Sack of Berwick (1296) facts for kids

The attack on Berwick was the first big battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. This important event happened in 1296.

Why the War Started

In 1290, Margaret, Maid of Norway, who was supposed to be the Queen of Scotland, died. Many people then wanted to become the next king. The Guardians of Scotland were leaders who ruled the country until a new king was chosen.

The previous king, Alexander III, was married to Margaret of England. She was the sister of Edward I. So, the Scots asked King Edward I of England to help decide who should be king. A group of 104 "auditors" would make the final choice.

John Balliol, who was related to King David I, was chosen as the new king. He became king at Scone on November 30, 1292.

King Edward I of England believed Scotland was like a smaller state that owed him loyalty. He asked Scotland to help pay for England's defense. When he asked for soldiers to fight his war against France, the Scots said no. Instead, they made an alliance with France. They also tried to attack Carlisle in England, but it was not successful.

The Battle for Berwick

After Scottish earls attacked Carlisle, King Edward I of England began to invade Scotland. This was the first part of the war. On March 28, 1296, Edward and his soldiers crossed the River Tweed. They stayed the night in Scotland before marching to the town of Berwick.

Berwick was a very important trading port for Scotland. It was a royal burgh, which means it was a town with special rights given by the king. Berwick was almost as important as London for trade in medieval Britain. People even called it "Alexandria of the North." It was also one of the most populated towns in Scotland at that time.

The Scottish soldiers defending Berwick were led by William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas. The English army, attacking the town, was led by Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford.

Many people died during the attack on Berwick. Some reports say between 4,000 and 17,000 soldiers and civilians were killed. Some sources say women were not harmed. Lord Douglas surrendered the castle. He was told his soldiers would be safe, but he was put in prison.

After the attack on Berwick, the Battle of Dunbar happened. This battle led to the English taking control of the Lowlands area of Scotland.