Badajoz massacre facts for kids

The Badajoz massacre occurred in the days after the Battle of Badajoz during the Spanish Civil War. Between 500 and 4,000 civilian and military supporters of the Second Spanish Republic were killed by the Nationalist forces after the seizure of the town of Badajoz on August 14, 1936.

Background

View of the old centre of the city of Badajoz, next to the river Guadiana, where the massacre took place after the Battle of Badajoz.

The situation in Extremadura had been extremely tense for several months before the civil war commenced on July 17, 1936. The Republican government had passed the Agrarian Reform Law, which gave peasant farmers, who were more than 50% of the active population, the right to become owners of the land that they worked. That resulted in major confrontations between the farmers and the region's major landowners. In March 1936, labourers in the Badajoz region attempted to accelerate the implementation of the law by invading and occupying the farmlands in question.

In the aftermath of the Nationalist military rebellion, several bloody events in the region were perpetrated by Republicans, which were described as the "Republican repression" or the Spanish Red Terror. Queipo de Llano and Juan Yagüe would later justify the massacre at Badajoz as punishment for the Republican massacre of Nationalist supporters.

In all, some 243 people were executed in the west of the Province of Badajoz by Republican forces. The Nationalists committed atrocities on Republican supporters during the advance of General Yagüe's column on Badajoz from Seville. In every city taken by Yagüe's troops, dozens to thousands of people were killed.

After the occupation of Fuente de Cantos by Yagüe's column, some 325 Republicans were executed. Another 403 Republicans were executed after the fall of Almendralejo. Between 6,610 and 12,000 persons were killed by Nationalist forces in the western part of the Province of Badajoz, including the city of Badajoz itself. Most of the victims were journeymen and farmers. The massacres were part of the Spanish "White Terror".

Taking of Badajoz

The occupation of Badajoz occurred during the advance of the Nationalist Army from Andalucía to the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The assault on the city was vital for the Nationalists, as it would mean the joining of the Army of the South with that of Emilio Mola, which dominated the north.

Badajoz found itself isolated after the fall of Mérida several days earlier. The siege of the town was carried out by 2,250 Spanish legionarios, 750 Moroccan Regulares and five batteries of artillery under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Juan Yagüe.

The final assault was made on the evening of August 14, after the city had been bombarded from both land and air (by German Junkers Ju 52) for most of the day. Badajoz's recently reoccupied 18th-century walls were defended by 2,000 Republican militiamen and 500 regular soldiers, led by Colonel Ildefonso Puigdendolas.

After opening a breach in the walls to the east, at the Puerte de la Trinidad and Puerte de Carros, the Nationalist troops entered the city. After bloody hand-to-hand fighting, Badajoz fell to the Nationalists.

Accounts

Badajoz fell to the Nationalists on August 14. That day, many civilians were killed in the streets of the city, including women and children, especially by the Moroccan troops.

Also on August 18, François Mauriac published an article about the events in Badajoz in Le Figaro.

The Portuguese journalist Mário Neves, who had witnessed the massacre at first hand, had his report to Diário de Lisboa censored by the government of António de Oliveira Salazar, who was an ally of the Spanish Nationalists. Neves returned to Portugal, was horrified by what he had witnessed and swore that he would never return to Badajoz. He finally returned there in 1982 to retrace his steps in the places in which the events had happened for a television documentary.

After learning of the events, Nationalist propaganda published various other versions of events to try to hide the massacre, and several foreign correspondents were threatened or discredited in the press.

Aftermath

The massacre of Badajoz was of great significance in the development of the war. In late August, as the Basque towns of Irun and Fuenterrabia were being shelled from the sea and bombed from the air, the rebels dropped pamphlets threatening to deal with the population as they had "dealt with" the people of Badajoz. In consequence, panic-stricken refugees headed for France. The publication in the foreign press of the events meant that Franco ordered that such massacres were to cease, as they harmed the Nationalists' image. On the other side, Republican propaganda publicised the massacre enormously and used it to justify their atrocities, such as the Paracuellos massacre of November 1936.

Arising from the events in Badajoz, the German officer Hans von Funck, one of the few high-ranking German soldiers present with the Nationalist Army of the South, sent a report to Berlin advising against the deployment of regular German troops in Spain. He wrote that he was

a soldier used to combat, who has fought in France during World War I, but he has never seen such brutality and ferocity as that with which the African Expeditionary Force carried out their operations. For this reason he advised against sending German regulars to Spain, because before such savagery, the German soldiers would become demoralised.

Estimates of death toll

The massacre is one of the most controversial events of the war, and estimates of the number of victims vary significantly depending on the historian doing the research. In addition, since the Nationalist side won the war, there was never an official investigation into what happened to Republicans in the city after its fall. Most estimates suggest that between 2,000 and 4,000 people were executed. An investigation by the historian Francisco Espinosa has established a list of 1,341 names of victims of the Nationalists in the city of Badajoz, but he said that was only a partial figure and that the true death toll may be higher.

The Nationalists tried to conceal the massacre, but some journalists (Mário Neves, Rene Brut, Daniel Berthet, Marcel Dany and Jay Allen) entered Badajoz after the seizure of the town and discovered the executions. Furthermore, Yagüe himself boasted to the American correspondent John T. Whitaker:

"Of course we shot them", he said to me. "What do you expect? Was I supposed to take 4,000 reds with me as my column advanced, racing against time? Was I expected to turn them loose in my rear and let them make Badajoz red again?"

However, lower figures have also been suggested. A 2010 study put the death toll at between 500 and 700.