Third Era of Northern Domination facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
Third Era of Northern Domination
Bắc thuộc lần thứ ba
北屬吝次𠀧 |
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| 602–905 or 938 | |||||||||
Northern Vietnam as the southernmost Jiaozhou with capital Jiaozhi (Hanoi) under the Sui dynasty
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| Status | Province of Sui dynasty, Tang dynasty, Zhou dynasty, Southern Han dynasty Autonomous polity under the Khúc clan (after 905) |
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| Capital | Songping Đại La |
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| Emperor | |||||||||
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• 602–604
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Emperor Wen of Sui (first) | ||||||||
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• 618–626
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Emperor Gaozu of Tang | ||||||||
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• 917–938
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Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han (last) | ||||||||
| Jiedushi | |||||||||
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• 905
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Dugu Sun | ||||||||
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• 905–907
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Khúc Thừa Dụ (Autonomous period) | ||||||||
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• 907–917
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Khúc Hạo | ||||||||
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• 923–937
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Dương Đình Nghệ | ||||||||
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• 937–938
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Kiều Công Tiễn (Last) | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
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• Sui reconquest of Vietnam
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602–605 | ||||||||
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• Sui dynasty annexed kingdom of Vạn Xuân
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602 | ||||||||
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• Vietnam under Tang dynasty
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618 | ||||||||
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• Jiaozhou under Protectorate General to Pacify the South
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679 | ||||||||
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• Crisis of Ninth Century
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854–866 | ||||||||
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• End of Tang rules
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880 | ||||||||
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• Khuc clan became rulers or Battle of Bạch Đằng River
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905 or 938 | ||||||||
| Currency | Cash coins | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Vietnam China |
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The Third Era of Northern Domination was a time when northern Vietnam was ruled by Chinese dynasties. This period lasted for over 300 years. It began in 602 AD when the Sui dynasty took control. It ended in 938 AD with a big victory by a Vietnamese leader named Ngô Quyền at the Bạch Đằng River. During this time, three Chinese dynasties ruled over what is now northern Vietnam: the Sui, the Tang, and the Wu Zhou.
Contents
History of Chinese Rule in Vietnam
Sui Dynasty Takes Control
By the late 500s, northern Vietnam was mostly self-governing. It was known as Jiaozhou. A local Vietnamese ruler, Lý Phật Tử, was in charge. In 589, he agreed to be under the rule of China's new Sui dynasty.
However, in 602, Lý Phật Tử openly rebelled. The Sui Emperor sent a general named Liu Fang with 27,000 soldiers. They quickly took over the region. In 605, the Sui army even pushed further south. They briefly took over a kingdom in central Vietnam called Simhapura.
Liu Fang became the governor of Jiaozhou. He died on his way back to China. Another general, Qiu He, took his place. But in 618, the Sui dynasty was overthrown by the Tang dynasty. Qiu He then joined the Tang emperor in 622. This officially made northern Vietnam part of the Tang Empire.
Tang Dynasty Rule
In 627, the Tang Emperor Taizong made changes to how the empire was run. In 679, Jiaozhou province was renamed the Protectorate General to Pacify the South. This was a special area for governing non-Chinese people on the empire's borders.
The Tang rulers built Chinese schools in Vietnam. They also built strong walls to protect the capital city, Songping (later called Đại La). The Red River delta was a very important farming area. It had roads connecting it to other kingdoms and sea routes to the Indian Ocean.
Even though the Tang dynasty's main religion was Daoism, Buddhism grew strong in northern Vietnam. Many Buddhist monks traveled between Vietnam, China, and India. However, very few local Vietnamese people joined the Chinese government or studied Confucian ideas.
Rebellions Against Tang Rule
The Chinese rulers often faced rebellions in Vietnam. In 687, a local leader named Lý Tự Tiên rebelled. This happened because the governor doubled the taxes. Lý was killed, but the rebellion continued for a while.
In 722, a major uprising happened. Mai Thúc Loan from Jiude led a huge rebellion. He called himself the "Swarthy Emperor." He gathered 400,000 people and even allied with other kingdoms. A large Tang army of 100,000 soldiers crushed the rebellion in 723. The bodies of the rebels were piled up as a warning.
More rebellions happened later. In 767, an army from Java attacked the northern Vietnamese coast but was pushed back. In 785, local leaders Đỗ Anh Hàn and Phùng Hưng rebelled because of high taxes. The Tang forces took back control in 791. From 803 to 863, many Chinese governors were killed or forced to leave by local rebels.
Nanzhao Kingdom Attacks
In 854, a new Chinese governor, Li Zhuo, upset the local mountain tribes. He reduced their salt trade and killed their leaders. This caused many powerful local leaders to join the Nanzhao Kingdom, a strong kingdom to the west.
In 858, Nanzhao and their Vietnamese allies attacked the capital of Annan. The Tang court sent a general, Wang Shi, to fix things. But he was called away in 860. Northern Vietnam fell into chaos again.
In 863, a large Nanzhao army of 50,000, along with rebels, attacked Songping. The city fell, and the Chinese army left. The Tang government's control over Annan was gone.
However, the Tang fought back. In 864, General Gao Pian led a counterattack. He was a very experienced general. In 865–866, Gao Pian recaptured Songping and northern Vietnam. He drove Nanzhao out of the region. Gao punished the local people who had helped Nanzhao. He rebuilt the city of Songping, renaming it Đại La. He also repaired its walls and homes. He was well-respected for his efforts.
The End of Chinese Rule
The Tang dynasty continued to fight local leaders in Vietnam in the 870s. In 880, the Chinese army in Annan rebelled. They took the city of Đại La. This forced the Chinese military leader to flee. This event effectively ended Chinese control over Vietnam.
By 880, local Vietnamese leaders, who had some Chinese influence, took over. They ruled in the name of the Tang, but they were largely independent. In 905, a leader named Khúc Thừa Dụ came to power. His family managed to keep their independence from the Chinese dynasties that followed the Tang.
In 930, the Southern Han emperor attacked and removed the Khuc family. But in 931, a Vietnamese noble named Duong Dinh Nghe rebelled and drove out the Southern Han. Sadly, Duong Dinh Nghe was killed in 937.
His son-in-law, Ngo Quyen, quickly took charge. He defeated the Southern Han fleet in the famous Battle of Bạch Đằng River in late 938. In 939, Ngô Quyền declared himself king. He chose the ancient town of Co Loa as his capital. This marked the true independence of Vietnam, starting a new chapter in its history.
Culture and Daily Life
During this long period, Chinese and local Vietnamese cultures mixed. Educated Vietnamese people used Chinese writing. Many ordinary people started using Vietnamese names similar to Chinese styles. A lot of Chinese soldiers and officials came to northern Vietnam. Some married Vietnamese women and settled down.
Buddhism was very popular in northern Vietnam during the Tang era. Chinese monks came and taught Chinese Buddhism. One important monk, Wu Yantong, brought a new type of Buddhism that lasted for about 500 years. Vietnamese women had important roles in religious life and society. Buddhist texts were written in Chinese but read with Vietnamese pronunciation. Vietnamese temples were important community centers, where village elders would meet.
Not many Vietnamese people became scholars or worked for the Chinese government. In 845, a Chinese official reported that only a few Vietnamese had passed the important imperial exams.
Images for kids
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Abe no Nakamaro was a Japanese scholar who served as a Chinese governor in northern Vietnam from 761 to 767.
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This gold box holds sacred Buddhist relics. It was made in 632 AD in Vietnam.
