Battle of Anzio facts for kids

Quick facts for kids

Operation Shingle

Part of the Winter Line and the battle for Rome of the Italian Campaign of World War II

U.S. Army soldiers landing at Anzio in late January 1944.

Date	January 22, 1944 – June 5, 1944
Location	Anzio and Nettuno, Italy 41°26′35″N 12°37′30″E / 41.443022°N 12.624979°E / 41.443022; 12.624979
Result	Operation successful; VI Corps established beachhead; Battle of Anzio followed.

Belligerents

United States

United Kingdom

Canada

Germany

Italian Social Republic

Commanders and leaders

John P. Lucas

Eberhard von Mackensen

Strength

Initially: 36,000 soldiers and 2,300 vehicles

Breakout: 150,000 soldiers and 1,500 guns

Initially: 20,000 German soldiers + five Italian battalions (4,600 soldiers)

Breakout: 135,000 German soldiers + two Italian battalions

Casualties and losses

43,000 casualties
(7,000 killed, 36,000 wounded or missing)

40,000 casualties
(5,000 killed, 30,500 wounded or missing, 4,500 prisoner)

The Battle of Anzio, which is also called Operation Shingle (January 22, 1944) was an Allied sea landing in the Italian Campaign against German forces of Anzio and Nettuno, Italy.

The attack was commanded by American Major General John P. Lucas. He wanted to get around German forces on the Winter Line. Then he wanted to attack Rome. Making a sea landing in a marshland needed to be done quickly.

The landing surprised the Germans. The Allies even got near Rome. The Allies got their men ready on the beach. The German commander in the Put his guns around the beach. The Germans also flooded the marsh with salt water.

After a month of heavy fighting, the Allies finally got past the beaches in May. The Allies went north-west to Rome which was captured on 4 June.

The German Tenth Army at Cassino were able to go north of Rome. Then they got ready to defend the Gothic Line.

Background
Plan
Battle
Planning for Operation Diadem
Breakout
Afterwards
Images for kids
See also

Background

At the end of 1943, following the Allied invasion of Italy, Allied forces were stuck at the Gustav Line. Thid was defensive line across Italy. The land of central Italy helped the defence.

Operation Shingle was planned by Winston Churchill in December 1943. He planned to land two divisions at Anzio and capture Rome.

General Harold Alexander had thought of a plan using five divisions. However, the 5th Army did not have enough troops or a way to transport them.

The Anzio and Nettuno beaches are on marshland. When Truscott's 3rd Division was selected for the attack, he said everyone would die. Lucas was told lead the Fifth Army's U.S. VI Corps in a landing in the Anzio/Nettuno area.

Plan

Planners thought that if German forces left the Gustav Line to defend against the Allied attack, then Allied forces would be able to break through the line. If troops were left on the Gustav Line, then the Allies could try to capture Rome.

The Allies planned to attack from the south. They wanted to capture a beach near Anzio, move forward, and be ready to go to Rome.

Availability of naval forces

One of the problems with the plan was there was mot enough landing ships. Only enough tank landing ships (LSTs) to land a single division were available. Later, Churchill made sure enough were available to land two divisions.

Order of battle

Allied forces in this attack consisted of 5 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 238 landing craft, 62+ other ships, 40,000 soldiers, and 5,000+ vehicles.

The attack consisted of three groups:

The British force ("Peter Beach"): This force attacked the coast 6 miles (10 km) north of Anzio.
The northwestern U.S. Force ("Yellow Beach"): This force attacked the port of Anzio.
The southwestern U.S. Force ("X-Ray Beach"): This force attacked the coast 6 miles (10 km) east of Anzio.

Southern attack

The Fifth Army's attack on the Gustav Line began on January 16, 1944, at Monte Cassino. The attack failed to break through. The Germans brought in new troops from Rome.

Battle

First landings

Force dispositions at Anzio and Cassino January / February 1944

The landings began on January 22, 1944. The Germans did not attack the landings except for a few Luftwaffe machine gun attacks. By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches.

Two Allied divisions landed. There were two or three times that many German defenders.

Allied offensive

The arrival of U.S. 45th Infantry Division and U.S. 1st Armored Division, brought Allied forces total on the beach to 69,000 men, 508 guns and 208 tanks by January 29. The total defending Germans had risen to 71,500.

The Allies attacked on January 30. One group moved to Cisterna. A second group went northeast towards Campoleone.

German counterattacks

By early February German forces in Fourteenth Army had 100,000 troops. Allied forces by this time were 76,400 German forces launched a full attack at 23:00.

On February 16 the Germans launched a new attack. Both had 20,000 casualties each since the first landings. Also on February 18 while returning to Anzio the light cruiser HMS Penelope was struck by two torpedoes and sunk with a loss of 417 men.

Planning for Operation Diadem

Allied plan of attack for 'Operation Diadem', May 1944

Both sides realised that no result could be achieved until the spring. The Germans built a new defence line, the Caesar C line. The Allies planned an attack in May. This would include attacking the Gustav Line, which was called Operation Diadem.

In March, the 2nd Italian SS "Vendetta" Battalion and 29th Italian SS Rifle Battalion were sent to fight against the Allied forces at the Anzio/Nettuno beach. U.S. 34th Infantry Division arrived at Anzio in the same month. In May, U.S. 36th Infantry Division had arrived at Anzio. By late May, there were 150,000 Allied troops.

There were five German divisions. The Germans had prepared defenses, but they lacked officers.

The Allied breakout from Anzio and advance from the Gustav Line May 1944

The Allied planning for their attack was detailed. British 5th Division and 1st Division were to attack along the coast. The U.S. 45th Infantry, 1st Armored and 3rd Infantry Divisions would attack the German 362nd and 715th Infantry Divisions.

Breakout

At 05:45 on May 23, 1944, 1,500 Allied artillery pieces started bombing. Then Allied infantry and armour moved forward. The first day's fighting was hard: 1st Armored Division lost 100 tanks and 3rd Infantry Division had 955 casualties. The Germans 362nd Infantry Division lost 50% of its fighting strength.

In the afternoon of May 25 Cisterna was captured by the 3rd Division. In the evening, the Allies turned ninety degrees to the left. On the new attack little progress was made until 1st Armored arrived on May 29. On June 2 the Caesar Line broke and the 14th Army pulled back through Rome. Hitler ordered no defence of Rome.

Afterwards

After the war, some experts said the Anzio plan was not good. It used just two infantry divisions with no armour.

Operation Diadem (during which U.S. 5th and British 8th Armies had 44,000 casualties) failed in its goal of destroying the German 10th Army.

Images for kids

Rear Admiral Lowry's flagship, amphibious command ship Biscayne, anchored off Anzio
Shermans disembarking from an LST at Anzio
British landing ships unloading supplies in Anzio harbour, 19–24 February 1944.
Allied force dispositions on 1 February 1944
General Sir Harold Alexander (in flying jacket), commanding 15th Army Group, talks to American and British officers in Anzio, 14 February 1944
Men of 'D' Company, 1st Battalion, Green Howards, part of 15th Brigade of British 5th Division, occupy a captured German communications trench during the breakout at Anzio, Italy, 22 May 1944.
The final move on Rome
A British soldier guards a group of German prisoners at Anzio, 22 January 1944.
Private Phillip Johnson of the 2/6th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) inspects British graves at Anzio, Italy, 1 March 1944.