Treaty of Newcastle (1334) facts for kids
The Treaty of Newcastle was an important agreement signed on June 12, 1334. It was made between Edward III of England, who was the King of England, and Edward Balliol, who was the King of Scotland at that time. Balliol was seen by many as a "puppet king" because King Edward III had a lot of control over him.
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What Was the Treaty of Newcastle?
The Treaty of Newcastle was a formal agreement, like a big promise, between two kings. It was signed in the city of Newcastle. This treaty was a big deal because it tried to change who controlled parts of Scotland.
Who Were the Main People Involved?
King Edward III of England
Edward III was a powerful king of England. He wanted to have more control over Scotland. He often tried to influence Scottish politics and leaders.
King Edward Balliol of Scotland
Edward Balliol was a Scottish noble who became King of Scotland with help from England. Because of this help, he was often seen as doing what the English king wanted. This is why he is sometimes called a "puppet king."
What Did the Treaty Say?
The treaty had several key parts that Edward Balliol agreed to. These parts gave a lot of power and land to England.
Giving Up Control to England
First, Balliol promised that England would have "overlordship" of Scotland. This meant that the King of England would be seen as the highest ruler, even above the King of Scotland. It was like Scotland would be under England's authority.
Giving Up Land to England
Second, Balliol agreed to give up a very important town called Berwick to England. Berwick was a valuable port and a key location between the two countries.
Third, he also agreed to give a large part of south-eastern Scotland to England. These areas included:
- Berwickshire
- Roxburghshire
- Selkirkshire
- Peebleshire
- Dumfriesshire
- East Lothian
- Midlothian
- West Lothian
This was a huge amount of land, showing how much control Edward III wanted over Scotland.
Why Did the Treaty End?
The Treaty of Newcastle did not last forever. It became "null and void," which means it was no longer valid or in effect. This happened when the true, legal Crown of Scotland was restored. This means that the rightful Scottish kings and their government took back full control of Scotland. When this happened, the agreements made by Edward Balliol under English influence were no longer recognized.
