Reproductive isolation facts for kids

Reproductive isolation refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding.

The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called isolating mechanisms.

An example of reproductive isolation. A mule is the offspring of a horse and a donkey. They are sterile, except in very rare cases

Members of one species do not, in general, mate with members of another species, though there are many exceptions and variations to this. And, if such mating does take place, the offspring may not develop, or may not be fertile.

If species arise by the splitting of ancestral species, it might be asked what stops the new species continuing to reproduce together. If they did, they would again become one species.

Isolating mechanisms

The answer given by Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr was that species split mainly because they lived in different areas (geographical speciation). They developed features which, if they later lived together, would make crossing not work properly.

The idea of the biological species concept was that a species was defined as a group of interbreeding individuals. They would be a natural population which is reproductively isolated from other such groups.²⁸⁴

A list was drawn up of isolating mechanisms:

Pre-mating mechanisms

Factors which cause individuals to mate with their own species.

• Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times.
• Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat. They do not meet those with different ecological preferences.
• Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but choose members of their own species. They may not recognize sexual cues given by other species.
• Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.

Post-mating isolating mechanisms

Incompatibility of the two genomes stops normal development in the hybrid.

• Gametes not compatible. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized.
• Zygote mortality: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
• Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryo forms, but dies.
• Hybrid sterility: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile.
• Hybrid breakdown: First generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations and backcrosses are inviable or sterile.

There is still much debate as to whether the Dobzhansky/Mayr account is satisfactory. Modern researchers tends to avoid the general term 'isolating mechanisms' in favour of the more specific terms 'mate choice', 'hybrid incompatibility' and other forms of 'reproductive isolation'.

Images for kids

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  The flowers of many species of Angiosperm have evolved to attract and reward a single or a few pollinator species (insects, birds, mammals). Their wide diversity of form, colour, fragrance and presence of nectar is, in many cases, the result of coevolution with the pollinator species. This dependency on its pollinator species also acts as a reproductive isolation barrier.

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  In coral reefs, gamete incompatibility prevents the formation of numerous inter-species hybrids.

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  A hybrid between a polar bear and a brown bear, Rothschild Museum, Tring.