Communist Party of India (Marxist) facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
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Abbreviation | CPI(M), CPIM, CPM |
Rajya Sabha leader | Elamaram Kareem |
Founded | 7 November 1964 |
Split from | Communist Party of India |
Headquarters | A. K. Gopalan Bhawan, 27–29, Bhai Vir Singh Marg, New Delhi-110 001 |
Newspaper | People's Democracy Ganashakti Deshabhimani Theekkathir Loklahar Daily Desher Katha |
Student wing |
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Youth wing |
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Women's wing | All India Democratic Women's Association |
Labour wing | Centre of Indian Trade Unions |
Peasant's wing |
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Membership | ![]() |
Ideology | Communism Marxism-Leninism |
Political position | Left-wing |
International affiliation | IMCWP |
Colours | Red |
ECI Status | National Party |
Alliance |
Alliances
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Seats in Lok Sabha |
4 / 543
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Seats in Rajya Sabha |
5 / 245
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Seats in State legislatures |
78 / 4,036
(Total)
State Legislatures
61 / 140
(Kerala)
10 / 60
(Tripura)
2 / 234
(Tamil Nadu)
2 / 243
(Bihar)
1 / 126
(Assam)
1 / 147
(Odisha)
1 / 288
(Maharashtra) |
Number of states and union territories in government |
2 / 31
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Election symbol | |
Hammer Sickle and Star![]() |
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Party flag | |
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The Communist Party of India (Marxist), often called CPI(M), is a major political party in India. It is the biggest communist party in India. This is true for both its number of members and the seats it wins in elections. It is also one of India's national parties. The party was formed in 1964 when it split from the Communist Party of India. It quickly became the more powerful group.
The CPI(M) led the Left Front government in West Bengal for 34 years. This was the longest time a democratically elected communist government ruled anywhere in the world. The party has also been the third largest party in the Indian Parliament many times. Today, the CPI(M) is part of the ruling groups in two states. It leads the LDF in Kerala. It is also part of the SPA in Tamil Nadu. The party also has members in the state assemblies of seven other states.
The most important group in the CPI(M) is the All-India Party Congress. But between these big meetings, the Central Committee makes the main decisions. The Central Committee chooses a smaller group called the Polit Bureau. This group includes the General Secretary. The Polit Bureau handles the Central Committee's work when it's not meeting. It can make important political and organizational choices.
Contents
- What the Party's Name Means
- How the Party Started
- Party History
- How CPI(M) Was Formed (1964)
- Early Years of CPI(M) (1964–1966)
- Naxalbari Uprising (1967)
- Governments Removed in West Bengal and Kerala (1967–1970)
- Land Reform Efforts
- Formation of CITU (1970)
- War in East Pakistan (1971–1972)
- Emergency Rule (1972–1977)
- Left Front Governments (1977 Onwards)
- International Communist Meetings
- Leadership and Organization
- Party Presence in States
- Election Results
- Indian Presidential Elections
- Chief Ministers from CPI(M)
- Rajya Sabha Members
- Lok Sabha Members
- Parties That Split from CPI(M)
- Images for kids
- See Also
What the Party's Name Means
The official Hindi name for CPI(M) is भारत की कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मार्क्सवादी). This means 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)'. But in the news, it's often called मार्क्सवादी कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी, or MaKaPa. When the party first split, people called it names like 'Left Communist Party'. This was because the original CPI was seen as 'rightist' for supporting the government back then. In the 1965 Kerala elections, the party officially chose the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)'. It then got its election symbol from the Election Commission of India.
How the Party Started

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) came from a split in the original Communist Party of India (CPI). The CPI was formed in 1925. After World War II, the CPI gained a lot of support. It even led armed uprisings in places like Telangana and Tripura. However, the party later decided to work within the Parliament system instead of using armed revolution.
India, led by Jawaharlal Nehru's Indian National Congress party, became close with the Soviet Union. The Soviet government wanted Indian communists to be less critical of the Indian government. They wanted them to support the Congress governments. But many in the CPI felt India was still a very unequal country. They believed that fighting for the working class was more important than helping Soviet foreign policy. Also, the Congress party didn't like political competition. In 1959, the central government even removed the CPI-led government in Kerala. This was the only state government not run by Congress at the time.
Party History
How CPI(M) Was Formed (1964)
The main reason for the split in the CPI was different ideas about India's situation. They also disagreed on how the party should operate. One group wanted to follow the Soviet Union's ideas. The other, which became CPI(M), wanted to create its own path for socialism in India. This group believed the Indian rich class was not helping the country's progress. They wanted a "people's democratic revolution." The other group called this "left-wing" faction "pro-Chinese" and "anti-national."
Many CPI leaders were put in jail, accused of being pro-Chinese. Thousands of communists were held without a trial. The CPI(M) has always strongly supported workers' rights. They demand fair pay, safe workplaces, and the right to form unions.
In 1962, the CPI's General Secretary, Ajoy Ghosh, passed away. After his death, Shripad Amrit Dange became the party chairman, and E.M.S. Namboodiripad became general secretary. This was an attempt to find a middle ground.
In April 1964, 32 members walked out of a CPI National Council meeting. These members, who were on the left, held their own meeting in Tenali, Andhra Pradesh. About 146 people attended, saying they represented 100,000 CPI members. They decided to hold their own party congress later that year. At this meeting, a large picture of Chinese leader Mao Zedong was displayed. This showed their different views from the main CPI.
The left-wing group then held meetings across states. Some members wanted even more radical changes. In October 1964, the CPI left-wing held its own congress in Kolkata. The group that met there later called itself the 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)'. This was to show they were different from the CPI. They also created their own political plan. Puchalapalli Sundarayya was chosen as the party's first general secretary. The CPI(M) said that 422 delegates attended their congress. They claimed these delegates represented 104,421 CPI members, which was 60% of the total party.
Early Years of CPI(M) (1964–1966)
The CPI(M) started in a difficult political time. When it held its first congress, many of its leaders were already in jail. In December 1964, over a thousand more CPI(M) members were arrested. In 1965, more arrests happened in West Bengal. This was because the party protested against higher transport fares and food shortages. Big strikes were held in August 1965 and March/April 1966. Some people died during clashes with the police in March 1966.
Mass arrests of CPI(M) members also happened in Kerala in 1965. In Bihar, the party called for a general strike in Patna in August 1965. This was to protest against the state government. Police used violence against the strikers.
The first meeting of the CPI(M) Central Committee was held in June 1966. It was delayed because many elected members were in jail. The committee decided the party should try to form alliances with other non-reactionary parties in West Bengal. This idea was criticized by the Communist Party of China and some within the CPI(M). So, in October 1966, the party changed its mind. It decided to only form alliances with specific left parties.
Naxalbari Uprising (1967)
At this time, the party faced a challenge. Some members were worried that the party leadership was focusing too much on elections. Events in China also influenced the party. In West Bengal, a peasant uprising began in Naxalbari. It was led by some CPI(M) leaders. These leaders saw the uprising as the start of a revolution in India. The Communist Party of China praised the Naxalbari movement. This caused a sudden break in relations between CPI(M) and the Chinese party.
The Naxalbari movement was stopped by the West Bengal government. The CPI(M) was a major part of this government. The radical members who supported the uprising later left CPI(M). They formed a new group. This split caused divisions across the country. The CPI(M) and the rebels, called Naxalites, soon had a violent conflict.
Governments Removed in West Bengal and Kerala (1967–1970)

In November 1967, the central government removed the United Front government in West Bengal. This caused a 48-hour general strike across the state. The state was then put under direct rule by the President. The CPI(M) protested against this action.
The 8th Party Congress of CPI(M) was held in Kochi, Kerala, in December 1968. During this meeting, a terrible event happened in Kizhavenmani, Tamil Nadu. Many Dalit people were killed. This was a revenge attack from landlords. It happened after the Dalit workers took part in a CPI(M)-led protest for higher wages.
In Kerala, the United Front government also had to leave office in October 1969. This happened when other parties in the alliance resigned. E.M.S. Namboodiripad resigned as Chief Minister. A new government was formed, supported by the Indian National Congress.
Elections in West Bengal and Kerala
New elections were held in West Bengal in 1969. The CPI(M) won 80 out of 97 seats it competed for. It became the largest party in the state. But with support from other parties, Ajoy Mukherjee became Chief Minister. He resigned in March 1970 after other parties formed an agreement against CPI(M). The CPI(M) tried to form a new government, but the central government put the state under President's Rule again.
Land Reform Efforts
India's first major land reform happened in West Bengal in 1967. It was led by two Communist leaders, Hare Krishna Konar and Benoy Choudhury. Hare Krishna Konar played a big role in taking extra land from large landowners. This land was then given to the state. About one million acres of good farmland were collected. Later, this land was given to 2.4 million farmers who had no land or were very poor.
After 1970, the land reform efforts stopped for seven years. But when the Left Front came to power in West Bengal in 1977, they restarted it. This effort was renamed Operation Barga. It helped many people. Officials met with farmers to hear their problems. This helped make sure the land reform truly benefited the poor farmers.
Formation of CITU (1970)

The Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) is a big national trade union in India. It is a leading part of the Indian trade union movement. Today, CITU is one of the largest groups of workers in India. It is very strong in Tripura. It also has a good presence in West Bengal, Kerala, and Kanpur.
In 2015, CITU had about 6,040,000 members. Tapan Kumar Sen is the General Secretary, and K. Hemalata is the president of CITU. K. Hemalata was the first woman president of CITU. CITU publishes a monthly magazine called WORKING CLASS. CITU is connected to the World Federation of Trade Unions internationally.
War in East Pakistan (1971–1972)
In 1971, Bangladesh (which was then called East Pakistan) declared its independence from Pakistan. The Pakistani army tried to stop the uprising. India stepped in to help the Bangladeshi rebels. Millions of Bangladeshi refugees came to India, especially to West Bengal.
At that time, communist groups in Bangladesh were divided. The CPI(M) worked to help create a new political group for Bangladeshi leftists who had come to Calcutta. In late 1971, three small groups joined together to form the Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist). This new party became a sister party to CPI(M) in Bangladesh.
Emergency Rule (1972–1977)
In 1975, the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, declared a State of Emergency. She said it was because of internal problems. This meant elections were stopped, and the government could rule by special orders. People's basic freedoms were limited. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) was one of the main groups that opposed this Emergency. During this time, there were many strict actions and political repression. This was especially severe in West Bengal. Members of the CPI(M)'s labor union were among the first to be arrested. Other CPI(M) members went into hiding.
The CPI(M) supported a movement led by Jayaprakash Narayan (JP). They also discussed forming a united front with other parties. This led to the creation of the Janata Party. After the Emergency ended, the CPI(M) joined an election alliance with the Janata Party. In the 1977 Indian general election, this alliance won a huge victory.
Left Front Governments (1977 Onwards)
West Bengal
The CPI(M) in West Bengal, led by Jyoti Basu, ran in the 1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. They formed the Left Front coalition. The Left Front won a surprising victory, taking 230 out of 290 seats. The CPI(M) itself won enough seats to rule alone. Jyoti Basu became the Chief Minister of West Bengal.
From 1977 to 2011, the CPI(M)-led Left Front won seven elections in a row. Jyoti Basu was Chief Minister for 23 years, making him the longest-serving Chief Minister in that position. In the 2000s, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee took over leadership. The Left Front won elections in 2001 and 2006 under him. He was Chief Minister for 11 years.
However, after protests in Nandigram and Singur in the late 2000s, the Left Front lost the 2011 election. This ended their 34-year rule. This was the longest time any democratically elected communist government had ruled anywhere in the world. After the 2021 elections, the Left Front no longer has any members in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.
Kerala
After the CPI split in 1964, important communist leaders in Kerala, like E.M.S. Namboodiripad and A. K. Gopalan, joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist). In the 1965 elections, the CPI(M) became the largest party with 40 seats. But no single party could form a government.
In the 1967 Kerala assembly election, both CPI(M) and CPI joined with smaller parties to form a United Front. This front won the election with a record 113 seats. They formed a government led by E.M.S. Namboodiripad.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main alliances formed: the Left Democratic Front (LDF) led by CPI(M) and the United Democratic Front (UDF) led by the Indian National Congress. These alliances have become very stable. The LDF first came to power in the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1980. This was under E. K. Nayanar, who later became the longest-serving Chief Minister of Kerala. Since 1980, power has usually switched between these two alliances.
However, in 2016, the LDF won the election. Then, in a historic event, they were re-elected in 2021. This was the first time in 40 years that a ruling government in Kerala was re-elected for a second full term. Pinarayi Vijayan is the first Chief Minister of Kerala to be re-elected after serving a full five-year term.
Tripura
Under Nripen Chakraborty, the CPI(M)-led Left Front won the 1977 assembly elections. Nripen Chakraborty became the first CPI(M) Chief Minister of Tripura. The Left Front was re-elected in 1983 and governed for 10 years. In 1988, the CPI(M) was out of power for five years, even though it was the largest party.
In the 1993 assembly elections, the Left Front won again. Dasarath Deb became the Chief Minister. From 1993 to 2013, the Left Front won five elections in a row. Since the 1998 assembly elections, Manik Sarkar was the Chief Minister of Tripura for 20 years. This made him the longest-serving Chief Minister in Tripura's history. Under his leadership, the Left Front won elections in 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013. Currently, CPI(M) is the main opposition party in the Tripura Legislative Assembly.
The CPI(M) is the strongest party in the Left Front coalition. Other members include the Communist Party of India, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the All India Forward Bloc, and the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation.
International Communist Meetings
In 2009, the CPI(M) hosted the 11th International Communist Parties Meeting in New Delhi. This big meeting was attended by 57 communist parties from 48 different countries.
Leadership and Organization
Party Leaders

Front row from left: Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri, A. K. Gopalan, Jyoti Basu, Hare Krishna Konar, Muzaffar Ahmad, Puchalapalli Sundarayya, Harkishan Singh Surjeet, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, Makineni Basavapunnaiah, Promode Dasgupta, P. Ramamurthi and others 19 leaders.





The current General Secretary of CPI(M) is Sitaram Yechury. In April 2018, the 22nd party congress of CPI(M) chose a Central Committee with 95 members. This included special invitees and a Central Control Commission. The Central Committee then elected a 17-member Politburo. The Politburo is a smaller group that makes important decisions for the party.
Politburo Members
No. | Portrait | Name | State | From (Year) |
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1 | Sitaram Yechury (General Secretary) |
Andhra Pradesh | 1992 | |
2 | ![]() |
Prakash Karat (Former General Secretary) |
New Delhi | 1992 |
3 | ![]() |
Manik Sarkar (Former Chief Minister of Tripura) |
Tripura | 1998 |
4 | Pinarayi Vijayan (Chief Minister of Kerala) |
Kerala | 2002 | |
5 | ![]() |
Brinda Karat | New Delhi | 2005 |
6 | B. V. Raghavulu | Andhra Pradesh | 2005 | |
7 | ![]() |
Surjya Kanta Mishra | West Bengal | 2012 |
8 | ![]() |
M. A. Baby | Kerala | 2012 |
9 | ![]() |
Mohammed Salim | West Bengal | 2015 |
10 | ![]() |
Subhashini Ali | Uttar Pradesh | 2015 |
11 | G. Ramakrishnan | Tamil Nadu | 2015 | |
12 | ![]() |
Tapan Kumar Sen | West Bengal | 2018 |
13 | ![]() |
Nilotpal Basu | West Bengal | 2018 |
14 | ![]() |
M. V. Govindan | Kerala | 2022 |
15 | ![]() |
Ram Chandra Dome | West Bengal | 2022 |
16 | Ashok Dhawale | Maharashtra | 2022 | |
17 | ![]() |
A. Vijayaraghavan | Kerala | 2022 |
The 23rd party congress added Ramchandra Dome, Ashok Dhawale, and A. Vijayraghavan to the Politburo.
General Secretary Role
The party's rules say that no one can be the General Secretary for more than three full terms. A "full term" means the time between two Party Congresses. In special cases, someone can be re-elected for a fourth term if the Central Committee agrees by a three-fourths majority. But they can never be elected for another term after the fourth.
S. No. | Term | Portrait | Name | State | References |
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1 | 1964–1978 | ![]() |
Puchalapalli Sundarayya | Andhra Pradesh | |
After the Communist Party of India split, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) was formed. Puchalapalli Sundarayya was chosen as its first General Secretary. | |||||
2 | 1978–1992 | ![]() |
E. M. S. Namboodiripad | Kerala | |
E. M. S. Namboodiripad, who was Chief Minister of Kerala twice, became the General Secretary at the 10th party Congress. | |||||
3 | 1992–2005 | ![]() |
Harkishan Singh Surjeet | Punjab | |
Harkishan Singh Surjeet became the General Secretary of the CPI-M in 1992. He held this important position until 2005, when he retired due to health reasons. | |||||
4 | 2005–2015 | ![]() |
Prakash Karat | Kerala | |
Prakash Karat was elected as the General Secretary at the 18th party Congress. He was re-elected and served until 2015. | |||||
5 | 2015–Incumbent | Sitaram Yechury | Andhra Pradesh | ||
Sitaram Yechury was first elected as the party General Secretary in April 2015. He was re-elected in April 2018 and again in April 2022. |
Main Organizations Connected to CPI(M)
- Democratic Youth Federation of India (for young people)
- Students' Federation of India (for students)
- Centre of Indian Trade Unions (for workers)
- All India Kisan Sabha (for farmers)
- All India Agricultural Workers Union (for farm workers)
- All India Democratic Women's Association (for women)
- Balasangam (for children)
- Bank Employees Federation of India (for bank employees)
- Ganamukti Parishad, Tripura (a tribal organization)
- Tribal Youth Federation, Tripura (for tribal youth)
- Adivasi Kshema Samithi, Kerala (a tribal welfare group)
International Connections
The Communist Party of India (Marxist) is connected to the IMCWP. It is also part of "Unity for Peace and Socialism" with the Communist Party of Britain.
Party Presence in States
As of 2022, the CPI(M) leads the state government in Kerala. Pinarayi Vijayan is the Chief Minister there. In Tamil Nadu, the CPI(M) has 2 members in the assembly. They are part of the SPA government led by M. K. Stalin. The Left Front, led by CPI(M), ruled West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011). They also ruled Tripura for 30 years, including 25 years in a row (1993–2018). The 34-year rule in West Bengal is the longest for any democratically elected communist government.
Currently, CPI(M) has three members of Parliament (MPs) in the Lok Sabha. Their highest number of MPs was 43 in 2004. At that time, they got 5.66% of the votes. They supported the Indian National Congress-led government but were not part of it. In 2008, they stopped supporting the government because of disagreements over a nuclear deal with the US.
Current State Governments with CPI(M)
Sr No. | State | Govt Since | Chief Minister | Alliance Name | Parties in Alliance | Seats in Assembly | ||||
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Name | Party | Party seats | ||||||||
CPI(M) Government | ||||||||||
1 | Kerala | 26 May 2016 | Pinarayi Vijayan | CPI(M) | 62 | Left Democratic Front (Kerala) | CPI (17) |
99 / 140
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KC(M) (5) | ||||||||||
JD(S) (2) | ||||||||||
NCP (2) | ||||||||||
KC(B) (1) | ||||||||||
INL (1) | ||||||||||
LJD (1) | ||||||||||
C(S) (1) | ||||||||||
JKC (1) | ||||||||||
IND (6) | ||||||||||
Alliance Government | ||||||||||
2 | Tamil Nadu | 7 May 2021 | M. K. Stalin | DMK | 133 | Secular Progressive Alliance | INC(18) |
159 / 234
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VCK (4) | ||||||||||
CPI (2) | ||||||||||
CPI(M) (2) |
Current Seats in State Assemblies
Seats won by CPI(M) in state legislative assemblies | |||||||
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State legislative assembly | Last election | Contested seats |
Seats won | Alliance | Result | ||
Assam Legislative Assembly | 2021 | 2 |
1 / 126
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United Opposition Forum | Opposition | ||
Bihar Legislative Assembly | 2020 | 4 |
2 / 243
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Mahagathbandhan | Opposition | ||
Kerala Legislative Assembly | 2021 | 77 |
62 / 140
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Left Democratic Front | Government | ||
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly | 2019 | 8 |
1 / 288
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Maha Vikas Aghadi | Opposition | ||
Odisha Legislative Assembly | 2019 | 5 |
1 / 147
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N/A | Others | ||
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | 2021 | 6 |
2 / 234
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Secular Progressive Alliance | Government | ||
Tripura Legislative Assembly | 2023 | 43 |
11 / 60
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Left Front | Opposition |
Presence in Different States
Andhra Pradesh
After the CPI(M) was formed, it won seats in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly many times. For example, it won 9 seats in 1967 and 15 seats in 1994. In 2014, CPI(M) won one seat, which later became part of Telangana state. However, in 2019, CPI(M) did not win any seats. The party has also won many local elections. In 1988, Tammineni Veerabhadram, a CPI(M) politician, got a lot of votes in a Lok Sabha election.
CPI(M) has also had members in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) from Andhra Pradesh. These include Moturu Hanumantha Rao (1988-1994) and Penumalli Madhu (2004-2010).
Assam
CPI(M) has some presence in Assam. It was part of the state government once. CPI(M) first entered the Assam Legislative Assembly in 1978, winning 11 seats. It won seats in several later elections too. In 1996, CPI(M) won two seats and joined a coalition government. But in 2001, they didn't win any seats. In 2021, CPI(M) won one seat, making a comeback. This was in the Sorbhog area, which is known as a left-wing stronghold.
CPI(M) has also won Lok Sabha seats from Assam. Nurul Huda was elected in 1974. The party won one seat in 1980, 1991, and 1996.
Bihar
CPI(M) in Bihar has strong roots in farmer movements. Communists were active in these movements since the 1920s. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS), formed in 1936, was very active in Bihar. Its members were mostly communists. This helped build a base for communists in Bihar. Leaders like Sahajanand Saraswati were important.
CPI(M) won seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly many times, like 18 seats in 1972. After not winning seats in 2010 and 2015, the party won two seats in the 2020 elections. CPI(M) fought that election with the Rastriya Janata Dal and did well. In August 2022, CPI(M) supported a coalition government in Bihar but did not join it.
Chhattisgarh
CPI(M) won its first elections in Chhattisgarh in 2019. This was in local municipal elections, where they won two wards.
Gujarat
CPI(M) has a small presence in Gujarat. The party has never won any state assembly or Lok Sabha seats there. However, its student wing, SFI, won elections at the Central University of Gujarat in 2020. This was a big win because the university is usually a stronghold for right-wing groups.
Himachal Pradesh
CPI(M) is present in areas like Summer Hill and Theog in Himachal Pradesh. Its student wing, SFI, is strong at Himachal Pradesh University. CPI(M) had members in the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1967 and 1993. In 1993, Rakesh Singha won a seat. The party has also won many seats in local municipal and village elections.
In 2012, CPI(M) won the Mayor and Deputy Mayor positions in Shimla Municipal Corporation. In the 2017 state election, CPI(M) won an assembly seat after 24 years. Rakesh Singha won the Theog seat. In 2021, CPI(M) increased its wins in local elections, with many members elected to various positions.
Karnataka
CPI(M) has not won any seats in Karnataka since 2004. Before that, it won one seat in 2004 and 1994. It won two seats in 1985 and 1983 in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.
Kerala
Kerala has a very strong presence of CPI(M) and other left parties. CPI(M) has had its most election success in Kerala, especially after 2011. After the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, it made history by forming the government twice in a row. This broke a 40-year pattern in the state. CPI(M) currently has 62 seats in the assembly.
In Kerala, CPI(M) has focused on helping poor people. This includes giving out cards for almost free basic food. They also set a minimum wage that is twice the national average. They have also invested a lot in education and health. The party has also greatly developed the panchayat system. These are village councils where everyone can take part in the state's development.
Madhya Pradesh
CPI(M) has only entered the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly once. This was in 1993, when it won 1 seat.
Maharashtra
Currently, the party has one member in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. This is Comrade Vinod Nikole, an Adivasi (tribal) leader. He won the Dahanu seat. This seat has been won by CPI(M) almost every time since 1978.
Manipur
CPI(M) has never won a single seat in Manipur since it first ran in the 1995 state election. Currently, CPI(M) is part of the Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance. This alliance is led by the Indian National Congress.
Odisha
At present, CPI(M) has only one member in the Odisha Legislative Assembly. This member is from the Bonai area.
Punjab
The Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Punjab has a long history. It is linked to the state's fight for workers' rights, land reforms, and social fairness. The party has always supported land reforms, workers' rights, and equality. It has gained support among poor people in both rural and city areas. The party has been active in many social and political movements. Its goal is to help the disadvantaged parts of society and improve their lives.
In the 1980s, Punjab faced a crisis with the rise of the Khalistan movement. This movement wanted a separate Sikh state. The CPI(M) opposed this movement. They stood for a united India. In the late 1990s, the CPI(M) faced internal divisions. This led to a split, and a new party was formed. This split affected the party's organization and its presence in elections.
Over the years, the CPI(M) has had less success in elections in Punjab. Changes in politics and less interest in communist ideas have reduced its influence. Despite these challenges, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Punjab continues to work for workers' and farmers' rights. It also takes part in social and political movements.
Rajasthan
In the 2008 Rajasthan election, CPI(M) won three seats. In 2013, CPI(M) joined an alliance called Loktantrik Morcha. However, they did not win any seats in the 2013 election. The party made a comeback in 2018, winning two seats out of 28 they competed for.
Tamil Nadu
In the 1989 Tamil Nadu election, CPI(M) was part of an alliance and won 15 seats. In 2006, CPI(M) was part of an alliance led by DMK. The party competed in 13 seats and won 9. In the next election, CPI(M) joined another alliance and won 10 out of 12 seats. But the party did not win any seats in 2016.
In the 2019 Indian general election, CPI(M) won two Lok Sabha seats in Tamil Nadu. These were from Coimbatore and Madurai. In the 2021 state election, CPI(M) made a comeback by winning two seats. In 2022, CPI(M) won many seats in local municipal elections. T. Nagarajan of CPI(M) became the Deputy Mayor in Madurai Municipal Corporation.
Telangana
In 2014, CPI(M) won one seat in Andhra Pradesh that later became part of Telangana. However, in 2018, CPI(M) did not win any seats. In a by-election in 2022, CPI(M) supported a candidate from another party. In 2023, CPI(M) will run in the Telangana election with an alliance.
Election Results
State Assembly Election Results
Election Year | Overall votes | % of overall votes | Total seats | seats won/ seats contested |
+/- in seats | +/- in vote share | Sitting side |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2019 |
1,01,071 | 0.32% | 175 |
0 / 7
|
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N/A |
2014 |
4,07,376 | 0.84% | 175 |
1 / 68
|
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N/A |
2009 |
6,03,407 | 1.43% | 294 |
1 / 18
|
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N/A |
2004 |
6,56,721 | 1.84% | 294 |
9 / 14
|
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N/A |
1999 |
5,67,761 | 1.70% | 294 |
2 / 48
|
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N/A |
1994 |
9,23,204 | 2.96% | 294 |
15 / 16
|
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N/A |
1989 |
7,07,686 | 2.96% | 294 |
6 / 15
|
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N/A |
1985 |
5,30,349 | 2.69% | 294 |
11 / 11
|
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N/A |
Assam Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2021 |
160,758 | 0.84% | 126 |
1 / 2
|
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Opposition |
2016 |
93,506 | 0.55% | 126 |
0 / 19
|
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N/A |
Bihar Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2020 |
274,155 | 0.65% | 243 |
2 / 4
|
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Government |
2015 |
232,149 | 0.61% | 243 |
0 / 43
|
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N/A |
Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2022 |
10,647 | 0.03% | 182 |
0 / 9
|
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N/A |
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2022 |
27,812 | 0.66% | 68 |
0 / 11
|
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2017 |
55,558 | 1.5% | 68 |
1 / 14
|
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N/A |
Kerala Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2021 |
5,288,502 | 25.38% | 140 |
62 / 77
|
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Government |
2016 |
5,365,472 | 26.7% | 140 |
59 / 84
|
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Government |
2011 |
4,921,354 | 28.18% | 140 |
45 / 84
|
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Opposition |
2006 |
4,732,381 | 30.45% | 140 |
61 / 84
|
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Government |
2001 |
3,752,976 | 23.85% | 140 |
24 / 74
|
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Opposition |
1996 |
3,078,723 | 21.59% | 140 |
40 / 62
|
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Government |
1991 |
3,082,354 | 21.74% | 140 |
28 / 64
|
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Opposition |
1987 |
2,912,999 | 22.86% | 140 |
38 / 70
|
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Government |
1982 |
1,798,198 | 18.80% | 140 |
26 / 51
|
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Opposition |
1980 |
1,846,312 | 19.35% | 140 |
35 / 50
|
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Government |
1977 |
1,946,051 | 22.18% | 140 |
17 / 68
|
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Opposition |
1970 |
1,794,213 | 23.83% | 140 |
29 / 73
|
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Opposition |
1967 |
1,476,456 | 23.51% | 140 |
52 / 59
|
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Government |
1965 |
1,257,869 | 19.87% | 140 |
40 / 73
|
New | New | N/A |
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2019 |
204,933 | 0.37% | 288 |
1 / 8
|
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Opposition |
2014 |
207,933 | 0.39% | 288 |
1 / 20
|
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N/A |
2009 |
270,052 | 0.60% | 288 |
1 / 20
|
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N/A |
Odisha Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2019 |
70,119 | 0.32% | 147 |
1 / 8
|
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N/A | N/A |
2014 |
80,274 | 0.40% | 147 |
1 / 8
|
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N/A | N/A |
Punjab Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2022 |
9,503 | 0.06% | 117 |
0 / 14
|
N/A | N/A | N/A |
Rajasthan Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2023 |
382,387 | 0.96% | 200 |
0 / 17
|
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N/A |
2018 |
434,210 | 1.2% | 200 |
2 / 28
|
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N/A |
2013 |
629,002 | 0.9% | 200 |
0 / 38
|
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N/A |
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2021 |
3,90,819 | 0.85% | 234 |
2 / 6
|
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Government |
2016 |
3,07,303 | 0.72% | 234 |
0 / 25
|
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N/A |
2011 |
8,88,364 | 2.40% | 234 |
10 / 12
|
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Government |
2006 |
8,72,674 | 2.70% | 234 |
9 / 13
|
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Government |
Telangana Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2023 |
52,364 | 0.22% | 119 |
0 / 19
|
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N/A |
2018 |
91,099 | 0.40% | 119 |
2 / 28
|
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N/A | N/A |
Tripura Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2023 |
6,22,829 | 24.62% | 60 |
11 / 43
|
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Opposition |
2018 |
9,93,605 | 42.22% | 60 |
16 / 57
|
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Opposition |
2013 |
10,59,327 | 48.11% | 60 |
49 / 57
|
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Government |
2008 |
9,03,009 | 48.01% | 60 |
46 / 56
|
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Government |
2003 |
7,11,119 | 46.82% | 60 |
38 / 55
|
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Government |
1998 |
6,21,804 | 45.49% | 60 |
38 / 55
|
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Government |
1993 |
5,99,943 | 44.78% | 60 |
44 / 51
|
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Government |
1988 |
5,20,697 | 45.82% | 60 |
26 / 55
|
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Opposition |
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2022 |
5617 | 0.01% | 403 |
0 / 1
|
N/A | ![]() |
N/A |
West Bengal Legislative Assembly | |||||||
2021 |
2,837,276 | 4.73% | 294 |
0 / 136
|
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N/A |
2016 |
10,802,058 | 19.75% | 294 |
26 / 148
|
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Opposition |
2011 |
14,330,061 | 30.08% | 294 |
40 / 213
|
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Opposition |
2006 |
14,652,200 | 37.13% | 294 |
176 / 212
|
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Government |
2001 |
13,402,603 | 36.59% | 294 |
143 / 211
|
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Government |
1996 |
13,670,198 | 37.16% | 294 |
153 / 213
|
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Government |
1991 |
11,418,822 | 36.87% | 294 |
182 / 204
|
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Government |
1987 |
10,285,723 | 39.12% | 294 |
187 / 212
|
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Government |
1982 |
8,655,371 | 38.49% | 294 |
174 / 209
|
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Government |
1977 |
5,080,828 | 35.46% | 294 |
178 / 224
|
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Government |
Indian General Election Results
Year | Legislature | Party Secretary | Total constituencies | Seats won / contested | Change in seats | Total votes | Per. of votes | Change in vote % | Party Rank | Outcome | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | Puchalapalli Sundarayya | 520 |
19 / 59
|
New | 6,246,522 | 4.28 % | New | 6th | Opposition | |
1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | 518 |
25 / 85
|
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7,510,089 | 5.12 % | ![]() |
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Main Opposition | ||
1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 542 |
22 / 53
|
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8,113,659 | 4.29 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | ||
1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 529(542*) |
37 / 64
|
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12,352,331 | 6.24 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | |
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 541 |
22 / 64
|
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14,272,526 | 5.72 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | ||
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 529 |
33 / 64
|
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19,691,309 | 6.55 % | ![]() |
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Outside Support | ||
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 534 |
35 / 63
|
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17,074,699 | 6.14 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | ||
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | Harkishan Singh Surjeet | 543 |
32 / 75
|
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20,496,810 | 6.12 % | ![]() |
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Outside Support | |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 543 |
32 / 71
|
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18,991,867 | 5.16 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | ||
1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 543 |
33 / 72
|
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19,695,767 | 5.40 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | ||
2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 543 |
43 / 69
|
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22,070,614 | 5.66 % | ![]() |
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Outside Support | ||
2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | Prakash Karat | 543 |
16 / 82
|
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22,219,111 | 5.33 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | |
2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | 543 |
9 / 93
|
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17,986,773 | 3.24 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | ||
2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | Sitaram Yechury | 543 |
3 / 69
|
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10,744,908 | 1.75 % | ![]() |
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Opposition | |
2024 | 18th Lok Sabha | 543 |
4 / 52
|
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11,342,553 | 1.76% | ![]() |
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Opposition |
1967 General Election
In the 1967 Lok Sabha elections, the CPI(M) had 59 candidates. Nineteen of them were elected. The party received 6.2 million votes, which was 4.28% of all votes in India. At the same time, state elections were held. The CPI(M) became a major party in Kerala and West Bengal. In Kerala, a government led by E.M.S. Namboodiripad was formed. In West Bengal, the CPI(M) was a strong force behind the government that was formed.
1971 General Election
The 1971 Lok Sabha election happened during the Bangladesh War. Indira Gandhi was becoming a popular national leader. The CPI(M) competed in 85 seats and won 25. The party got over 7.5 million votes, which was 5.12% of the national vote. Twenty of these seats were from West Bengal, two from Kerala, two from Tripura, and one from Andhra Pradesh.
In the same year, state elections were held in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha. In West Bengal, CPI(M) won 113 seats out of 241. In Tamil Nadu, CPI(M) did not win any seats. In Odisha, the party won two seats.
1977 General Election
In the 1977 Lok Sabha election, the CPI(M) had candidates in 53 seats across 14 states and union territories. It won 4.29% of the votes. The party won 17 seats from West Bengal, three from Maharashtra, and one each from Odisha and Punjab. This election happened soon after the Emergency. It showed that many people were upset with Indira Gandhi's strict rule. A group of opposition parties formed against the government. The CPI(M) supported this group by not running candidates against them.
1980 General Elections
The government formed after 1977 did not last long. So, India had another Lok Sabha election in 1980. In this election, the CPI(M) gained more votes and won more seats than before. The party ran in 64 seats across 15 states and union territories. It won 37 seats in total. This included 28 seats in West Bengal, seven in Kerala, and two in Tripura. The party became the main representative of the people in Tripura in this election.
2014 Lok Sabha Election
Nine CPI(M) candidates were elected in the 2014 Indian general election. Two independent candidates supported by CPI(M) also won. This was fewer than the 16 seats they won before. The CPI(M)'s national vote share also dropped from 5.33% in 2009 to 3.28% in 2014. This was a big drop. CPI(M) did not win any seats in Tamil Nadu. Its seats in West Bengal also went down from 9 to 2. This was because of strong competition from another party. Kerala was the only state where CPI(M) gained one seat.
2019 General Election
The CPI(M) ran in 69 seats across the country in the 2019 general election. They won three seats. One seat was won in Kerala, where the CPI(M) leads the state government. The other two seats were won in Tamil Nadu. There, the CPI(M) was part of an alliance led by the DMK party.
2024 General Election
The CPI(M) ran in 52 seats across the country in the 2024 general election. They won four seats. One seat was won in Kerala, one in Rajasthan, and two more in Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu, they were part of the DMK-led alliance.
Indian Presidential Elections
2002 Presidential Election
In the 2002 Presidential election, the Left Front chose Captain Lakshmi Sehgal as their candidate. She ran against A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, who was the candidate for the ruling party. The CPI(M) leaders said they were putting forward an 'Alternative Candidate'. They knew Captain Lakshmi would not win. This was because the ruling party and the Indian National Congress opposed her. But the Left wanted to use this election to bring up important national issues. They wanted people to hear about these issues. Captain Lakshmi herself said that this election showed the Indian Left's opposition to the ruling party's politics. It also showed their support for religious minorities who had suffered.
2012 Presidential Election
In the 2012 presidential election, CPI(M) supported Pranab Mukherjee for president. However, they wanted a non-Congress candidate for the position of Vice-President.
Chief Ministers from CPI(M)
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Denotes the person is the incumbent chief minister |
No. | Name | Portrait | Term of office | Days in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kerala | |||||
1 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | ![]() |
6 March 1967 | 1 November 1969 | 2 years 240 days |
2 | E. K. Nayanar | ![]() |
25 January 1980 | 20 October 1981 | 10 years 353 days |
26 March 1987 | 23 June 1991 | ||||
20 May 1996 | 16 May 2001 | ||||
3 | V. S. Achuthanandan | ![]() |
18 May 2006 | 17 May 2011 | 4 years 364 days |
4 | Pinarayi Vijayan | ![]() |
25 May 2016 | 20 May 2021 | 9 years, 28 days |
20 May 2021 | Incumbent | ||||
Tripura | |||||
1 | Nripen Chakraborty | ![]() |
5 January 1978 | 4 February 1983 | 10 years 31 days |
5 February 1983 | 5 February 1988 | ||||
2 | Dasarath Deb | ![]() |
10 April 1993 | 11 March 1998 | 4 years, 335 days |
3 | Manik Sarkar | ![]() |
11 March 1998 | 26 February 2003 | 19 years 363 days |
27 February 2003 | 23 February 2008 | ||||
24 February 2008 | 14 February 2013 | ||||
15 February 2013 | 8 March 2018 | ||||
West Bengal | |||||
1 | Jyoti Basu | ![]() |
21 June 1977 | 23 May 1982 | 23 years 137 days |
24 May 1982 | 29 March 1987 | ||||
30 March 1987 | 18 June 1991 | ||||
19 June 1991 | 15 May 1996 | ||||
16 May 1996 | 5 November 2000 | ||||
2 | Buddhadeb Bhattacharya | ![]() |
6 November 2000 | 14 May 2001 | 10 years 188 days |
15 May 2001 | 17 May 2006 | ||||
18 May 2006 | 13 May 2011 |
Rajya Sabha Members
Current Rajya Sabha members from CPI(M) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Name | State | Appointment date | Retirement date |
John Brittas | Kerala | 4 April 2021 | 23 April 2027 |
V. Sivadasan | Kerala | 24 April 2021 | 23 April 2027 |
Elamaram Kareem | Kerala | 2 July 2018 | 1 July 2024 |
A.A. Rahim | Kerala | 3 April 2022 | 2 April 2028 |
Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya | West Bengal | 3 April 2020 | 2 April 2026 |
- Bold indicates CPI(M) leader in Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha Members
Current Lok Sabha (18th) members from CPI(M) | ||
---|---|---|
Name | Constituency | State |
K. Radhakrishnan | Alathur | Kerala |
Sachithanantham R | Dindigul | Tamil Nadu |
S. Venkatesan | Madurai | Tamil Nadu |
Amra Ram | Sikar | Rajasthan |
- Bold indicates CPI(M) leader in Lok Sabha
Parties That Split from CPI(M)
Many parties have been formed after splitting from the CPI(M). Some of these include:
- CPI(ML)L
- CPI(ML)RF
- RMPI
- MCPI(U)
- PDS in West Bengal
- Janganotantrik Morcha in Tripura
- Lok Sangharsh Morcha in Punjab
- OCP in Odisha
- CMP(J) in Kerala
Images for kids
See Also
In Spanish: Partido Comunista de la India (Marxista) para niños
- Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal
- Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala
- Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura
- List of political parties in India
- List of communist parties in India
- List of communist parties
- Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
- Left Front (West Bengal)
- Left Front (Tripura)
- Politics of India