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Nimzo-Indian Defence facts for kids

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Nimzo-Indian Defence
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Moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4
ECO E20–E59
Origin Englisch vs. Blackburne, London 1883
Named after Aron Nimzowitsch
Parent Indian Defence

The Nimzo-Indian Defence is a popular chess opening that starts with these moves:

1. d4 Nf6
2. c4 e6
3. Nc3 Bb4

This opening is a smart way for Black to play against White's first move, 1.d4. It was created by a chess master named Aron Nimzowitsch in the early 1900s.

In the Nimzo-Indian, Black uses a special strategy. Instead of immediately moving pawns to control the center, Black "pins" White's knight on c3 with their bishop on b4. This stops White from playing 4.e4, which would create a strong pawn center. Black also tries to make White have "doubled pawns" (two pawns on the same file), which can be a weakness. White, on the other hand, tries to build a strong pawn centre and get their pieces ready for an attack.

The Nimzo-Indian is very flexible because Black doesn't decide on their pawn structure right away. It can even change into other openings like the Queen's Gambit. Many chess champions, including José Raúl Capablanca, have used this defence. Sometimes, White avoids the Nimzo-Indian by playing 3.g3 or 3.Nf3 instead of 3.Nc3.


This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.

Understanding the Nimzo-Indian

Botvinnik vs. Reshevsky, 1948
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Position after 24.Qe2–a2

In the Nimzo-Indian, Black is often willing to give up their "bishop pair" (having both bishops) by trading their bishop on b4 for White's knight on c3. When Black does this, White often ends up with doubled pawns on the c-file. These doubled pawns can be a weakness for White. In return, Black gets to control important central squares like d5 and e4.

Black's main goal is to "close" the game. This means making it harder for White's bishops to move freely. Black also tries to stop White's central pawns from moving forward and to block any attacks White might try on the kingside (the side of the board where the king usually castles).

A famous example of this strategy working well was a game between Mikhail Botvinnik and Samuel Reshevsky in the 1948 World Chess Championship. In that game, Reshevsky (Black) stopped White's attack and made White's pieces passive. Black then won the game.

Rubinstein System: 4.e3

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Position after 4.e3

The Rubinstein System is the most common way White plays against the Nimzo-Indian. It's named after Akiba Rubinstein. In this system, White develops their pieces without committing to a specific plan too early. Black has a few main responses: 4...0-0 (castling), 4...c5 (attacking the center), and 4...b6 (preparing to fianchetto the bishop).

Sometimes, Black plays 4...d5 or 4...Nc6. The move 4...d5 can lead to similar positions as 4...0-0. However, White can also play 5.a3, which is called the Botvinnik Variation. This move forces Black's bishop to either move back or capture White's knight. If Black captures, White can get rid of their doubled pawns later and push their e-pawn forward.

The move 4...Nc6 is the Taimanov Variation, named after Mark Taimanov. Black prepares to play ...e5, which helps control the center. This variation was even tried by the young Bobby Fischer.

4...0-0: Main Lines

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Position after 4.e3 0-0 5.Bd3 d5 6.Nf3 c5 7.0-0

Black's most common and flexible response is 4...0-0. The main line continues with 5.Bd3 d5 6.Nf3 c5 7.0-0. At this point, White has finished developing their kingside pieces, and Black has also claimed a share of the center.

Some important ways the game can continue from here are:

  • Parma Variation (7...dxc4 8.Bxc4 Nbd7): Named after GM Bruno Parma. Black often aims to create weaknesses around White's d-pawn.
  • Karpov Variation (7...dxc4 8.Bxc4 cxd4 9.exd4 b6): Named after former World Champion Anatoly Karpov. White has an isolated pawn on d4, but Black needs to play carefully to take advantage of it.
  • Larsen Variation (7...dxc4 8.Bxc4 Nc6 9.a3 Ba5): Named after GM Bent Larsen. Black tries to put pressure on White's d-pawn.
  • Main Variation (7...Nc6 8.a3 Bxc3 9.bxc3 dxc4 10.Bxc4 Qc7): This line was very popular in the 1950s. Black aims to play ...e5 to challenge White's center.
  • Khasin Variation (7...Nc6 8.a3 Bxc3 9.bxc3 Qc7): Named after Abram Khasin. White tries to build a strong center, while Black focuses on their queenside pawn majority.
  • Averbakh Variation (7...Nbd7): Popularized by GMs Viacheslav Ragozin and Yuri Averbakh. Black wants to exchange pawns and bring their knight to b6 or d5.

4...0-0: Lines with Ne2

Since the 1980s, White has started playing Ne2 instead of Nf3 in some lines. This allows White to recapture on c3 with the knight if Black takes it, avoiding doubled pawns. Two main lines where White does this are:

  • Reshevsky Variation (5.Ne2): Named after GM Samuel Reshevsky. White plays a3 to move Black's bishop away, then brings the knight to a more active square.
  • Modern Variation (5.Bd3 d5 6.Ne2): White still avoids doubled pawns but develops the bishop to d3 first. Black usually plays 6...c5, putting more pressure on White's center.

4...c5: Attacking the Center

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Position after 4.e3 c5

By playing 4...c5, Black immediately attacks White's d4 pawn. This move also keeps the option of playing ...d5 or ...d6 and ...e5 open. The game can sometimes lead back to the main lines mentioned before.

Two important variations specific to 4...c5 are:

  • Hübner Variation (5.Bd3 Nc6 6.Nf3 6...Bxc3+ 7.bxc3 d6): Popularized by GM Robert Hübner. Black captures on c3 early to create a blockade on the dark squares with ...d6 and ...e5. This makes Black's knights stronger than White's bishops in the closed position.
  • Rubinstein Variation (5.Ne2): This is similar to the Reshevsky Variation. White prevents Black from doubling their pawns. Black often opens the position with 5...cxd4 6.exd4 and then chooses between 6...d5 or 6...0-0.

4...b6: Fianchettoing the Bishop

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The move 4...b6 was a favorite of Nimzowitsch himself. Black "fianchettoes" their light-squared bishop to b7. This means placing the bishop on a long diagonal (b7-g2) to control the e4 square. White usually responds with 5.Ne2 (to avoid doubled pawns) or 5.Bd3 (to continue developing).

Some key variations from 4...b6 are:

  • Fischer Variation (5.Ne2 Ba6): Named after Bobby Fischer. Black aims to trade light-squared bishops to play on the light squares.
  • Romanishin–Psakhis Variation (5.Ne2 c5 6.a3 Ba5!?): Black dares White to try and trap the bishop on a5, which usually doesn't work.
  • American Variation (5.Ne2 Ne4): Pioneered by GM Isaac Kashdan. Black exchanges pieces and plays ...f5 to control e4.
  • Classical Fianchetto Variation or Tal Variation (5.Bd3 Bb7 6.Nf3 0-0 7.0-0 d5): Named after Mikhail Tal. This is a solid line where Black usually achieves equality.
  • Keres Variation (5.Bd3 Bb7 6.Nf3 0-0 7.0-0 c5): Named after GM Paul Keres. Black tries to leave White with an isolated queen's pawn.
  • Dutch Variation (5.Bd3 Bb7 6.Nf3 Ne4): Black often follows with 7...f5, creating a position similar to the Dutch Defence.

Classical Variation: 4.Qc2

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Position after 4.Qc2

The Classical or Capablanca Variation was popular early on and became popular again in the 1990s. White's goal is to get the "bishop pair" without weakening their pawn structure. The downside is that White's queen moves twice, and kingside development is slower. Black tries to open the game quickly to use their lead in development. Black has four common replies: 4...0-0, 4...c5, 4...d5, and 4...Nc6.

  • 4...0-0 (Main Line): After 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.Qxc3 b6 7.Bg5, Black usually plays 7...Bb7. White often plays 8.f3 to prepare e4, but Black can counter this.
  • 4...c5 (Pirc Variation): Black takes advantage of the queen on c2 not defending the d-pawn. White almost always plays 5.dxc5. Black can recapture with the bishop or the knight.
  • 4...d5 (Romanishin System): Black immediately attacks the center. After 5.cxd5, Black can recapture with the queen (5...Qxd5) or a pawn (5...exd5).
  • 4...Nc6 (Zürich or Milner-Barry Variation): Black gives up their dark-squared bishop but places their central pawns on d6 and e5. This allows their remaining bishop to move freely.

Kasparov Variation: 4.Nf3

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Kasparov Variation 4.Nf3

The Kasparov Variation is named after Garry Kasparov, who used it very effectively against Anatoly Karpov in their 1985 World Championship match. White develops the knight to a good square and waits for Black's move.

If Black plays 4...d5, it can lead to another opening called the Ragozin Defence. If Black plays 4...b6, it can lead to a mix of Nimzo-Indian and Queen's Indian lines. So, 4...c5 is the most common move that keeps the game in Nimzo-Indian territory. After 4...c5, White can play 5.e3 (transposing to the Rubinstein System) or 5.g3, which is the main move.

Other Ways to Play

  • 4.f3 Variation: White tries to control the e4 square, even if it means developing a bit slower. Black often responds with 4...d5 or 4...c5.
  • Leningrad Variation (4.Bg5): Named after the city where its theory was developed. Black can play 4...h6 or 4...c5. White's bishop on g5 can be annoying, but Black sometimes plays ...g7–g5 to break the pin, even though it weakens their kingside.
  • Sämisch Variation (4.a3): White gives up a move and accepts doubled c-pawns to gain the bishop pair. After 4...Bxc3+ 5.bxc3, Black often blocks the doubled pawns with 5...c5. White gets a strong center, but Black tries to attack the c4 pawn. This variation is not as common today because White often struggles to get enough attack to make up for the doubled pawns.
  • Romanishin Variation or Fianchetto Variation (4.g3): White fianchettoes their king's bishop to control the central light squares. Black can play 4...c5 or 4...d5. Black often tries to win the c4 pawn.
  • Spielmann Variation (4.Qb3): Named after Rudolf Spielmann. Like 4.Qc2, this move avoids doubled pawns. However, the queen on b3 doesn't control e4 as well.
  • 4.Bd2: White simply unpins the knight. Black can play 4...Bxc3 5.Bxc3 Ne4. White usually can't keep both bishops, and trades are often not good for White.
  • Mikenas Variation (4.Qd3): Named after Vladas Mikėnas. The queen supports the knight, but it can be exposed on d3, making this variation rare.
  • Dilworth Gambit (4.e4): Named after Vernon Dilworth. White sacrifices a pawn for a quick attack, but it usually doesn't give White enough compensation.

ECO Codes

In the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO), the Nimzo-Indian Defence is categorized with codes from E20 to E59. These codes help chess players quickly identify specific variations of the opening. All these codes start with the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4.

Khasin 1995 Bad Liebenzell
Abram Khasin, 1995

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