Firmware facts for kids
Firmware is a special type of computer program. It is built right into a piece of hardware, like a computer chip or a device. Think of it as the brain that tells the hardware what to do. It's often called embedded software because it's "stuck" inside the device.
For example, a microcontroller has firmware. This small chip tells other parts of a device how to work. Firmware can also be a bigger program stored on flash memory. Sometimes, users can even upload new firmware to their devices.
Firmware is like a bridge between hardware and software. It's a program that runs on a microprocessor, just like other software. But it's also directly connected to a specific piece of hardware. It wouldn't make sense without that hardware.
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Firmware in Your Computer
Your computer uses both firmware and software. Firmware is stored permanently inside the computer. A good example is the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). The BIOS helps your computer start up and controls basic functions. It's not easy to change or add to this type of firmware.
On the other hand, software can be easily changed. This includes your OS (like Windows or macOS) and applications. You can replace your OS or install new programs like web browsers or word processors. Sometimes, a device driver is also called firmware. A driver helps a piece of hardware, like a printer or video card, work with your computer. Drivers can usually be updated easily.
Firmware in Other Devices
Many other electronic devices also have firmware, even if they don't look like computers. They have an embedded system inside, often with a microcontroller. This system runs a program that tells the device what to do. This program is also firmware.
For instance, a TV cable box, an elevator controller, or a card reader in a hotel door all use firmware. In these devices, the firmware is usually the only software. It handles everything, from pressing buttons to turning motors on or off.
In the past, firmware was stored in ROM chips. These chips could not be changed. Now, firmware is often stored in EEPROMs and Flash memory. These types of memory can be written to and updated. This means you can update the firmware in many devices like routers. You often just need a computer and a USB cable. You download the new version from the World Wide Web and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
If an electronic device stops working because of firmware problems, it's sometimes called "bricked." This means it's as useless as a brick. Loading the wrong firmware onto a device can cause this. Firmware is stored as a binary image file.
Common Examples of Firmware
Here are some places you might find firmware:
- The BIOS in personal computers.
- Programs inside a printer (separate from the printer driver on your computer).
- Software that controls a heart defibrillator.
- Software that manages the lights in an office building.
- Programs controlling electronics in a car, like the radio, the ABS (anti-lock braking system), and engine controls.
- Software in newer household appliances, such as microwave ovens and dishwashers.
Related Topics
Images for kids
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A television remote control is an example of a product that contains firmware.
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ROM BIOS firmware on a Baby AT motherboard
See also
In Spanish: Firmware para niños
