Parallax facts for kids
Parallax is the perceived change in position of an object seen from two different places.
In astronomy, annual parallax is the only direct way to measure distance to stars outside the solar system. In essence, parallax is the phenomenon which occurs when an object is viewed from different positions.
It is measured by the angle between two lines of observation. Nearby objects have a larger parallax than more distant objects when observed from identical positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances.
Astronomers use the principle of parallax to measure distances to celestial objects including to the Moon, the Sun, and to stars beyond the Solar System. Here, the term "parallax" is the angle between two sight-lines to the star.
Astronomical measurement of position are taken at different times of the year. Since the Earth's orbit is known exactly, the distance from position 1 to position 2 can be worked out. Then, the angle from the horizon to the object can be measured precisely. This gives a triangle whose baseline and angles are known accurately. From the triangle, the distance is calculated by trigonometry.
The method only fails with objects which are so distant that the long axis of the earth's orbit is too short to get a sufficient difference in the measured angle. Astronomers have worked out various ways to get over this problem, though none are so accurate as the parallax method is for relatively nearby objects. This provides a basis for the cosmic distance ladder. This is the name for the techniques astronomers use to calculate distances further than the parallax method allows.
From 1989 to 1993 the Hipparcos satellite took measurements for over 100,000 nearby stars.
Many animals, including humans, have two eyes which provide depth perception; this is called stereopsis. Because the two eyes are at different places on the head, this gives the basis for an automatic sense of distance. We perceive this as a normal 3-D scene.
Images for kids
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A simplified illustration of the parallax of an object against a distant background due to a perspective shift. When viewed from "Viewpoint A", the object appears to be in front of the blue square. When the viewpoint is changed to "Viewpoint B", the object appears to have moved in front of the red square.
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This animation is an example of parallax. As the viewpoint moves side to side, the objects in the distance appear to move more slowly than the objects close to the camera. In this case, the white cube in front appears to move faster than the green cube in the middle of the far background.
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In this photograph, the Sun is visible above the top of the streetlight. In the reflection on the water, the Sun appears in line with the streetlight because the virtual image is formed from a different viewing position.
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Parallax is an angle subtended by a line on a point. In the upper diagram, the Earth in its orbit sweeps the parallax angle subtended on the Sun. The lower diagram shows an equal angle swept by the Sun in a geostatic model. A similar diagram can be drawn for a star except that the angle of parallax would be minuscule.
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Hubble Space Telescope – Spatial scanning precisely measures distances up to 10,000 light-years away (10 April 2014).
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Diagram of daily lunar parallax
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Example of lunar parallax: Occultation of Pleiades by the Moon
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The correct line of sight needs to be used to avoid parallax error.
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Contax III rangefinder camera with macro photography setting. Because the viewfinder is on top of the lens and of the close proximity of the subject, goggles are fitted in front of the rangefinder and a dedicated viewfinder installed to compensate for parallax.
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Failed panoramic image due to the parallax, since axis of rotation of tripod is not same of focal point.
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Simple animation demonstrating the effects of parallax compensation in telescopic sights, as the eye moves relative to the sight.
See also
In Spanish: Paralaje para niños
