Copenhagen (horse) facts for kids

Quick facts for kids Copenhagen
Copenhagen as painted in his retirement by Samuel Spode.
Sire	Meteor
Grandsire	Eclipse
Dam	Lady Catherine (half-bred)
Damsire	John Bull
Sex	Stallion
Foaled	1808
Died	12 February 1836(1836-02-12) (aged 27–28)
Country	United Kingdom
Colour	Chestnut
Breeder	General Grosvenor
Owner	1) General Grosvenor 2) Marquis of Londonderry 3) Duke of Wellington
Record	12: 2-2-7
Honours
Honoured with a full military funeral upon his passing.

Copenhagen (1808 – 12 February 1836) was the Duke of Wellington's war horse, which he most famously rode at the Battle of Waterloo. Copenhagen was of mixed Thoroughbred and Arabian parentage, with his dam being sired by the Derby winner John Bull and his sire Meteor having finished second in the Derby. Copenhagen was foaled in 1808 and was named in honour of the British victory at the Second Battle of Copenhagen. Copenhagen did race in England for a short period, winning two races and finishing at least third in nine races out of his 12 career starts. Copenhagen was sent to Spain with Sir Charles Vane in 1813 and was then sold to the Duke of Wellington. Becoming his favourite, Copenhagen was the Duke's mount in the Battle of Waterloo. The horse was retired to the Duke's Stratfield Saye estate and lived there for the remainder of his life, dying on 12 February 1836 at the age of 28 years. His grave site is marked with a marble headstone that stands under a Turkey Oak planted in 1843.

Background

Copenhagen was bred by General Grosvenor, a nephew of the Earl of Grosvenor. Copenhagen's sire, Meteor, was second in the 1786 Derby and won several stakes races before he was retired in 1791 to the Earl of Grosvenor's stud. Copenhagen was foaled when Meteor was 25 years old, and the stallion died in 1811 when Copenhagen was three years old. Copenhagen's dam, Lady Catherine, was a daughter of the 1792 Epsom Derby winner John Bull and an unnamed mare sired by the Rutland Arabian out of "a hunting mare" that was either "three parts Thoroughbred" or had no Thoroughbred parentage at all. The Rutland Arabian was owned by the Duke of Rutland and had limited success at stud. Lady Catherine ("Lady Katherine" in the Racing Calendar) raced under General (then Colonel) Grosvenor's name as a five-year-old in 1801, and her dam was identified as "Morning Star's dam." In 1810 Lady Catherine foaled a half-sister to Copenhagen, Chantress by Popinjay, and is noted in the stud-book to have been "sent to Ireland." In honour of Copenhagen's notable military service, Lady Catherine is the only "half-bred" mare listed in the General Stud Book.

The circumstances surrounding Copenhagen's birth differ in the sources. General Grosvenor allegedly took Lady Catherine (in foal with Copenhagen) to Denmark to be his mount during the siege of Copenhagen, a campaign that culminated in the Second Battle of Copenhagen. Copenhagen was either foaled after the battle in Copenhagen and named in honour of the British victory or Lady Catherine was returned to England before his birth and Copenhagen was foaled at Eaton Hall in 1808. The General Stud Book entry for his dam does not support the notion that he was foaled overseas.

Description

Copenhagen stood 15 hands high and had a muscular physique on a small compact frame. When Copenhagen was purchased for the Duke of Wellington as a five-year-old, he was described as "a dark chestnut with two white heels, [he was] a hollow-backed, powerful horse" but reportedly had "bad shoulders." Copenhagen allegedly "never refused his corn" but had an unusual habit of eating while lying down. Wellington said of Copenhagen, "There may have been many faster horses, no doubt many handsomer, but for bottom and endurance I never saw his fellow." His "enduring qualities" were often attributed to his "Arabian blood."

Racing career

Wellington on Copenhagen, painted by Thomas Lawrence.

Copenhagen raced until he was a four-year-old in the name of General Grosvenor. Copenhagen did not race as a two-year-old and was retired from racing in May 1812. He was a moderately successful racehorse, winning two races during his short racing career, once against a relative of the Derby-winning mare Eleanor.

1811: three-year-old season

In his first start at the Craven Meeting in April, Copenhagen was third in a 100-guinea sweepstakes race, losing to the filly Sorcery and an unnamed filly by Dick Andrews. A few days later, Copenhagen won a 50-guinea match race against Mr. Fisher's colt "brother to Spaniard" and was beaten by the filly Tippitywichet in a match race. At the First Spring Meeting in Newmarket, Copenhagen paid 20 guineas forfeit to Lord Bentinck's colt Pheasant and a few days later was beaten by the Duke of Rutland's colt Momus in a 100-guinea match race. At Huntingdon on 6 August, Copenhagen won a sweepstakes race, beating a horse sired by Ambrosio and Cressida (the full-sister of the Derby winning mare Eleanor and the dam of Derby winner Priam) and the next day, Copenhagen was third in a Gold Cup race to the horse by Ambrosio and the colt Juvenal. At Northampton, Copenhagen was third in a 70-guinea County Purse race after finishing second in all of the heats. Copenhagen finished third in a sweepstakes race and was third in the Oatlands Stakes at the Tarporley-Hunt meeting on 7 November.

1812: four-year-old season

Copenhagen started three times in 1812. At Chester on 4 May, Copenhagen was third in a £50 Maiden Plate run in three heats, finishing fifth in the first heat and second in the remaining heats. A few days later at the same meeting, Copenhagen finished third in a £70 Cup race run over three heats, finishing fourth in the first heat and second in the remaining heats, and was fourth in a Handicap Sweepstakes in the final start of his career. Copenhagen was retired from racing at the end of the season.

Military service

Copenhagen in retirement, a lithograph by James Ward.

General Grosvenor sold Copenhagen to Sir Charles Vane (later the Marquess of Londonderry) in 1812. Copenhagen was sent to Lisbon in 1813 with a contingent of other horses due to Vane's service as an adjutant-general in the Peninsular War. When Sir Charles left Spain to "join the Allied armies in Germany," Copenhagen was sold to Colonel Charles Wood (or alternatively Colonel Gordon, who died at Waterloo) for "200 or 250 guineas," £300 or £400, depending on the source. The Colonel bought Copenhagen and another horse for the Duke of Wellington.

Wellington rode Copenhagen in a number of battles. Before Waterloo he took him on his hazardous ride to Wavre to liaise with Marshal Blücher. Copenhagen was the Duke's mount during the Battle of Waterloo, carrying him for 17 hours continuously during the battle. Immediately after the battle, from which Wellington emerged uninjured, Wellington dismounted and patted Copenhagen on the flank, causing the horse to kick towards the Duke's head, which the Duke narrowly avoided.

Copenhagen continued to be Wellington's primary horse during the occupation of France.

Retirement and death

The Duke continued to ride Copenhagen in parades and other ceremonial events after the battle. Hair from the horse was made into jewellery. The horse was retired to the Duke's Stratfield Saye House and lived as a pensioner there for the remainder of his long life. Copenhagen was said to, "like being noticed" and "kissed hands and ate his apples with all possible grace."

Funeral and grave site

Copenhagen's headstone with faded epitaph beneath the Turkey Oak planted by Mrs. Apostles in 1843 as photographed in 2009.

Copenhagen died on 12 February 1836 at Stratfield Saye at the age of 28 years, reportedly due to indulging in too many sugary "dainties" such as "sponge cakes, bath buns and chocolate creams," but he most likely died due to his advanced age. He was buried "very early in the morning" the next day with full military honours in the Ice-House Paddock at the Duke's country residence, Stratfield Saye House. The Duke personally witnessed the horse's burial and reportedly "flew into a most violent passion" when he noticed that one of Copenhagen's hooves had been cut off as a souvenir. The Duke reportedly exhumed Copenhagen's body a few months after his death to retrieve the other hooves as keepsakes, but "his three remaining hoofs had rotted away." The pilfered hoof was eventually recovered. According to one source, a farmer bought the hoof for a little over three shillings and returned the hoof directly to the Duke. In another account, a servant confessed to the Duke's son many years after the incident to taking the hoof, stating that at the time, "None of us imagined that the first Duke would trouble his head about the carcase of the horse." The returned hoof was later made into an ink-stand by the second Duke.

Copenhagen was buried without a headstone, and a few years after his death, the Duke was asked by the United Services Museum to disinter his body so that Copenhagen's skeleton could be publicly displayed alongside the skeleton of Napoleon's horse Marengo. The Duke refused and claimed that he did not "know for sure where Copenhagen was buried," a false statement given that the Duke had witnessed Copenhagen's burial. The paddock where he was buried at one time had "a noble cluster of elms in the centre" and his grave was once surrounded by a small railing. The large Turkey Oak that presently shades Copenhagen's grave was planted by the elder Duke's housekeeper Mrs. Apostles seven years after the horse's death on 21 November 1843 in commemoration of her twentieth year of service to the Duke.

After his father's death, his son personally created an epitaph for Copenhagen and placed a marble grave marker beside the tree that was planted over his burial site. A lead plaque with the inscription and "some coins of George IV, William IV and Queen Victoria" were buried at the grave site. The inscription, the bottom-half faded over time, reads:

Head-on view of Copenhagen in the Wellington Statue designed by Matthew Cotes Wyatt and unveiled in 1846. The second Duke thought that the horse's face was a good likeness of Copenhagen.

Pedigree

• Copenhagen's great-grandam was a "hunting mare" (three parts Thoroughbred or not at all), while his sire was a full-blooded Thoroughbred. He was also inbred 2x4 to Eclipse, meaning that this horse was his grandsire and also appeared in the fourth generation of his pedigree.

See also

In Spanish: Copenhagen (caballo) para niños