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Jan Matejko
Jan Matejko.JPG
Jan Matejko, before 1883
Born
Jan Alojzy Matejko

24 June 1838
Free City of Kraków
Died 1 November 1893(1893-11-01) (aged 55)
Kraków, Grand Duchy of Kraków, Austrian Poland
Resting place Rakowicki Cemetery, Kraków, Poland
Nationality Polish
Education
  • School of Fine Arts, Kraków
  • Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Known for Painting, drawing, teaching
Notable work
  • The Battle of Grunwald
  • Stańczyk
  • The Prussian Homage
  • The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell
Movement History painting, academic art
Spouse(s) Teodora Giebułtowska
Awards

Jan Alojzy Matejko (born June 24, 1838 – died November 1, 1893) was a famous Polish painter. He was known for his amazing history paintings, which showed important moments from Polish history. Many people think he was the greatest Polish painter ever, even calling him the "national painter" of Poland.

Matejko created huge oil paintings like Rejtan (1866), the Union of Lublin (1869), the Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God (1873), and the Battle of Grunwald (1878). He also painted many portraits and even created a book of Polish monarchs. He designed murals for St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków.

He spent most of his life in Kraków. He studied at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts and later became its director. Today, the school is called the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in his honor. Many of his students became famous artists themselves, like Jacek Malczewski and Stanisław Wyspiański. He is often called "the Father of Young Poland" art.

Who Was Jan Matejko?

Early Life and Artistic Start

Jan Matejko was born in Free City of Kraków on June 24, 1838. His father, Franciszek Matejko, was a Czech music teacher. His mother, Joanna Karolina Rossberg, was half-German and half-Polish. Jan was one of eleven children. His mother passed away when he was very young. His aunt, Anna Zamojska, helped raise him and his siblings.

Rodzeństwo Matejki
Portrait of Matejko's father, Franciszek, and three of his children, 1853, National Museum, Wrocław
Dom.Jana.Matejki
Matejko's family home at 41, Floriańska Street

As a child, Jan saw big historical events in Kraków. He witnessed the Kraków Uprising in 1846 and the siege of Kraków in 1848. These events ended the Free City of Kraków. Two of his older brothers fought in these conflicts. One died, and the other had to leave the country.

Jan had trouble with school subjects, but he showed amazing artistic talent early on. At age fourteen, he joined the School of Fine Arts in Kraków. He studied there from 1852 to 1858. His teachers included Wojciech Korneli Stattler and Władysław Łuszczkiewicz. Jan chose to focus on historical painting. His first major work was The Shuyski Tsars before Zygmunt III in 1853.

After graduating in 1859, Matejko received a scholarship to study in Munich and Vienna. But he soon returned to Kraków. He set up his studio in his family home on Floriańska Street. It took him a few years to become successful.

In 1860, Matejko published an album called Clothing in Poland. This project showed his deep interest in Polish history. He wanted to share this history and inspire patriotism among Poles. His financial situation got better when he sold two paintings: The assassination of Wapowski (1861) and Jan Kochanowski over the body of his daughter Urszulka (1862).

In 1862, he finished Stańczyk. This painting became one of his most famous works. It showed a big change in Matejko's art. He started to not just illustrate history, but also to comment on its deeper meaning.

Jan Matejko, Stańczyk
Jan Matejko, Stańczyk
Matejko-Dzieci
Portrait of the artist's four children from 1879, Lviv National Art Gallery

During the January Uprising of 1863, Matejko couldn't fight because of his poor health. But he helped by giving most of his savings to the cause. He even helped transport weapons to the rebels. His painting Skarga's Sermon (1864) brought him a lot of attention. In November 1864, he became a member of the Kraków Scientific Society. This was because of his important historical paintings. On November 21, he married Teodora Giebułtowska. They had five children together.

Becoming a Famous Artist

After 1865, Matejko became famous around the world. His Skarga's Sermon won a gold medal at the 1865 Paris Salon. In 1867, his painting Rejtan also won a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris. Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria bought it for a lot of money.

Akademia Sztuk Pięknych przy Placu Matejki
The Kraków Academy of Fine Arts was named in honour of Matejko in 1979, where he served as president for many years

His next big painting was the Union of Lublin (1867-1869). It was praised in Paris and won Matejko the Cross of the Légion d'honneur. Then came Stefan Batory at Pskov (1871). In 1872, he finished The Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God. This painting was bought by the Jagiellonian University.

From the 1870s, Matejko had a secretary, Marian Gorzkowski. He became Matejko's close friend and helped him a lot. In 1872, Matejko was offered to lead the Prague Academy of Fine Arts. He also received a similar offer from the Kraków School of Fine Arts. He chose the Kraków position and became its principal.

In 1874, he completed Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta (The Hanging of the Sigismund bell). In 1878, he created another masterpiece, The Battle of Grunwald. That year, he received a special "honorary grand gold" medal in Paris. The Kraków city council gave him a ceremonial scepter. This symbolized his "royal status in fine art."

From 1880 to 1882, he worked on The Prussian Tribute. Matejko gave this painting to "the Polish nation." Because of this, he became an honorary citizen of Kraków. One of the city's squares was even renamed Matejko Square.

In 1883, he finished Jan Sobieski at Vienna. This painting was given to Pope Leo XIII as a gift from Poland. Matejko was part of the group that delivered it to Rome. He received a special award, the Knight Commander with Star of the Order of Pius IX. The painting is now in the Vatican Museums. Matejko also spoke out on political issues and worked to protect historical buildings in Kraków.

In 1887, Matejko received an honorary doctorate from the Jagiellonian University. In 1888, he completed The Battle of Racławice. Between 1890 and 1892, he published a series of drawings of all the monarchs of Poland. These drawings became the standard way people imagined these historical figures. In 1891, he painted Constitution of the 3 May. He started another large work, The Oaths of Jan Kazimierz, but he passed away before finishing it. In 1892, a year before his death, he painted his Self-portrait.

Portraits and Other Artworks

Matejko Self-portrait
Matejko Self-portrait 1892
St. Mary’s Basilica - presbytery
St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków interior - Matejko's decorative murals and vault

Besides his history paintings, Matejko was also a great portrait painter. He painted university rectors and many family members and friends. He created 320 oil paintings and thousands of drawings and watercolors. He also designed the large polychrome murals for the St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków (1889–1891). This church is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

His Final Years

Matejko suffered from a stomach illness. He died in Kraków on November 1, 1893, from internal bleeding. His funeral on November 5 was attended by many people. News of his death was reported in many European newspapers. He was buried in Kraków's Rakowicki Cemetery.

GrobowiecJanaMatejki-CmentarzRakowicki-POL, Kraków
Matejko's tomb, Rakowicki Cemetery, Kraków

Matejko's Importance and Style

Jan Matejko is considered one of the most important Polish painters. Many see him as "Poland's greatest history painter." He was a very popular figure for the nation. His style was influenced by Wilhelm von Kaulbach, who believed in "historical symbolism." This meant that the artist could interpret past events and blend historical facts with their own ideas. Matejko's painting technique is praised for its "brightness, detail, and imagination."

He played a huge role in sharing Polish history. His works helped keep the memory of Poland's past alive, especially when the country was divided by other European powers. His paintings, which were copied thousands of times, became the standard way to illustrate key moments in Polish history. His 1860 album, Ubiory w Polsce (Costume in Poland), is still a valuable historical resource.

Awards and Recognition

Matejko received many awards and honors throughout his life:

Matejko's Legacy

Krzesławice Dworek Jana Matejki1
Jan Matejko's manor house in Krzesławice, now a museum

Matejko wanted to show important events in Polish history using detailed historical facts. His early paintings were just historical scenes. But his later works, starting with Stańczyk (1862), aimed to inspire people with a patriotic message. Stańczyk shows a court jester, who represents Poland's conscience. He sits alone, thinking about war, while a happy crowd ignores him.

His paintings are displayed in many Polish museums. These include the National Museum in Warsaw, National Museum in Kraków, and National Museum in Wrocław. The National Museum in Kraków has a building just for Matejko, called The Jan Matejko House. It used to be his studio and family home. Another museum dedicated to him is the Jan Matejko Manor House in Krzesławice.

Teacher and Influencer

More than 80 painters were Matejko's students. Many were influenced by him when he was director of the Kraków School of Fine Arts. They are often called members of the "Matejko School." Some of them became part of the "Young Poland" art movement. Matejko is even called "Father of Young Poland."

Some of his famous students include:

Images for kids

Selected Works

Here is a list of some of Matejko's important paintings:

# Title Year Technique and size Location Illustration
1. Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III (The Shuysky Princes before King Sigismund III) 1853 oil on canvas
75.5 cm × 109 cm
National Museum in Wrocław Carowie Szujscy by Jan Matejko 18th century painting.jpeg
2. Stańczyk 1862 oil on canvas
120 × 88 cm
National Museum, Warsaw Jan Matejko, Stańczyk.jpg
3. Kazanie Skargi (Skarga's Sermon) 1864 oil on canvas
224 × 397 cm
Royal Castle, Warsaw Kazanie Skargi.jpg
4. Rejtan 1866 oil on canvas
282 × 487 cm
Royal Castle, Warsaw Rejtan Upadek Polski Matejko.jpg
5. Alchemik Sędziwój (Alchemist Sendivogius) 1867 oil on canvas
73 × 130 cm
Museum of Arts in Łódź Alchemik Sedziwoj Matejko.JPG
6. Unia Lubelska (Union of Lublin) 1869 oil on canvas
298 cm × 512 cm
Lublin Museum Unia Lubelska.JPG
7. Stefan Batory pod Pskowem (Stefan Batory at Pskov) 1872 oil on canvas
322 × 545 cm
Royal Castle, Warsaw Stephen Báthory at Pskov by Jan Matejko (1872).png
8. Astronom Kopernik, czyli rozmowa z Bogiem (Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God) 1873 oil on canvas
225 × 315 cm
Collegium Novum Jan Matejko-Astronomer Copernicus-Conversation with God.jpg
9. Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta (The Hanging of the Sigismund bell) 1874 oil on wood
94 × 189 cm
National Museum, Warsaw Matejko Hanging of the Zygmunt bell.jpg
10. Śmierć króla Przemysła II (Death of King Przemysł II) 1875 Modern Gallery in Zagreb Śmierć króla Przemysła II.jpg
11. Bitwa pod Grunwaldem (Battle of Grunwald) 1878 oil on canvas
426 × 987 cm
National Museum, Warsaw Jan Matejko, Bitwa pod Grunwaldem.jpg
12. Polonia - Rok 1863 (Polonia - year 1863) 1879 oil on canvas
156 × 232 cm
Czartoryski Museum, Kraków Rok 1863 Polonia.JPG
13. Hołd pruski (The Prussian Homage) 1880-82 oil on canvas
388 × 875 cm
National Museum, Kraków Prussian Homage.jpg
14. Jan III Sobieski pod Wiedniem (John III Sobieski at Vienna) 1883 Vatican Museums King John III Sobieski Sobieski sending Message of Victory to the Pope, after the Battle of Vienna 111.PNG
15. Wernyhora 1883-84 oil on canvas
290 × 204 cm
National Museum, Kraków Matejko Wernyhora.jpg
16. Założenie Akademii Lubrańskiego w Poznaniu (Founding of the Lubrański Academy in Poznań) 1886 National Museum, Poznań JMatejko Akademia Lubrańskiego.JPG
17. Dziewica Orleańska (Maid of Orléans) 1886 oil on canvas
484 x 973 cm
National Museum, Poznań The Maid of Orléans.PNG
18. Bitwa pod Racławicami (Battle of Racławice) 1888 oil on canvas
450 × 890 cm
National Museum, Kraków Bitwa pod Raclawicami.jpg
19. cycle Dzieje cywilizacji w Polsce (History of civilisation in Poland) 1888-1889
20. Chrzest Litwy (Baptism of Lithuania) 1888 oil on canvas
60 × 115.5 cm
National Museum, Warsaw Baptism of Lithuania.PNG
21. Zaprowadzenie chrześcijaństwa (Introduction of Christianity [to Poland]) 1889 oil on wood
79 × 120 cm
National Museum, Warsaw Matejko Christianization of Poland.jpg
22. cycle Poczet królów i książąt polskich (Fellowship of the kings and princes of Poland) 1890-1892
23. Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 r. (Constitution of 3 May 1791) 1891 oil on canvas
247 cm × 446 cm
Royal Castle, Warsaw Konstytucja 3 Maja.jpg
24. Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III (The Shuysky Princes before King Sigismund III) 1892 oil on wood
42 cm × 63 cm
Jan Matejko House in Kraków Bracia Szujscy na Sejmie Warszawskim.jpg
25. Self-portrait (Autoportret) 1892 oil on canvas
160 cm × 110 cm
National Museum, Warsaw Matejko Self-portrait.jpg
26. Śluby Jana Kazimierza (Oath of Jan Kazimierz) 1893 oil on wood
315 cm × 500 cm
National Museum, Wrocław Sluby Jana Kazimierza 2.jpg

See also

  • Culture of Kraków
  • List of Polish painters
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