antibes, Île Sainte-Marguerite, Monaco, San Remo, and La Turbie. | 1543 | |
| Landings at Campania, Lazio, even venturing into the Tiber River near Rome. | 1543 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and an attack on the Kingdom of Naples. | 1544 | |
| Capture of Bonifacio in Corsica, Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone, Orbetello, Grosseto, Montiano, Porto Ercole, Isle of Giglio, Ischia, Forio, and the Isle of Procida. | 1544 | |
| Landings at San Remo, Borghetto Santo Spirito, Ceriale, Vado Ligure, Piombino, Civitavecchia, Sardinia, Gozo, Pozzuoli, Capo Palinuro, Catona, Fiumara, Calanna, Cariati, and Lipari. | 1544 | |
| Capture of Capraia, Monterosso, Corniglia, Rapallo, Pegli, and Levanto. | 1545 | |
| Landings at Spain, the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Liguria, Menarola, Riomaggiore, and La Spezia. | 1545 | |
| Capture of Mahdiya, Sfax, Sousse, Al Munastir in Tunisia; Laigueglia and Andora in Liguria; and Gozo in Malta. | 1546 | |
| Landings at Liguria, San Lorenzo al Mare. | 1546 | |
| Reconquest of Yemen from the Portuguese. | 1547 1548 | |
| Recapture of Gozo in Malta. | 1547 | |
| Landings at both islands of Malta, Sicily, Aeolian Islands, Salina Island, Puglia, Salve, Calabria, and Corsica. | 1547 | |
| Capture of Castellamare di Stabia, Pozzuoli, and Procida at the Gulf of Naples. | 1548 | |
| Landings at Rapallo, San Fruttuoso, Portofino, San Remo, Corsica, and Calabria. | 1549 | |
| Recapture of Mahdiya, Sousse, Al Munastir in Tunisia, and Rapallo in Liguria. | 1550 | |
| Landings at Sardinia, Spain, Corsica, Gozo, Liguria, Mahdiya, Tunis, and Djerba. | 1550 |
Big Changes for the Empire (1550–1700)
This era saw the Ottoman Empire reach its peak, but also face new challenges and begin a period of transformation.
| What Happened | When | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Raid on Gozo, capture of Taggia and Riva Brigoso in Liguria. | 1551 | |
| Siege of Tripoli (Conquest of Libya from Spain and Malta). | 1551 | |
| Landings at the Adriatic ports and Sicily. | 1551 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet near Ponza. | 1552 | |
| Conquest of Oman, Hormuz, and Qatar from the Portuguese. | 1552 | |
| Capture of Pantelleria, Ponza, Massa Lubrense, Sorrento, Pozzuoli, Minturno, and Nola. | 1552 | |
| Landings at Augusta and Licata in Sicily, Taormina, Gulf of Policastro, Palmi, Gulf of Naples, Sardinia, Corsica, and Lazio. | 1552 | |
| Capture of Crotone and Castello in Calabria; Marciana Marina, Rio, and Capoliveri in Elba.
Invasion of Corsica (Capture of Bonifacio, Bastia, and Calvi). Recapture of Pianosa and Capri. |
1553 | |
| Landings at Sicily, Tavolara, Sardinia, Porto Ercole, Piombino, and Portoferraio. | 1553 | |
| Capture of Vieste near Foggia; Elba and Corsica. | 1554 | |
| Landings at Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, Orbetello, and Tuscany. | 1554 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet near Piombino. | 1555 | |
| Capture of Paola and Santo Noceto in Calabria, Papulonia in Elba; Bastia in Corsica; Ospedaletti in Liguria. | 1555 | |
| Landings at Capo Vaticano, Ceramica, San Lucido in Calabria; Piombino in Elba; Calvi in Corsica; Sardinia; San Remo and Liguria. | 1555 | |
| Capture of Bergeggi and San Lorenzo in Liguria; Gafsa in Tunisia. | 1556 | |
| Landings at Lampedusa. | 1556 | |
| Capture of Cariati in Calabria. | 1557 | |
| Landings at the Gulf of Taranto and Puglia. | 1557 | |
| Capture of Gharyan, Misratah, Tagiora, Djerba, Reggio Calabria, Aeolian Islands, Massa Lubrense, Cantone, Sorrento, and Minorca. | 1558 | |
| Landings at the Strait of Messina, Amalfi, Gulf of Salerno, Torre del Greco, Tuscany, Piombino, and Spain. | 1558 | |
| Battle of Djerba. | 1560 | |
| Landings at Stromboli, Gozo, and the Gulf of Naples. | 1561 | |
| Siege of Oran. | 1562 | |
| Capture of Granada in Spain; Naples in Italy and the fortresses around the city, Chiaia. | 1563 | |
| Landings at Malaga, another siege on Spanish-controlled Oran and Mers-el-Kebir; landings at Liguria, Sardinia, Oristano, Marcellino, Ercolento, Puglia, Abruzzo, San Giovanni near Messina, Capo Passero in Sicily, and Gozo in Malta. | 1563 | |
| Ottoman expedition to Aceh (Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia, joined the Ottoman Empire for protection against Portuguese attacks). | 1565 | |
| Siege of Malta (including capture of Fort Saint Elmo and the Bastion of Castille on Fort Saint Michael). | 1565 | |
| Siege of Szigetvár. | 1566 | |
| Conquest of Chios and the end of Genoese presence in the Aegean. | 1566 | |
| Landings at Puglia. | 1566 | |
| First Ottoman naval forces were stationed on Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia. | 1569 | |
| Landings at Sumatra in Indonesia. | 1569 | |
| Battle of Gozo. | 1570 | |
| Conquest of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice, sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta. | 1570–1571 | |
| Reconquest of Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice. | 1571 | |
| Landings at Corfu. | 1571 | |
| Battle of Lepanto. | 1571 | |
| Landings at Puglia and Corfu. | 1573 | |
| Reconquest of Tunisia from Spain. | 1574 | |
| Landings at Morocco. | 1574 | |
| Landings at Calabria. | 1576 | |
| Defeat of the Portuguese fleet off the coast of Morocco. | 1578 | |
| Reconquest of Crimea and parts of Ukraine. | 1584 | |
| Capture of Lanzarote of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. | 1585 | |
| Recapture of Esztergom, Hungary. | 1605 | |
| Defeat of the French-Maltese fleet in the Levant. | 1609 | |
| Landings at Malta and southern Morea. | 1614 | |
| Landings at the shoreline between Cadiz and Lisbon. | 1616 | |
| Capture of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean. | 1617 | |
| Landings in Sussex, Plymouth (27 ships were taken from its port), Devon, Hartland Point, Cornwall, and other counties of western England in August. | 1625 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Lundy in the Bristol Channel. Lundy became the main base for Ottoman naval operations in the Atlantic Ocean for the next 5 years. | 1627 | |
| Capture of Vestmannaeyjar near Iceland. | 1627 | |
| Landings in the Northern Atlantic, including the British Isles, Shetland Islands, Faroe Islands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Labrador, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland, and Virginia. | 1627 1660 | |
| Landings at Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. | 1627 | |
| Landings at England, Ireland, Denmark, and Iceland. | 1631 | |
| Capture of Baltimore, County Cork, in Ireland. | 1631 | |
| Reconquest of Azov from the Russians. | 1642 | |
| Start of the Cretan War: Conquest of Chania in Crete. | 1645 | |
| Conquest of Chisamo and Souda in Crete. | 1646 | |
| Siege of Candia (Heraklion) in Crete began. | 1648 | |
| Landings at England, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. | 1655 1660 | |
| Final stage of the Siege of Candia, ending with the city's capture. End of the Cretan War. | 1666–1669 | |
| Sieges of Chyhyryn in Ukraine. | 1677-1678 | |
| Conquest of the castles controlling the Black Sea entrance of the Dnieper River. | 1679 | |
| Reconquest of Chios during the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War. | 1695 |
Later Years and End of the Empire (1700–1922)
In its later centuries, the Ottoman Empire faced many challenges and conflicts, leading to its eventual decline and dissolution.
| What Happened | When | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Recapture of Preveza. | 1701 | |
| Ottoman invasion of western Georgia. | 1703 | Conquest of Batumi, Poti, and Anaklia. |
| Conquest of Oran, the last Spanish stronghold in Algeria. | 1708 | |
| Reconquest of Moldavia and Azov from the Russians. | 1711 | |
| Start of the Eighth Ottoman-Venetian War with the reconquest of Morea. | 1715 | |
| Conquest of Souda in Crete and the island of Tinos in the Cyclades. | 1715 | |
| Unsuccessful siege of Corfu. | 1716 | |
| Turkish-Russian War. | 1738 | |
| Landings at the entrance of the Dniester River and northern Crimea. | 1769 | |
| Reconquest of Morea and Lemnos after the Orlov Revolt. | 1770 | |
| Battle of Chios followed by Battle of Chesme. | 1770 | |
| Failed landing at Kerch against the Russian navy. | 1774 | |
| Failed landing at Kinburn against the Russian army. | 1787 | |
| Defeat by Russian fleet near Yılan Island and naval skirmishes around Ochakov. | 1788 | |
| Battles with Russian fleet at Tendra and Kerch. | 1791 | |
| Battle with Russian fleet off Cape Kaliakra. | 1791 | |
| Capture of Corfu from the French by a joint Russian-Ottoman fleet. | 1799 | Creation of Septinsular Republic. |
| Reconquest of Egypt. | 1801 | |
| Defense of Dardanelles against British and Russians. | 1807 | |
| Battle of Athos. | 1807 | |
| Reconquest of Medina, Mecca, and Hijaz in Arabia. | 1812 1813 | |
| Greek Revolution began. | 1821 | |
| Recapture of Chios from Greek rebels and a massacre of the population. | 1822 | |
| First Siege of Missolonghi. | 1822 | |
| Recapture of the island of Psara from Greek rebels and a massacre of its population. | 1824 | |
| Third Siege of Missolonghi. | 1825–1826 | |
| Battle of Navarino. | 1827 | |
| Battle of Sinope. | 1854 | |
| Defeat of the Russian forces in the Crimean War, led by France, the United Kingdom, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. | 1854 1856 | |
| Reconquest of the islands controlling the Black Sea entrance of the Danube River. | 1857 | |
| Reconquest of Montenegro and Shkodër. | 1862 | |
| Battle of Gallipoli. | 1915–1916 | Ottoman victory, saving the capital Constantinople from invasion. |
| Turkish War of Independence. | 1919–1923 | Turkish Nationalists won; the Ottoman sultanate was ended (1922) and the Republic of Turkey was formed (1923). |
See also
- Ottoman wars in Europe
- List of cities conquered by the Ottoman Empire
- List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
- List of Ottoman Empire territories
- Ottoman Navy
- Barbary pirates
- Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)
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