The Moon is Earth's natural satellite. We can usually see it shining brightly in the night sky. Many other planets also have their own moons. Scientists believe our Moon formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth itself. The most popular idea is that the Moon was made from pieces left over after a huge crash. This crash happened between Earth and a Mars-sized object called Theia.

The Moon is about 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi) wide. This is a bit more than a quarter of Earth's size. Earth is about 12,600 kilometres (7,800 mi) wide. Because of their similar sizes, Earth and the Moon are sometimes called a "double planet" system.

How the Moon Changes Shape: Phases
Exploring the Moon: A Journey Through Time
- United States Missions to the Moon
- Other Countries Explore the Moon
What the Moon is Like
How the Moon Was Formed
Water on the Moon
Who Owns the Moon?
Interesting facts about the Moon
Related pages
Images for kids
See also

How the Moon Changes Shape: Phases

The Moon is round, and half of it is always lit by the Sun. As the Moon travels around (or orbits) the Earth, we see different amounts of its sunlit side. Sometimes, the entire side we see is bright. Other times, only a small part is lit. This happens because the Moon does not make its own light. We only see the parts that are lit up by sunlight. These different appearances are called the Phases of the Moon.

It takes the Moon about 29.53 days to complete one full cycle of phases. This is about 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 minutes. The cycle goes from a big, bright full moon to a small, dim new moon, and back again. When the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, it's called a new moon. We can't see it then. After that, it becomes a "waxing crescent", then "first quarter", "waxing gibbous", and finally a "full moon". A full Moon happens when the Moon and Sun are on opposite sides of Earth. As the Moon continues its journey, it becomes a "waning gibbous", "third quarter", and "waning crescent". Then it returns to a new moon. People used the Moon to measure time. A month is roughly the same length as one lunar cycle.

The phases of the Moon

The Moon always shows the same side to Earth. Astronomers call this tidal locking. This means that one half of the Moon can never be seen from Earth. The side facing away from Earth is called the far side. It's sometimes called the dark side of the Moon, but the Sun does shine on it. We just never see it lit from Earth.

Exploring the Moon: A Journey Through Time

Buzz Aldrin standing on the moon in 1969

Before humans walked on the Moon, the United States and the Soviet Union sent robots there. These robots would orbit the Moon or land on its surface. They were the first human-made objects to touch the Moon.

Humans finally landed on the Moon on July 21, 1969. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar ship, called the Eagle, on the Moon's surface. Half the world watched on television as Armstrong climbed down the ladder. He was the first human to touch the Moon. He famously said, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."

Even though their footprints were left on the Moon a long time ago, they are probably still there. The Moon has no wind or rain, so erosion (wearing away) happens very slowly. The footprints don't get filled in or smoothed out.

More people landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The last spaceship to visit was Apollo 17. Eugene Cernan of Apollo 17 was the last person to touch the Moon.

United States Missions to the Moon

The small blue-white semicircle of Earth, almost glowing with color in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon.

Earthrise (Apollo 8, 1968, taken by William Anders)

Moon rock (Apollo 17, 1972)

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy promised that the United States would land a person on the Moon before the end of the decade. To prepare for this, NASA sent many unmanned probes to the Moon. These probes helped scientists understand the lunar surface.

The Apollo program was developed at the same time. After many tests of the Apollo spacecraft, Apollo 8 made the first manned mission to lunar orbit in 1968. This was a big step in the Space Race. The landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969 is seen as a major achievement.

Neil Armstrong official

Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. He was the commander of the American mission Apollo 11. He stepped onto the Moon at 02:56 UTC on July 21, 1969. About 500 million people around the world watched this live broadcast on television. It was the largest television audience at that time.

The Apollo missions (11 to 17, except Apollo 13) brought back a lot of Moon rocks and soil. They collected about 380.05 kilograms (837.87 lb) of samples. These samples were in 2,196 separate pieces. The success of the American Moon landing was possible because of many new technologies. These included advances in materials, software engineering, and how spacecraft re-enter Earth's atmosphere.

Scientists also left special equipment on the Moon during the Apollo landings. These included heat probes, seismometers (to detect moonquakes), and magnetometers (to measure magnetic fields). These instruments sent data back to Earth until 1977.

Other Countries Explore the Moon

The Moon

Near side of the Moon

Far side of the Moon

Lunar north pole

Lunar south pole

After 1976, there was a quiet period for lunar exploration. Space agencies focused on other planets and Earth orbit. The Moon Treaty was created in 1979 to discuss how to manage the Moon's resources.

In 1990, Japan's Hiten mission marked the start of renewed exploration. In 1994, the U.S. sent Clementine, which mapped the Moon's surface. Lunar Prospector in 1998 found evidence of water ice at the poles.

Since then, many countries have sent missions to the Moon:

The European Space Agency (ESA) sent SMART-1 (2004–2006).
China launched Chang'e 1 (2007–2009).
India's Chandrayaan-1 (2008) confirmed water molecules in lunar soil.
The U.S. launched the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) in 2009, which is still operating.
China's Chang'e 3 landed a lunar rover named Yutu in 2013. This was the first lunar rover mission since 1973.
In 2019, China's Chang'e 4 made the first landing on the Moon's far side.
In 2020, China's Chang'e 5 brought back 1,731 grams of lunar material.
In 2022, South Korea launched Danuri, its first mission to the Moon.
In 2023 and 2024, India and Japan successfully soft landed spacecraft on the Moon. Japan's Smart Lander for Investigating Moon survived multiple lunar nights.
The IM-1 lander became the first commercially built lander to land on the Moon in 2024.
China launched the Chang'e 6 on May 3, 2024. It conducted a lunar sample return from the far side. Pakistan sent a lunar orbiter, ICUBE-Q, with Chang'e 6.
Other missions like Nova-C 2, iSpace Lander, and Blue Ghost were launched to the Moon in 2024.

The Artemis II crew, planned to go to the Moon in 2026. This will be the first human mission to the Moon since 1972.

The U.S. Artemis program aims to return astronauts to the Moon in the late 2020s. This includes the Artemis II crew, which is planned to go to the Moon in 2026. Many countries have joined the U.S. in the Artemis Accords. These agreements guide future lunar exploration. Both the U.S. and China plan to establish lunar bases in the 2030s.

What the Moon is Like

The Moon has no atmosphere (a layer of air). This means there is no air resistance. So, a feather will fall just as fast as a hammer on the Moon.

Without an atmosphere, the Moon's environment is not protected from extreme heat or cold. Astronauts wore special spacesuits. These suits protected them and carried oxygen for them to breathe. The suit weighed about as much as the astronaut. But because the Moon's gravity is weak, the suit didn't feel as heavy as it would on Earth.

Because there is no atmosphere, the Moon is not protected from rocks falling from outer space. These meteorites crash right into the Moon. They make wide, shallow holes called craters. The Moon has thousands of them. Newer craters slowly wear away the older ones.

A blue moon is an extra full moon that appears in a certain time period. It can be the third of four full moons in a season. Or it can be the second full moon in a single month on our calendar.

How the Moon Was Formed

The giant impact hypothesis is the leading scientific idea for how the Moon formed. It suggests that the Moon was created from the pieces left over after a huge crash. This collision happened between the young Earth and a Mars-sized early planet.

Water on the Moon

In 2009, NASA announced they had found a lot of water on the Moon. This water is not liquid. It is in the form of hydrates and hydroxides. Liquid water cannot exist on the Moon. This is because sunlight quickly breaks down the water molecules. However, images from NASA show that water has existed on the Moon in the past.

Who Owns the Moon?

Apollo 15 flag

Even though Soviet spacecraft left flags on the Moon, and U.S. flags were planted by the Apollo astronauts, no country owns any part of the Moon's surface. Russia, China, and the U.S. all signed the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. This treaty says that the Moon and all of outer space belong to "all mankind".

This treaty also says that the Moon can only be used for peaceful purposes. It specifically bans military bases and weapons of mass destruction. The 1979 Moon Agreement was made to stop any single nation from taking the Moon's resources. However, as of November 2016, only 18 nations have signed it. None of these nations are currently sending humans into space or planning to. Some people have tried to claim parts of the Moon for themselves, but these claims are not considered real.

Interesting facts about the Moon

The Moon is much smaller and less massive than Earth, so its gravity is much weaker.
If you weigh 60 pounds on Earth, you would only weigh about 10 pounds on the Moon!
It's the fifth-largest moon in our solar system.
If you look closely at the Moon, you can see dark and light patches.The dark patches you see are called "maria," which is Latin for "seas." Early astronomers thought they were actual oceans, but they are actually vast, flat plains of solidified ancient lava flows. These lava flows happened billions of years ago when volcanoes erupted on the Moon.
The Moon is about one-quarter the size of Earth. If Earth were a basketball, the Moon would be about the size of a tennis ball.
On Earth, the sky looks blue. This is because blue rays of sunlight bounce off the gases in our atmosphere. This makes it look like blue light is coming from the sky. But on the Moon, there is no atmosphere. So, the sky looks black, even during the daytime.
The Moon was volcanically active until about 1.2 billion years ago.
In 2018, several companies announced plans to install a 4G wireless network on the Moon. The goal is to stream live video from the Moon's surface to Earth.
The Latin name for the Moon is lūna. The English word lunar comes from this. In science, the Moon is sometimes called Luna to tell it apart from other moons.
The Moon's crust is about 50 kilometers (31 miles) thick on average. It is made mostly of a rock called anorthosite. The mantle is made of mafic rock, which is richer in iron than Earth's mantle.
The Moon's tilt is very small, only 1.54 degrees. This means its seasons don't change much. It also means some areas near the poles are always in sunlight. These are called peaks of eternal light. Other areas are always in shadow. These craters of eternal darkness are extremely cold. Temperatures can drop to -247 degrees Celsius (-413 degrees Fahrenheit). This is colder than the surface of Pluto.
Scientists have found cliffs that suggest the Moon has shrunk by about 90 meters (300 feet) over the last billion years. This happens as it loses heat.
Sometimes the Moon can look red. This happens during a lunar eclipse. Earth's atmosphere bends sunlight onto the Moon, making it appear reddish. These are sometimes called blood moons.

Images for kids

Size comparison of the main moons of the Solar System with Earth to scale. Many moons are large enough to be round.
The thin lunar atmosphere is visible on the Moon's surface at sunrise and sunset. This Apollo 17 sketch shows the glow and rays.
Topography of the Moon
The largest dark region on the near side of the Moon is Oceanus Procellarum.
Lunar crater Daedalus on the Moon's far side.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter image of the lunar swirl Reiner Gamma.
The geologic map of the Moon by Chinese Academy of Sciences.
DSCOVR satellite sees the Moon passing in front of Earth.
Comparison between the Moon rotating tidally locked (correct) and without rotation (incorrect).
Libration, the slight change in the Moon's apparent size and viewing angle from Earth.
The changing apparent color of the Moon, filtered by Earth's atmosphere.
The Moon is visible during daylight almost every day.
The Moon, tinted reddish, during a lunar eclipse.
Galileo's sketches of the Moon from his book Sidereus Nuncius.
Map of the Moon by Johannes Hevelius from his Selenographia (1647).
First view in history of the far side of the Moon, taken by Luna 3, 1959.
The first image from the lunar surface, photographed by Luna 9 in 1966.
A replica of Lunokhod 1, the first remote controlled rover on another planet (1970).
Earthrise, the first color image of Earth taken by a human from the Moon, during Apollo 8 (1968).
Neil Armstrong, the first human on the Moon, working at the Lunar Module Eagle, during Apollo 11 (1969).
One of the first moon rocks (Lunar basalt 70017, Apollo 17, 1972).
NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper on India's Chandrayaan-1 discovered water-rich minerals (light blue) in 2008.
Remains of human activity, Apollo 17's Lunar Surface Experiments Package.
A photo of the reflector of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment of Apollo 11, still in use.
A Mooncake, given at the Harvest Moon Festival, a celebration in the Chinese Lunar Calendar.
Scale model of the Earth–Moon system: Sizes and distances are to scale.