Wanamaker expeditions facts for kids
The Wanamaker expeditions were a series of three journeys led by Joseph K. Dixon to the Native peoples living in the US in the early 20th century. The three expeditions were primarily sponsored by department store magnate Rodman Wanamaker.
Background
The concept of sending an "expedition" to visit tribes originated with Joseph K. Dixon, an author and photographer. Rodman Wanamaker sponsored Dixon, who named the project "the Rodman Wanamaker Expeditions to the Indians". Dixon was the "educational director" (essentially a public relations worker) of Philadelphia department store Wanamaker's. Wanamaker's had been founded in 1876 by Rodman's father John Wanamaker. By the turn of the century, it had grown into a large store with several locations around the country. The company became known for offering a range of entertainment in addition to products. Historian Alan Trachtenberg notes that such stores in the early twentieth century were locations where people learned what it meant to be an American. Dixon was convinced such expeditions offered a great opportunity for the company and could be good for the nation as well. White Americans saw Native Americans as a vanishing race and became interested in their culture. Efforts were also made to "assimilate" Natives into white society. Dixon had fashioned himself as an authority on Native Americans.
Expeditions
The first expedition went to Crow Agency, Montana, in 1908, and Dixon was accompanied by three photographers. It was endorsed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Dixon carefully directed filming and photographs as he tried to capture authentic images without "any hint of the white man's foot". In reality these images were romanticized and commercialized presentations of Native American life. A film version of "The Song of Hiawatha" was recorded. Dixon cast actors in the roles through auditioning hundreds of people.
The following year A Wanamaker Primer on the North American Indians was published which suggested Natives had "Jewish blood in their veins", said "an Indian is always an Indian" and described them as "born to shirk tasks of toil". It describes a tragic but inevitable defeat of the Native Americans by white people.
Also in 1909 Dixon returned to Crow Agency where he directed around 100 Native chiefs to film "The Last Great Indian Council" and a reenactment of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Dixon was also careful to document and record his photographing procedures.
Expedition for Citizenship
In February 1913 ground was broken on a National American Indian Memorial. Upon Dixon's request, Franklin Knight Lane, the United States Secretary of the Interior, approved another expedition. In June that year, Dixon set out with his son, Rollin, another photographer, John Scott, James McLaughlin, and an employee of Eastman Kodak on an "expedition of citizenship" that was sponsored by Wanamaker's and the Pennsylvania Railroad, which provided a rail-car that had a darkroom, known as Signet. (Native Americans were not recognized as citizens at this time, and did not have this status until a decade later, with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924).
It was also supported by Woodrow Wilson, William Howard Taft, and Thomas Edison. Funding was in part provided by a "Committee of One Hundred", which included wealthy Americans such as John D. Rockefeller and William Randolph Hearst. The expedition traveled 20,000–27,000 miles (32,000–43,000 km) by rail in around six months and visited 89 tribes. It raised an American flag in a ceremony everywhere it went and gifted every reservation an American flag. Additionally, the expedition had a "Declaration of Allegiance" for Natives to sign and recordings of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and the President of the United States speaking. Not all tribes welcomed the Americans, notably the Hopi, Pueblo, and Navajo peoples.
Results and legacy
Dixon felt his "expedition of citizenship" heralded the beginning of "a new epoch" in Native American history. His filmography presented Native Americans as a vanishing race.
The expeditions produced thousands of photographs (4600 from the first two), published in The Vanishing Race and other formats, and about 50 miles (80 km) of film that were developed into several films, including The Song of Hiawatha ("The Song of Hiawatha" developed into a movie), and The Romance of a Vanishing Race. Wanamaker later gave over three hundred lectures to over four hundred thousand people on The Song of Hiawatha. The Vanishing Race remained in publication for over sixty years.
At the Panama–Pacific International Exposition the exhibitions' photographs were awarded with a gold prize. James McLaughlin accompanied the 1913 exhibition and criticized Dixon's methods as only seeking publicity. A contemporary article in the Society of American Indians's Quarterly Journal called Dixon's expeditions "the great advertising hoax". The 1913 expedition did lead to increased public support for Native American citizenship, and some tribes welcomed Dixon's visit.
