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Adak, Alaska
Adak in 2006
Adak in 2006
Country  United States
State Alaska
Census Area Aleutians West
Incorporated 2001
Area
 • Total 71.47 sq mi (185.10 km2)
 • Land 32.43 sq mi (84.00 km2)
 • Water 39.03 sq mi (101.10 km2)
Elevation
164 ft (50 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total 171
 • Density 5.27/sq mi (2.04/km2)
Time zone UTC−10 (Hawaii-Aleutian (HST))
 • Summer (DST) UTC−9 (HDT)
ZIP Code
99546
Area code(s) 907
FIPS code 02-00065
GNIS feature ID 1418109
Website City Website

Adak ( Aleut: [Adaax] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Russian: Адак), formerly Adak Station, is a city located on Adak Island, in the Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 171, down from 326 in 2010. It is the westernmost municipality in the United States and the southernmost city in Alaska. (See Extreme points of the United States.) The city is the former location of the Adak Army Base and Adak Naval Operating Base, NAVFAC Adak.

Geography and climate

Adak is located on Kuluk Bay, on Adak Island, in the Andreanof Islands group of the Aleutian Islands Recording District, and in the 3rd Judicial District. It lies 1,200 miles (1,930 km) southwest of Anchorage and 450 miles (724 km) west of Dutch Harbor at 51.872° North, 176.636° West (Sec. 10, T096S, R195W, Seward Meridian), near the Russian end of the arc that makes up this volcanic island chain. Flight time to Anchorage is three hours or longer depending on weather. Adak is the southern-most community in Alaska and on the same latitude as Vancouver Island in Canada, and Brussels, Belgium. It is less than three latitudes north of the 49th parallel that forms the western part of the land border between the Contiguous United States and Canada.

Mountain visible from Adak
Kanaga Island view with Telephoto from Adak, AK

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.3 square miles (330 km2), of which 122.4 square miles (317 km2) is land and 4.9 square miles (13 km2) (3.87%) is water.

Adak lies in the subpolar oceanic climate zone, characterized by persistently overcast skies, moderated temperatures, high winds, and frequent cyclonic storms. Winter squalls produce wind gusts in excess of 100 knots (120 mph; 190 km/h)*. During the summer, extensive fog forms over the Bering Sea and North Pacific. Average temperatures range from 20 to 60 °F (−7 to 16 °C), but wind chill factors can be severe. Total precipitation is 64 inches (1,600 mm) annually, with an average accumulated snowfall of 100 inches (2,500 mm), which however tends to melt soon after falling. With 263 rainy days per year, Adak has the second highest number of any inhabited locality in the United States after Hilo, Hawaii.

Climate data for Adak, Alaska
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 50
(10)
51
(11)
51
(11)
56
(13)
65
(18)
67
(19)
73
(23)
75
(24)
71
(22)
61
(16)
57
(14)
55
(13)
75
(24)
Average high °F (°C) 37.2
(2.9)
37.0
(2.8)
38.6
(3.7)
41.3
(5.2)
45.1
(7.3)
49.1
(9.5)
54.0
(12.2)
55.8
(13.2)
52.3
(11.3)
46.9
(8.3)
41.4
(5.2)
38.0
(3.3)
44.7
(7.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.1
(0.6)
32.8
(0.4)
34.4
(1.3)
37.1
(2.8)
40.9
(4.9)
45.0
(7.2)
49.4
(9.7)
51.2
(10.7)
48.0
(8.9)
42.6
(5.9)
37.2
(2.9)
34.0
(1.1)
40.5
(4.7)
Average low °F (°C) 28.9
(−1.7)
28.5
(−1.9)
30.1
(−1.1)
32.9
(0.5)
36.6
(2.6)
40.8
(4.9)
44.7
(7.1)
46.6
(8.1)
43.6
(6.4)
38.2
(3.4)
33.0
(0.6)
29.9
(−1.2)
36.2
(2.3)
Record low °F (°C) 3
(−16)
3
(−16)
12
(−11)
20
(−7)
20
(−7)
29
(−2)
33
(1)
34
(1)
28
(−2)
22
(−6)
12
(−11)
8
(−13)
3
(−16)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 6.74
(171)
5.43
(138)
6.14
(156)
4.33
(110)
4.84
(123)
3.34
(85)
2.99
(76)
4.30
(109)
5.52
(140)
7.00
(178)
7.33
(186)
7.66
(195)
65.62
(1,667)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 18.1
(46)
18.4
(47)
20.1
(51)
10.0
(25)
1.5
(3.8)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.1
(0.25)
1.5
(3.8)
10.4
(26)
19.3
(49)
99.4
(251.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 24 22 25 22 22 17 16 19 21 25 25 25 263
Source: WRCC

History and culture

The Aleutian Islands were historically occupied by the Unanga, more commonly known now as the Aleuts. The once heavily populated island was eventually abandoned in the early 19th century as the Aleutian Island hunters followed the Russian fur trade eastward, and famine set in on the Andreanof Island group. However, they continued to hunt and fish actively around the island over the years, until World War II broke out. Adak Army installations allowed U.S. forces to mount a successful offensive against the Japanese-held islands of Kiska and Attu. After the war, Adak was developed as a naval air station, playing an important role during the Cold War as a submarine surveillance center. Large earthquakes rocked the island in 1957, 1964 and 1977.

Abandoned military facilities on Adak Island. Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Abandoned military buildings on Adak Island. These buildings house a basketball court, squash court, saunas, bowling alley, and more, all in an unusable state of disrepair.

At its peak, the station housed over 6,000 naval and Coast Guard personnel and their families. In 1994, the base was downsized, and both family housing and schools were closed. The station officially closed on March 31, 1997 for unknown reasons. The Aleut Corporation purchased Adak's facilities under a land transfer agreement with the Department of the Interior and the U.S. Navy/Department of Defense. This agreement was finalized in March, 2004. About 30 families with children relocated to Adak in September 1998, most of them Aleut Corp. shareholders, and the former high school was reopened at that time as a K-12 institution. The community incorporated as a second-class city in April 2001. Substantially all of the infrastructure and facilities on Adak are owned by Aleut Corporation, who is currently developing Adak as a commercial center via their subsidiary companies. For example, properties in active use are leased by Adak Commercial Properties, LLC.

Since World War II, the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard developed facilities and recreation opportunities at Adak. At its peak, Adak had a college, a McDonald's restaurant, movie theater, roller skating rink, swimming pool, ski lodge, bowling alleys, skeet range, auto hobby shop, photo lab, and racquetball and tennis courts. A new $18-million hospital was built in 1990, just seven years prior to the closure of the station. By March 2003, six years after the closure of the station, most of these facilities had closed.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop.
1970 2,249
1980 3,315 47.4%
1990 4,633 39.8%
2000 316 −93.2%
2010 326 3.2%
2020 171 −47.5%
U.S. Decennial Census

Adak first appeared on the 2000 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP), although it previously was the Adak Naval Station from 1970 to 1990. In 2001, it formally incorporated as a city. As of the 2010 census, Adak was the only city in Alaska to have a majority Asian population (171 of 326 residents). Akutan and Kodiak have Asian pluralities.

As of the census of 2000, there were 316 people, 159 households, and 61 families residing in the city. The population density was 2.6 people per square mile (1.0/km2). There were 884 housing units at an average density of 7.2 per square mile (2.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.68% White, 1.27% Black or African American, 35.13% Native American, 9.81% Asian, 1.90% Pacific Islander, and 2.22% from two or more races. Of the population, 5.06% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 159 households, 18.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together, 2.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 61.6% were non-families. Of all households, 46.5% were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.7% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 44.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 1.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 184.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 188.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $52,727, and the median income for a family was $53,889. Males had a median income of $46,429 versus $35,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,747. About 3.3% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, none of whom were under the age of eighteen or over the age of sixty-five.

Panoramic view of Adak, Alaska (16640980326)

Economy

EAT Logo
Logo on side of vehicle owned by Eastern Aleutian Tribes Inc.

A land exchange between Aleut Corp., the U.S. Navy, and the Department of the Interior transferred most of the former naval facilities to the Aleut Corp. in March 2004. A portion of the island remains within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. Navy retains part of the north end of Adak Island (Parcel 4) and does annual sweeps of the Andrew Lake Seawall for unexploded ordnance. Their website lists the Institutional Controls in place for all of Adak as part of the land exchange or Interim Conveyance. The Navy provides the trail maps as part of the ordnance awareness information required to be shown to all Adak residents and visitors. Adak currently provides a fueling port and crew transfer facility for a combination of Seattle and Alaskan based fishing fleet — an airport, docks, housing facilities, restaurant, grocery, and ship supply store are available.

Golden Harvest Alaska Seafood processes Pacific cod, pollock, mackerel, halibut, snow and king crabs at a 144,000-square-foot seafood processing facility on the island. Four local residents hold commercial fishing permits, primarily for groundfish; however, commercial fishing vessels based out of Seattle and other parts of Alaska provide most of the work for the seafood plant by regularly offloading their catch at the facility's large dock. The local airport allows the company to send orders via air cargo from Adak to markets around the world, including entire planes full of live king crab to China.

Tourism

Kuluk Bowl Adak Aug 2007
At Kuluk Bowl for bowling August 2007

Land use permits are required for all non-residents visiting Aleut Corporation land. Permits can be obtained from the Aleut Enterprise LLC office in Anchorage, or from the Harbormaster at the Port of Adak.

Aleutian Housing Authority (AHA) is the only provider of lodging on Adak, and offers both long-term and short-term accommodations in former Naval officer housing. Housing units are heated, furnished, and include local telephone and cable TV service. It is advisable to make reservations in advance.

The cabins once maintained within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge have fallen into disrepair and are unsafe to occupy. The cabin at Three Arm Bay sits on an archaeological site that was transferred to the Aleut Corporation, and is no longer available for rental to the general public.

Camping is possible without a permit on Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge lands, but is generally not recommended due to the harsh climate. The wind on Adak is highly variable and often unpredictable. Gusts can exceed 100 knots (190 km/h) or more (the record speed is unknown because the wind ripped the anemometer off of the tower). During the calmer summer months, sustained wind speeds average in the low double digits gusting to 50 knots (93 km/h) or more.

Adak offers 16 miles (26 km) of paved and gravel roads. These can be explored on foot, by bicycle, or by renting a truck. There is only one vehicle rental business on Adak.

A hunter at sunrise on Adak, with Mt. Moffett in the background. Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
A hunter pauses to scan the landscape. Mt. Moffett, the highest point on Adak, rises in the background.

Hunting and fishing are bountiful sports in Adak. Hunters particularly prize Adak caribou, the largest of which can exceed 700 pounds. There is no bag limit for cows, but in 2007, the Board of Game passed new regulations for bulls. If you want to get to the South end of the island where the majority of the caribou are, there are currently two licensed local boat charter services - Aleutian Adventure Tours and Homeward Bound Charters. Anglers can find large to enormous halibut in the Kagalaska Straits. Hunters must possess an Alaska state hunting license and a harvest ticket for each animal taken. Non-residents of Alaska must also possess the appropriate big game tag. Anglers require a sport fishing license. All areas of the island with roads are owned by the Aleut Corporation, and a special permit is required for all non-residents accessing this private property. No ATVs are permitted within the wildlife refuge and the Aleut Corporation only allows ATVs on the roads and trails, not on the tundra. Under Alaska state law, wastage is illegal.

Audubon enthusiasts generally do not consider Adak as exciting as Attu. That being said, the high winds are a blessing for birders; many vagrants from Asia and elsewhere can be spotted. Indigenous (but often rare) shore birds abound, and eagles are ubiquitous. Visitors not insistent upon scoring "First North America" sightings will find plenty of variety to enjoy.

Climbing toward Husky Pass, Mt. Reed in the background. Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
A hiker ascends the snowy slopes near Husky Pass, Mt. Reed in the background. Backcountry travel requires extensive outdoor skills and experience, and carrying gear appropriate for volatile and harsh weather.

Developed trails are limited and most are not maintained. It is possible to hike on the tundra, but visitors are advised both to prepare for frequent weather changes and to never hike alone.

Nightlife and dining opportunities are few on Adak.

Notable people

  • David Vann (born 1966), author
  • USN Captain David M. Brown (Astronaut), Space Shuttle Columbia 2003, STS-107

Images for kids

See also

Kids robot.svg In Spanish: Adak (Alaska) para niños

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