History of the sword facts for kids
The different types of swords have been of great importance throughout history. In addition to its use as a weapon, the sword has been the object of special considerations forming part of funerary rituals, mythology and other ancient traditions.
Contents
Chronology details
The present chronology includes diverse and relatively uneven documents. The need to group them into a single list responds to the desire of simplicity.
Chronology (until the Christian Era)
Bronze Swords
The first bronze swords with a length equal to or greater than 60 cm date from the 17th century BC in regions of the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. They emerged as an evolution of shorter weapons of the type of the daggers. To make a sword useful in combat, one must have a correct alloy, give it the right shape and apply the necessary thermal (and finishing) treatments. The longer is a sword, the stresses (bending and buckling) are more important. What is needed is a weapon that is hard enough (to cut), fairly flexible (without being fragile) and tenacious enough to withstand the blows in the fights.
The manufacturing process is summarized as follows: The bronze swords were cast into moulds, heated to a certain temperature and allowed to cool slowly. Finally they cold hammered (hitting them with a hammer on a type anvil) to increase its hardness.
- c.1275 BC. Assyrian sword, with inscriptions.
- c.650 BC. According to Pausanias, Theodore of Samos invented the casting of bronze objects.
- c.450 BC. Herodotus. He mentioned iron swords (as a representation of the god Ares/Mars) in tombs Scythian peoples.
- c.401 BC. He described the Indian steel (steel wootz) and two swords made with that material.
- 326 BC. Battle of the Hidaspes River. Alexander defeated King Porus. This gave him about 10 kg of "Indian steel" (wootz steel).
- c.230 BC.Philo of Byzantium In his treatise Belopoeica (artillery), he describes the flexibility of the swords of the Celts and Iberians in Hispania. An elastic behavior, such as a spring, would imply tempered steel content in the mentioned swords.
- 216 BC. Battle of Cannae Polybius described the swords of the Iberians (cutting and thrusting) and those of the Gauls (cutting).
- 197 BC. The Greeks were defeated by the Romans, led by Gay Cornelius Cetego near the River Clusius (perhaps the current Brembo River). In spite of the numerical superiority of the Gauls, their swords were bent at the first blow and had to be straightened. The Romans took advantage of this weakness to win the battle.
- c.20 BC. Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian of Sicily that lived in Century I a. Century I century, contemporary of Julius Caesar and Augustus. His comments on the celtiber swords indicate the cut quality and an aspect of their manufacture.
- c.5 BC. Gratio Falisco, in his poem Cynegeticon, mentions the knives of Toledo: "...Ima toledano praecingunt ilia cultro ..."
Christian Era
- c.50. Pliny the Elder talks about the types of iron, and the importance of water in the temper of steel.
- c.90 AD The poet Martial, born in Bilbilis (near Calatayud), prided himself on the steel of his country, better than the Gallic and the Noricum.
Middle Ages
- c.500. Ship wrecked near Nydam (Denmark) with a cargo of swords of the type "pattern-welded".
- 796. The emperor Charlemagne rendered the king Offa of Mercia with a sword made by Huns, obtained like war loot.
- c.850. Abu Yusuf well Ishaq al-Kindi describes the swords of Damascus.
- c.900. First documentaries of the katana. Master Yasu-tsuna (from Hoki)
- 966. Embassy of Borrell II to To the-Hàkam II. giving a present of 100 frank "swords", very famous and feared.
- 1233. Jaume I mentions the sword called "Tiso" (forged in Monzón) in the siege of Burriana.
- 1248. Sword Lobera of the king Ferdinand III of Castile.
- 1392. Ibn Hud Ibn Hudhayl, in his work " Gala de caballeros y blasón de paladines ", mentions two types of quality swords: those of Indian steel and those of the francs (Catalan) . The latter with exceptional qualities and supposedly forged by genius.
- 1425. The sword makers of Valencia asked for confirmation of their ordinations, copied from those of the sword makers of Barcelona.
- 1474. The fencing teacher of Majorca Jaime Pons was author of a fencing treaty published in Perpinyan.
1500-1950
- 1509. Marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII of England. Swords of the armory of Zaragoza presented to the English king
- 1517. Superiority of the sword over other weapons in the war of the conquistadores against the Native Americans in Florida.
- 1522. Sword of Ignacio de Loyola offered to the Virgin of Montserrat.
- 1525. Battle of Pavia. Francis I of France fought his sword to Joan Aldana, native of Tortosa.
- 1540. "Pirotechnia", work of Vannoccio Biringuccio, (Siena). Among other topics it deals with some iron mines and the reduction of the metal in a forge with bellows.
- c.1541. Sword of Francisco Pizarro, made in Valencia by the armorer Mateo Duarte.
- 1544. Hunting saber of Henry VIII of England, decorated by Diego Çaias.
- 1761. " White Weapons Factory of Toledo", created by decree of Carlos III of Spain. It was organized and directed by the Valencian sword's master Lluis Calisto.
- 1772. Henry Nock was the founder of a gun-making company. He bequeathed to his manager James Wilkinson, maker of the famous swords and sabers.
- 1782. William Bowles, "Introduction to Natural History and the Physical Geography of Spain." With information on the making of swords in Spain.
- 1793-1795. Great War. They are again opened the weapon workshops in Catalonia.
- 1798. History of the political economy of Aragon. Ignacio Jordán. talks about the sword makers of Zaragoza .
- 1804. James Wilkinson.
- 1844. Henry Wilkinson
- 1943. Sword of Stalingrad
Images for kids
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Spring and Autumn period bronze dagger hilt
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Falcata from the 4th century BC -
sword of Francis I of France exposed in the "Musée de l'Armée" in Paris. Forged in Valencia by Antonivs.
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Miyamoto Musashi.
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See also
In Spanish: Historia de la espada para niños
