The term Neo-Babylonian Empire (also known as Chaldea) is talking about the Babylonian era during the 11th, or Chaldean, dynasty.
History
It was ruled by this dynasty between 626 BC when Nabopolassar rebelled against Assyria till 539 BC when Cyrus the Great captured the city of Babylon. The king Nebuchadnezzar II ruled this kingdom from 605 BC - 562 BC. Chaldea started out as referring to the southern part of Babylonia until a Chaldean became the king of Babylon.
Images for kids
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Babylonian wall relief in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin

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Neo-Babylonian Empire Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.