|
Muammar Gaddafi
مُعَمَّر القَذَّافِي |
|
|---|---|
Muammar al-Gaddafi at an African Union Summit in 2009
|
|
| Leader and Guide of the Revolution | |
| In office 1 September 1969 – 23 August 2011 |
|
| President |
show all
Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab Mifta al-Usta Umar Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa Muhammad al-Zanati Miftah Muhammed K'eba Imbarek Shamekh Mohamed Abu Al-Quasim al-Zwai |
| Prime Minister |
show all
Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi
Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir Abuzed Omar Dorda Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush Imbarek Shamekh Shukri Ghanem Baghdadi Mahmudi |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya | |
| In office 2 March 1977 – 2 March 1979 |
|
| Prime Minister | Abdul Ati al-Obeidi |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Abdul Ati al-Obeidi |
| Prime Minister of Libya | |
| In office 16 January 1970 – 16 July 1972 |
|
| Preceded by | Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi |
| Succeeded by | Abdessalam Jalloud |
| Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya | |
| In office 1 September 1969 – 2 March 1977 |
|
| Prime Minister | Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi Abdessalam Jalloud Abdul Ati al-Obeidi |
| Preceded by | Idris* |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Chairperson of the African Union | |
| In office 2 February 2009 – 31 January 2010 |
|
| Preceded by | Jakaya Kikwete |
| Succeeded by | Bingu wa Mutharika |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1940-43 Qasr Abu Hadi, Italian Libya |
| Died |
October 20, 2011 (aged c. 69)Sirt, Libya |
| Spouse(s) | Fatiha al-Nuri (divorced) Safia Farkash (m. 1970–2011, his death) |
| Children |
|
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Libya (1961–69) Libyan Arab Republic (1969–77) Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) |
| Branch/service | Libyan Army |
| Years of service | 1961–2011 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Commands | Commander-in-chief, Libyan Armed Forces |
| Battles/wars | Libyan–Egyptian War Chadian–Libyan conflict Uganda–Tanzania War 2011 Libyan civil war |
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi(Arabic: مُعَمَّر القَذَّافِي Muʿammar al-Qaḏḏāfī )[variations] (c. 1942 - 20 October 2011) was a Libyan politician. He was the ruler of Libya from 1969 to 2011.
Contents
Early life
Muammar al-Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi. His family came from a small tribal group called Qadhadhfa. His family were Arabized Berber in heritage. He joined the Libyan military in 1961; the military was one of the only ways for lower class Libyans like him to rise in social status. al-Gaddafi was a colonel.
Ruler of Libya
He had ruled Libya from September 1, 1969 to August 23, 2011. Gaddafi became head of state after removing King Idris from power in a 1969 bloodless coup. After the coup, Gaddafi started the Libyan Arab Republic. He was one of the longest-serving rulers in history who was not a king or a queen, because he had ruled for more than 41 years. Gaddafi used Arab socialist and Arab nationalist ideas.
He published a book about his philosophical views in 1975. This book is commonly known as The Green Book.
In 1977, he left the power of Libya, and continued playing role of revolutionary, people called him the "Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution".In the 1980s, he developed chemical weapons, because of it critics called Libya a pariah state. A Dutch investigation found that Gaddafi had built up a "billion-dollar empire", from assets in an international company in the oil industry. It also claims that his assets are scattered throughout much of Europe, Despite no trace or proof for even 1 billion have been found.
Gaddafi had a strong interest in geo-political control, was a firm supporter of OAPEC and led a Pan-African campaign for a United States of Africa. In 1986 Libya was bombed by the US, the home of Gaddafi was targeted but he survived. The bombing was condemned by many nations and also by UN. In 1992, sanctions were imposed on Libya by a few western countries. After these events, Gaddafi started to have closer economic and security relations with the West. He cooperated with investigations into alleged Libyan anti-western acts, by 1999 he offered to dismantle Weapon of Mass Destruction of Libya, which would be inspected in 2003. As a result, the UN sanctions were lifted in the same year.
2011 Libyan protests
In February 2011 there were major violent protests against Libyan government. These came alongside other demonstrations in Tunisia, Egypt, and other parts of the Arab world. The protests quickly turned into a civil war. Gaddafi vowed to "die a martyr" if necessary in his fight against rebels and external forces; he also said that "peaceful protest is one thing but armed rebellion is another."
Accusal of Crimes
On 17 May 2011 the International Criminal Court issued a request for an arrest warrant against Gaddafi for alleged crimes against humanity, which was approved on 27 June and a warrant was issued by the court.On June 2011, according to investigation made by Amnesty International, it was found that there was no evidence for many of the alleged crimes, and that the rebels had falsely blamed Gaddafi as well as the government.
Death
Gaddafi was captured alive and killed in Sirte, Libya, on 20 October 2011.
Legacy
International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that "the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted," while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was "proud" of his country's role in overthrowing "this brutal dictator".
Contrastingly, former Cuban President Fidel Castro commented that in defying the rebels, Gaddafi would "enter history as one of the great figures of the Arab nations", while Venezuela's Chávez described him as "a great fighter, a revolutionary and a martyr."
Former South African President Nelson Mandela expressed sadness at the news, praising Gaddafi for his anti-apartheid stance, remarking that he backed the African National Congress during "the darkest moments of our struggle". Gaddafi was mourned as a hero by many across Sub-Saharan Africa; The Daily Times of Nigeria for instance stated that while undeniably a dictator, Gaddafi was the most benevolent in a region that only knew dictatorship, and that he was "a great man that looked out for his people and made them the envy of all of Africa."
The Nigerian newspaper Leadership reported that while many Libyans and Africans would mourn Gaddafi, this would be ignored by Western media and that as such it would take 50 years before historians decided whether he was "martyr or villain."
Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced by the interim government of the NTC, which legalised trade unions and freedom of the press. In July 2012, elections were held to form a new General National Congress (GNC), which officially took over governance from the NTC in August.
In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the Jamahiriyah as the "State of Libya". The pro-Gaddafists remaining in Libya came to be known as the Green Movement, and were formalized into the Libyan Popular National Movement party, established by Khuwaildi al-Hamidi. The Libyan government prevented this party from taking part in the 2012 parliamentary elections and banned the display of Gaddafist symbols.
Images for kids
-
Egyptian President Nasser was Gaddafi's political hero
-
Gaddafi at an Arab summit in Libya in 1969, shortly after the September Revolution that toppled King Idris I. Gaddafi sits in military uniform in the middle, surrounded by President Gamal Abdel Nasser (left) and Syrian President Nureddin al-Atassi (right).
-
In 1971, Egypt's Anwar Sadat, Libya's Gaddafi and Syria's Hafez al-Assad signed an agreement to form a federal Union of Arab Republics. The agreement never materialized into a federal union between the three Arab states.
-
Gaddafi with Romanian communist leader Nicolae Ceausescu in Bucharest, Romania 1974
-
Photograph of Gaddafi in the 1970s
-
Gaddafi in 1976 with a child on his lap
-
Gaddafi with Yasser Arafat in 1977
-
Construction for the Great Man-Made River Project
-
Muammar Gaddafi wearing an insignie showing the image of the African continent
-
During his 2008 visit to Russia, Gaddafi pitched his Bedouin tent in the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. Here he is joined by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and French singer Mireille Mathieu.
-
Pro-Gaddafi protests in Tripoli, May 2011
-
Gaddafi (right) with Nimeiry and Nasser in 1969
-
Gaddafi with Spanish President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero in 2010
-
Poster featuring Gaddafi's image in Green Square, Tripoli, in 2007
-
Portrait of Gaddafi near the Libyan-Tunisian border, 2008
.jpg)
