kids encyclopedia robot

All Souls College, Oxford facts for kids

Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
All Souls College
The twin towers of Hawksmoor's Quadrangle
Arms of Chichele.svg
Blazon: Or, a chevron between three cinquefoils gules (arms of Henry Chichele)
University University of Oxford
Location High Street, Oxford OX1 4AL
Coordinates 51°45′12″N 1°15′11″W / 51.753279°N 1.253041°W / 51.753279; -1.253041
Full name College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed
Latin name Collegium Omnium Animarum Fidelium Defunctorum de Oxonia
Established 1438
Named after Feast of All Souls
Sister college Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Warden Sir John Vickers
Undergraduates None
Postgraduates Less than 6data limitation
(2023)
Map
All Souls College, Oxford is located in Oxford city centre
All Souls College, Oxford
Location in Oxford city centre

All Souls College (official name: College of the Souls of All the Faithful Departed) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates at Oxford are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.

The college entrance is on the north side of High Street, whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College, whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.

The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.

History

The college was founded by Henry VI of England and Henry Chichele (fellow of New College and Archbishop of Canterbury), in 1438, to commemorate the victims of the Hundred Years' War. The Statutes provided for a warden and forty fellows; all to take Holy Orders: 24 to study arts and theology; and 16 to study civil or canon law.

Today the college is primarily a research institution, with no student members. All Souls did formerly have students: Robert Hovenden (Warden of the college from 1571 to 1614) introduced undergraduates to provide the fellows with servientes (household servants), but this was abandoned by the end of the Commonwealth. Four Bible Clerks remained on the foundation until 1924.

For over five hundred years All Souls College admitted only men; women were first allowed to join the college as fellows in 1979, the same year as many other previously all-male colleges in the university.

Buildings and architecture

All Souls College Library

Main article: All Souls College Library
UK-2014-Oxford-All Souls College 02
All Souls College Library, showing Wren's sundial over the central door

The All Souls College Library (formerly known as the Codrington Library) was founded through a 1710 bequest from Christopher Codrington (1668–1710), a fellow of the college and a wealthy slave and sugar plantation owner. Codrington was an undergraduate at Oxford and later became colonial governor of the Leeward Islands. Christopher Codrington was born in Barbados, and amassed a fortune from his sugar plantation in the West Indies.

Under the terms of his will Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000 to the college in addition to £10,000 in currency for the library to be rebuilt and endowed. The new library was completed in 1751 to the designs of Nicholas Hawksmoor and has been in continuous use since then. Today the library comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were published before 1800. The collections are particularly strong in law and history (especially military history).

Sir Christopher Wren was a fellow from 1653. The design of the sundial, produced in 1658 for the south wall of the Chapel, is attributed Wren. The sundial was moved to the quadrangle (above the central entrance to the Library) in 1877.

In 2020, the College decided to cease referring to the Library as 'The Codrington Library' as part of a set of "steps to address the problematic nature of the Codrington legacy", which comes from wealth derived from slave plantations.

All Souls College Towers
The double towers of All Souls College, Oxford

Chapel

Built between 1438 and 1442, the college chapel remained largely unchanged until the Commonwealth. Oxford, having been a largely Royalist stronghold, suffered under the Puritans' wrath. The 42 misericords date from the Chapel's building, and show a resemblance to the misericords at St Mary's Church, Higham Ferrers. Both may have been carved by Richard Tyllock. During the 1660s a screen was installed in the Chapel, which was based on a design by Wren. However, this screen needed to be rebuilt by 1713. By the mid-19th century the Chapel was in great need of renovation, and so the current structure is heavily influenced by Victorian design ideals. There have been a number of rearrangements and repairs of the stained glass windows, but much of the original medieval glass survives.

All services at the chapel are according to the Book of Common Prayer; the King James Bible is also used rather than more modern translations.

Wealth

All Souls is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford with a financial endowment of £486.7 million (2023). Approixmately 95% of its annual income is derived from its endowment as the College does not receive any income from tuition fees.

Fellowships

Examination fellowships

In the three years following the award of their bachelor's or master's degrees, students graduating from Oxford and current Oxford postgraduate students having graduated elsewhere are eligible to apply for examination fellowships (sometimes informally referred to as "prize fellowships") of seven years each. While tutors may advise their students to sit for the All Souls examination fellowship, the examination is open to anybody who fulfils the eligibility criteria and the college does not issue invitations to candidates to sit. Every year in early March, the college hosts an open evening for women, offering women interested in the examination fellowship an opportunity to find out more about the exam process and to meet members of the college.

Each year several dozen candidates typically sit the examination. Two examination fellows are usually elected each year, although the college has awarded a single place or three places in some years, and on rare occasions made no award.

The competition, offered since 1878 and open to women since 1979, is held over two days in late September, with two papers of three hours each per day. It has been described in the past as "the hardest exam in the world".

Two papers (the 'specialist papers') are on a single subject of the candidate's choice; the options are classics, English literature, economics, history, law, philosophy, and politics. Candidates may sit their two specialist papers in different specialist subjects, provided each paper is in one subject only (for example, a candidate might sit one paper in History and one paper in Politics). Candidates who choose Classics have an additional translation examination on a third day.

Two papers (the 'general papers') are on general subjects. For each general examination, candidates choose three questions from a list. Past questions have included:

  • "'If a man could say nothing against a character but what he could prove, history could not be written' (Samuel Johnson). Discuss."
  • "Should the Orange Prize for Fiction be open to both men and women?"

.....

Before 2010 candidates also faced another examination, a free-form "Essay" on a single, pre-selected word.

Four to six finalists are invited to a viva voce or oral examination. Previously, these candidates were then invited to dinner with about 75 members of the college. The dinner did not form part of the assessment, but was intended as a reward for those candidates who had reached the latter stages of the selection process. However, the dinner has been discontinued as the college felt candidates worried too often that it was part of the assessment process.

About a dozen examination fellows are at the college at any one time. There are no compulsory teaching or requirements, although examination fellows must pursue a course of study or research at some point within their first two years of fellowship. They can study anything for free at Oxford with room and board. As "Londoners" they can pursue approved non-academic careers if desired, with a reduced stipend, as long as they pursue academia on a part-time basis and attend weekend dinners at the college during their first academic year. As of 2011 each examination fellow receives a stipend of £14,842 annually for the first two years; the stipend then varies depending on whether the fellow pursues an academic career.

Notable candidates

Until 1979, women were not permitted to put themselves forward for fellowships at All Souls.

Successful
IsaiahBerlin1983
Isaiah Berlin – philosopher
Te lawrence
T. E. Lawrence – "Lawrence of Arabia"
Unsuccessful
Hugh Trevor-Roper (1975)
Baron Hugh Trevor-Roper – historian

Subjects of the "Essay"

  • "bias"
  • "censorship"
  • "chaos"
  • "charity"
  • "comedy"
  • "conversion" (1979)
  • "corruption"
  • "culture" (1914)
  • "diversity" (2001)
  • "error" (1993)
  • "harmony" (2007)
  • "innocence" (1964)
  • "integrity" (2004)
  • "mercy"
  • "miracles" (1994)
  • "morality"
  • "novelty" (2008)
  • "originality"
  • "possessions" (1925)
  • "reproduction" (2009)
  • "style" (2005)
  • "water" (2006)

Other fellowships

Other categories of fellowship include:

  • Senior research fellows (a renewable seven year appointment)
  • Extraordinary research fellows (elected to conduct research into the college's history)
  • Visiting fellows (academics from other universities, usually elected for a period of one term to one year)
  • Post-doctoral research fellows (a non-renewable five year post open to those who have recently completed doctoral study at a recognised university)
  • Fifty-pound fellows (open only to former fellows no longer holding posts in Oxford)
  • Official fellows (consisting of holders of college posts, such as the Domestic Bursar, Estates Bursar, Chaplain, and Fellow Librarian)
  • Distinguished fellows

There are also a number of professorial fellows who hold their fellowships by virtue of their University post.

Chichele professorships

Fellows of the college include the Chichele professors, who hold statutory professorships at the University of Oxford named in honour of Henry Chichele, a founder of the college. Fellowship of the college has accompanied the award of a Chichele chair since 1870.

Following the work of the 1850 Commission to examine the organisation of the university, the college suppressed ten of its fellowships to create the funds to establish the first two Chichele professorships: The Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, established in 1859 and first held by Mountague Bernard, and the Chichele Professor of Modern History, first held by Montagu Burrows.

There are currently Chichele Professorships in five different subjects:

  • Chichele Professor of Economic History: Kevin O'Rourke;
  • Chichele Professor of the History of War: Peter H. Wilson appointed 2015;
  • Chichele Professor of Public International Law: Catherine Redgwell appointed 2012;
  • Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory: Amia Srinivasan appointed 2019; and
  • Chichele Professor of Medieval History: Julia M. H. Smith, appointed September 2016.

Probably the best known former Chichele Professor is Sir Isaiah Berlin. Perhaps the best known former Professor of the History of War was Cyril Falls.

Chichele Lectures

The Chichele Lectures are a prestigious series of lectures formally established in 1912 and sponsored by All Souls College. The lectures were initially restricted to foreign history, but have since been expanded to include law, political theory, economic theory, as well as foreign and British history. Traditionally the lectures were delivered by a single speaker, but it is now common for several speakers to deliver lectures on a common theme.

Customs

Every hundred years, and generally on 14 January, there is a commemorative feast after which the fellows parade around the college with flaming torches, singing the Mallard Song and led by a "Lord Mallard" who is carried in a chair, in search of a legendary mallard that supposedly flew out of the foundations of the college when it was being built. During the hunt the Lord Mallard is preceded by a man bearing a pole to which a mallard is tied – originally a live bird, latterly either dead (1901) or carved from wood (2001). The last mallard ceremony was in 2001 and the next is due in 2101. The precise origin of the custom is not known, but it dates from at least 1632. A benign parody of this custom has been portrayed as the Unseen University's "Megapode chase" in Sir Terry Pratchett's 2009 novel Unseen Academicals.

People associated with All Souls

Fellows

See also: Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford

Past and current fellows of the college have included:

Robert recorde
Robert Recorde – inventor of the Western "equals sign" (=).
Brownlow North by Kettle
Brownlow North – Bishop of Lichfield in 1771, Bishop of Worcester in 1774, and Bishop of Winchester in 1781. Portrait by Tilly Kettle.
George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston by John Cooke
George Nathaniel Curzon by John Cooke – British Conservative statesman who was Viceroy of India and Foreign Secretary. Portrait after John Singer Sargent.

Wardens

Main article: List of Wardens of All Souls College, Oxford

Gallery

  • All Souls College Radcliffe Square gate

    The gates on Radcliffe Square

  • 1 all souls college oxford 2012

    A view of All Souls from the Radcliffe Square gate, showing Nicholas Hawksmoor's 'gothicised classical' elevation.

  • The south east corner of Radcliffe Square from above

    The south eastern corner of All Souls College, abutting Radcliffe Square

  • High Street Oxford looking east in landscape view

    All Souls Quad abutting High Street

  • All souls from new college lane

    All Souls College as viewed from New College Lane

  • The spires of All Souls College - geograph.org.uk - 1420243

    The spires of All Souls

  • All souls

    All Souls College at twilight

  • Panorama St Mary the Virgin tower

    View from St Mary the Virgin's tower (with All Souls on the right)

  • All-Souls-Oxford

    All Souls College Chapel - the stone altar reredos seen through the later classical screen

  • All-Souls3-Oxford

    All Souls College

  • All-Souls2-Oxford

    All Souls College

  • All-Souls-College-Oxford

    All Souls College. Though 'gothick' externally, this range designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor is completely classical inside.

See also

Kids robot.svg In Spanish: All Souls College para niños

kids search engine
All content from Kiddle encyclopedia articles (including the article images and facts) can be freely used under Attribution-ShareAlike license, unless stated otherwise. Cite this article:
All Souls College, Oxford Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.