Orb-weaver spider facts for kids
Quick facts for kids Orb-weaver spiders |
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| Argiope catenulata | |
Scientific classification  |
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Superfamily: | Araneoidea |
| Family: | Araneidae Clerck, 1757 |
| Diversity | |
| 175 genera, 3058 species | |
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Orb-weaver spiders are members of the spider family Araneidae. They are the most common group of builders of spiral wheel-shaped webs often found in gardens, fields and forest. "Orb" can in English mean "circular", hence the English name of the group. Araneids have eight similar eyes, hairy or spiny legs, and no stridulating organs.
The family is cosmopolitan, including many well-known large or brightly colored garden spiders. With 3122 species in 172 genera worldwide, Araneidae is the third-largest family of spiders (behind Salticidae and Linyphiidae). Araneid webs are constructed in a stereotyped fashion. A framework of nonsticky silk is built up before the spider adds a final spiral of silk covered in sticky droplets.
Orb-webs are also produced by members of other spider families. The long-jawed orb weavers (Tetragnathidae) were formerly included in the Araneidae; they are closely related, being part of the superfamily Araneoidea. The family Arkyidae has been split off from the Araneidae. The cribellate or hackled orb-weavers (Uloboridae) belong to a different group of spiders. Their webs are strikingly similar, but use a different kind of silk.
Description
Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat webs with sticky spiral capture silk. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk.
The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey insect that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a venomous insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting and/or stinging. Much of the orb-spinning spiders' success in capturing insects depends on the web not being visible to the prey, with the stickiness of the web increasing the visibility and so decreasing the chances of capturing prey. This leads to a trade-off between the visibility of the web and the web's prey retention ability.
Many orb-weavers build a new web each day. Most orb-weavers tend to be active during the evening hours; they hide for most of the day. Generally, towards evening, the spider will consume the old web, rest for approximately an hour, then spin a new web in the same general location. Thus, the webs of orb-weavers are generally free of the accumulation of detritus common to other species, such as black widow spiders.
Some orb-weavers do not build webs at all. Members of the genera Mastophora in the Americas, Cladomelea in Africa, and Ordgarius in Australia produce sticky globules, which contain a pheromone analog. The globule is hung from a silken thread dangled by the spider from its front legs. The pheromone analog attracts male moths of only a few species. These get stuck on the globule and are reeled in to be eaten. Both genera of bolas spiders are highly camouflaged and difficult to locate.
The spiny orb-weaving spiders in the genera Gasteracantha and Micrathena look like plant seeds or thorns hanging in their orb-webs. Some species of Gasteracantha have very long, horn-like spines protruding from their abdomens.
One feature of the webs of some orb-weavers is the stabilimentum, a crisscross band of silk through the center of the web. It is found in several genera, but Argiope – the yellow and banded garden spiders of North America – is a prime example. As orb-weavers age, they tend to have less production of their silk, many adult orb-weavers can then depend on their coloration to attract more of their prey. The band may be a lure for prey, a marker to warn birds away from the web, and a camouflage for the spider when it sits in the web. The stabilimentum may decrease the visibility of the silk to insects, thus making it harder for prey to avoid the web. The orb-web consists of a frame and supporting radii overlaid with a sticky capture spiral, and the silks used by orb-weaver spiders have exceptional mechanical properties to withstand the impact of flying prey. The orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata produces a unique orb-web with a characteristic missing sector, similar to other species of the Zygiella genus in the Araneidae family.
During the Cretaceous, a radiation of angiosperm plants and their insect pollinators occurred. Fossil evidence shows that the orb web was in existence at this time, which permitted a concurrent radiation of the spider predators along with their insect prey. The capacity of orb–webs to absorb the impact of flying prey led orbicularian spiders to become the dominant predators of aerial insects in many ecosystems. Insects and spiders have comparable rates of diversification, suggesting they co-radiated, and the peak of this radiation occurred 100 Mya before the origin of angiosperms. Vollrath and Selden (2007) make the bold proposition that insect evolution was driven less by flowering plants than by spider predation – particularly through orb webs – as a major selective force.
Most arachnid webs are vertical and the spiders usually hang with their head downward. A few webs, such as those of orb-weavers in the genus Metepeira have the orb hidden within a tangled space of web. Some Metepiera are semisocial and live in communal webs. In Mexico, such communal webs have been cut out of trees or bushes and used for living fly paper. In 2009, workers at a Baltimore Wastewater Treatment Plant called for help to deal with over 100 million orb-weaver spiders, living in a community that managed to spin a phenomenal web that covered some 4 acres of a building with spider densities in some areas reaching 35,176 spiders per cubic meter.
Taxonomy
The oldest known true orb-weaver is Mesozygiella dunlopi, from the Lower Cretaceous. Several fossils provide direct evidence that the three major orb-weaving families, namely Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae, had evolved by this time, about 140 million years ago. They probably originated during the Jurassic (200 to 140 million years ago). Based on new molecular evidence in silk genes, all three families are likely to have a common origin.
The two families, Deinopoidea and Araneoidea, have similar behavioral sequences and spinning apparatuses to produce architecturally similar webs. The Araneidae weave true viscid silk with an aqueous glue property, and the Deinopoidea use dry fibrils and sticky silk. The Deinopoidea (including the Uloboridae), have a cribellum – a flat, complex spinning plate from which the cribellate silk is released.
They also have a calamistrum – an apparatus of bristles used to comb the cribellate silk from the cribellum. The Araneoidea, or the "ecribellate" spiders, do not have these two structures. The two families of orb-weaving spiders are morphologically very distinct, yet there is much similarity between their web form and web construction behavior. The cribellates retained the ancestral character, yet the cribellum was lost in the escribellates. The lack of a functional cribellum in araneoids is most likely synapomorphic.
If the orb-weaver spiders are a monophyletic group, the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy. The cribellates are split off as a separate taxon that retained the primitive feature, which makes the lineage paraphyletic and not synonymous with any real evolutionary lineage. The morphological and behavioral evidence surrounding orb webs led to the disagreement over a single origin or a dual origin. While early molecular analysis provided more support for a monophyletic origin, other evidence indicates that orb-weavers evolved earlier phylogenetically than previously thought, and were extinct at least three times during the Cretaceous.
Reproduction
Araneid species either mate at the central hub of the web, where the male slowly traverses the web, trying not to get eaten, and when reaching the hub, grabs the female; or the male constructs a mating thread inside or outside the web to attract the female via vibratory courtship, and if successful, mating occurs on the thread.
Genera
As of April 2019[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:
- Acacesia Simon, 1895 — South America, North America
- Acantharachne Tullgren, 1910 — Congo, Madagascar, Cameroon
- Acanthepeira Marx, 1883 — North America, Brazil, Cuba
- Acroaspis Karsch, 1878 — New Zealand, Australia
- Acrosomoides Simon, 1887 — Madagascar, Cameroon, Congo
- Actinacantha Simon, 1864 — Indonesia
- Actinosoma Holmberg, 1883 — Colombia, Argentina
- Aculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 — North America, Central America, South America, Asia, Europe
- Acusilas Simon, 1895 — Asia
- Aethriscus Pocock, 1902 — Congo
- Aethrodiscus Strand, 1913 — Central Africa
- Aetrocantha Karsch, 1879 — Central Africa
- Afracantha Dahl, 1914 — Africa
- Agalenatea Archer, 1951 — Ethiopia, Asia
- Alenatea Song & Zhu, 1999 — Asia
- Allocyclosa Levi, 1999 — United States, Panama, Cuba
- Alpaida O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — Central America, South America, Mexico, Caribbean
- Amazonepeira Levi, 1989 — South America
- Anepsion Strand, 1929 — Oceania, Asia
- Arachnura Vinson, 1863 — Asia, Oceania, Africa
- Araneus Clerck, 1757 — Africa, South America, North America, Oceania, Asia, Central America, Europe, Cuba
- Araniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 — Asia
- Aranoethra Butler, 1873 — Africa
- Argiope Audouin, 1826 — Asia, Oceania, Africa, North America, South America, Costa Rica, Cuba, Portugal
- Artifex Kallal & Hormiga, 2018 — Australia
- Artonis Simon, 1895 — Myanmar, Ethiopia
- Aspidolasius Simon, 1887 — South America
- Augusta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 — Madagascar
- Austracantha Dahl, 1914 — Australia
- Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010 — Australia, New Zealand
- Bertrana Keyserling, 1884 — South America, Central America
- Caerostris Thorell, 1868 — Africa, Asia
- Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872 — Oceania, South America, Mexico, Jamaica
- Celaenia Thorell, 1868 — Australia, New Zealand
- Cercidia Thorell, 1869 — Russia, Kazakhstan, India
- Chorizopes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — Asia, Madagascar
- Chorizopesoides Mi & Wang, 2018 — China, Vietnam
- Cladomelea Simon, 1895 — South Africa, Congo
- Clitaetra Simon, 1889 — Africa, Sri Lanka
- Cnodalia Thorell, 1890 — Indonesia, Japan
- Coelossia Simon, 1895 — Sierra Leone, Mauritius, Madagascar
- Colaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — New Zealand
- Collina Urquhart, 1891 — Australia
- Colphepeira Archer, 1941 — United States, Mexico
- Cryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — New Zealand
- Cyclosa Menge, 1866 — Caribbean, Asia, Oceania, South America, North America, Central America, Africa, Europe
- Cyphalonotus Simon, 1895 — Asia, Africa
- Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 — Asia, Africa, Oceania
- Cyrtobill Framenau & Scharff, 2009 — Australia
- Cyrtophora Simon, 1864 — Asia, Oceania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, South America, Africa
- Deione Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar
- Deliochus Simon, 1894 — Australia, Papua New Guinea
- Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837 — Australia, Indonesia
- Dubiepeira Levi, 1991 — South America
- Edricus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890 — Mexico, Panama, Ecuador
- Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932 — South America, Central America, Mexico
- Encyosaccus Simon, 1895 — South America
- Epeiroides Keyserling, 1885 — Costa Rica, Brazil
- Eriophora Simon, 1864 — Oceania, United States, South America, Central America, Africa
- Eriovixia Archer, 1951 — Asia, Papua New Guinea, Africa
- Eustacesia Caporiacco, 1954 — French Guiana
- Eustala Simon, 1895 — South America, North America, Central America, Caribbean
- Exechocentrus Simon, 1889 — Madagascar
- Faradja Grasshoff, 1970 — Congo
- Friula O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 — Indonesia
- Galaporella Levi, 2009 — Ecuador
- Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 — Oceania, Asia, United States, Africa, Chile
- Gastroxya Benoit, 1962 — Africa
- Gea C. L. Koch, 1843 — Africa, Oceania, Asia, United States, Argentina
- Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 — Asia, Europe, Algeria
- Glyptogona Simon, 1884 — Sri Lanka, Italy, Israel
- Gnolus Simon, 1879 — Chile, Argentina
- Herennia Thorell, 1877 — Asia, Oceania
- Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849 — Chile
- Heurodes Keyserling, 1886 — Asia, Australia
- Hingstepeira Levi, 1995 — South America
- Hypognatha Guérin, 1839 — South America, Central America, Mexico, Trinidad
- Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914 — Africa
- Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 — Asia, North America, Greenland, Africa
- Ideocaira Simon, 1903 — South Africa
- Isoxya Simon, 1885 — Africa, Yemen
- Kaira O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — North America, South America, Cuba, Guatemala
- Kapogea Levi, 1997 — Mexico, South America, Central America
- Kilima Grasshoff, 1970 — Congo, Seychelles, Yemen
- Larinia Simon, 1874 — Asia, Africa, South America, Europe, Oceania, North America
- Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970 — Asia
- Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934 — Asia
- Lariniophora Framenau, 2011 — Australia
- Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 — Asia, France
- Lewisepeira Levi, 1993 — Panama, Mexico, Jamaica
- Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 — Asia, Europe
- Macracantha Simon, 1864 — India, China, Indonesia
- Madacantha Emerit, 1970 — Madagascar
- Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970 — Central and East Africa
- Mangora O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — Asia, North America, South America, Central America, Caribbean
- Manogea Levi, 1997 — South America, Central America, Mexico
- Mastophora Holmberg, 1876 — South America, North America, Central America, Cuba
- Mecynogea Simon, 1903 — North America, South America, Cuba
- Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968 — Africa
- Melychiopharis Simon, 1895 — Brazil
- Metazygia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — South America, Central America, North America, Caribbean
- Metepeira F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 — North America, Caribbean, South America, Central America
- Micrathena Sundevall, 1833 — South America, Caribbean, Central America, North America
- Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953 — South America, Costa Rica
- Micropoltys Kulczyński, 1911 — Papua New Guinea, Australia
- Milonia Thorell, 1890 — Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar
- Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940 — Chile, Argentina
- Nemoscolus Simon, 1895 — Africa
- Nemosinga Caporiacco, 1947 — Tanzania
- Nemospiza Simon, 1903 — South Africa
- Neogea Levi, 1983 — Papua New Guinea, India, Indonesia
- Neoscona Simon, 1864 — Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, Cuba, South America
- Nephila Leach, 1815 — Asia, Oceania, United States, Africa, South America
- Nephilengys L. Koch, 1872 — Asia, Oceania
- Nephilingis Kuntner, 2013 — South America, Africa
- Nicolepeira Levi, 2001 — Chile
- Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993 — Australia, New Zealand
- Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — Australia, New Zealand
- Nuctenea Simon, 1864 — Algeria, Asia
- Oarces Simon, 1879 — Brazil, Chile, Argentina
- Ocrepeira Marx, 1883 — South America, Central America, Caribbean, North America
- Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886 — Asia, Oceania
- Paralarinia Grasshoff, 1970 — Congo, South Africa
- Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867 — Asia, Africa
- Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886 — Australia
- Pararaneus Caporiacco, 1940 — Madagascar
- Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — Mexico, South America, Asia, Papua New Guinea, Central America, Trinidad
- Parmatergus Emerit, 1994 — Madagascar
- Pasilobus Simon, 1895 — Africa, Asia
- Perilla Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia
- Pherenice Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon
- Phonognatha Simon, 1894 — Australia
- Pitharatus Simon, 1895 — Malaysia, Indonesia
- Plebs Joseph & Framenau, 2012 — Oceania, Asia
- Poecilarcys Simon, 1895 — Tunisia
- Poecilopachys Simon, 1895 — Oceania
- Poltys C. L. Koch, 1843 — Asia, Africa, Oceania
- Porcataraneus Mi & Peng, 2011 — India, China
- Pozonia Schenkel, 1953 — Caribbean, Paraguay, Mexico, Panama
- Prasonica Simon, 1895 — Africa, Asia, Oceania
- Prasonicella Grasshoff, 1971 — Madagascar, Seychelles
- Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 — Asia
- Pronous Keyserling, 1881 — Malaysia, Mexico, Central America, South America, Madagascar
- Pseudartonis Simon, 1903 — Africa
- Pseudopsyllo Strand, 1916 — Cameroon
- Psyllo Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon, Congo
- Pycnacantha Blackwall, 1865 — Africa
- Rubrepeira Levi, 1992 — Mexico, Brazil
- Scoloderus Simon, 1887 — Belize, North America, Argentina, Caribbean
- Sedasta Simon, 1894 — West Africa
- Singa C. L. Koch, 1836 — Africa, Asia, North America, Europe
- Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962 — Africa
- Siwa Grasshoff, 1970 — Asia
- Spilasma Simon, 1897 — South America, Honduras
- Spinepeira Levi, 1995 — Peru
- Spintharidius Simon, 1893 — South America, Cuba
- Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879 — Mexico, South America
- Talthybia Thorell, 1898 — China, Myanmar
- Tatepeira Levi, 1995 — South America, Honduras
- Telaprocera Harmer & Framenau, 2008 — Australia
- Testudinaria Taczanowski, 1879 — South America, Panama
- Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882 — Madagascar, Asia, Australia
- Thorellina Berg, 1899 — Myanmar, Papua New Guinea
- Togacantha Dahl, 1914 — Africa
- Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971 — Tanzania
- Ursa Simon, 1895 — Asia, South America, South Africa
- Verrucosa McCook, 1888 — North America, Panama, South America, Australia
- Wagneriana F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — South America, Central America, Caribbean, North America
- Witica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895 — Cuba, Mexico, Peru
- Wixia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882 — Brazil, Guyana, Bolivia
- Xylethrus Simon, 1895 — South America, Mexico, Jamaica, Panama
- Yaginumia Archer, 1960 — Asia
- Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988 — New Zealand
- Zilla C. L. Koch, 1834 — Azerbaijan, India, China
- Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 — North America, Asia, Ukraine, South America
Images for kids
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Araneidae waiting on its web for prey
See also
In Spanish: Araneidos para niños
