Grigory Yavlinsky facts for kids

Quick facts for kids Grigory Yavlinsky
Григорий Явлинский
Yavlinsky in 2023
Leader of Yabloko
In office 1993–2008
Preceded by	office established
Succeeded by	Sergey Mitrokhin
Member of the State Duma
In office 11 January 1994 – 19 December 2003
Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union as Deputy Chair of the Economic Operational Management Committee
In office 24 August 1991 – 25 December 1991 Serving with Yury Luzhkov and Arkady Volsky
Premier	Ivan Silayev
Preceded by	office established
Succeeded by	office abolished
Deputy Premier of the Russian SFSR
In office 14 June 1990 – 22 November 1990 Serving with others
Premier	Ivan Silayev
Personal details
Born	(1952-04-10) 10 April 1952 (age 73) Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine)
Nationality	Russian
Political party	Yabloko
Spouse	Elena Yavlinskaya (b. 1951)
Children	Mikhail (b. 1971) Aleksey (b. 1981)
Signature
Website	http://yavlinsky.ru/

Grigory Alekseyevich Yavlinsky (Russian: Григо́рий Алексе́евич Явли́нский, romanized: Grigóriy Aleksyéyevich Yavlínskiy; born 10 April 1952) is a well-known Russian economist and politician. He has worked in different government roles in both the Soviet Union and Russia, including being a member of the State Duma, which is like Russia's parliament.

Yavlinsky helped create the "500 Days Program," a plan to change the Soviet Union's economy from government-controlled to a free market. He also used to lead the opposition party called Yabloko. He has run for president of Russia three times. In 1996, he ran against Boris Yeltsin and came in fourth place. In 2000, he ran against Vladimir Putin and finished third. In 2012, he was not allowed to run, even though he gathered many signatures. He ran again in 2018 against Putin and received 1.05% of the votes. His party did not agree with many of the election results because of claims of problems during the voting.

Yavlinsky has a PhD in economics and is a professor at the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

Early Life and Education

Grigory Yavlinsky was born in Lviv, which was then part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and is now Ukraine. His parents were Jewish. His father, Aleksei, was an officer, and his mother, Vera, was a chemistry teacher.

When he was younger, in 1967 and 1968, he was a boxing champion in the Ukrainian SSR for junior boxers. He decided to study economics during his school years. From 1967 to 1976, he studied economics at the Plekhanov Institute of the National Economy in Moscow.

After his studies, he worked in the coal industry. His job was to create new work rules for coal miners. He was the first person in the USSR to do this. He had to go down into the mines to understand the work. Once, the mine collapsed, and he was trapped for ten hours with four other workers. Sadly, three of his fellow workers died later. Yavlinsky saw how difficult and dangerous the miners' lives were. He wrote reports about the bad conditions, but his reports did not lead to changes.

In 1980, Yavlinsky worked for the USSR State Committee for Labour and Social Affairs. He started a project to make the USSR's labor system better. He thought that either the government needed to control every worker's action, or businesses needed more freedom. His ideas were not popular with the head of the committee. The KGB (Soviet secret police) took his reports and questioned him many times. After Leonid Brezhnev died in 1982, the KGB stopped bothering him. However, he got sick with tuberculosis and had to stop working for nine months. His reports were destroyed because they were thought to be contagious.

From 1984, he held management jobs at the Labour Ministry and then at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. He had to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and he was a member from 1985 to 1991. In 1989, he became a department head for economic reforms.

Government Roles and Economic Ideas (1990–1992)

Yavlinsky strongly believed in a market economy. In 1990, he wrote the "500 Days Program." This program suggested a fast change from a government-controlled economy to a free market in less than two years for the Soviet Union. To put this plan into action, Yavlinsky was made Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic).

The President of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, wanted to combine Yavlinsky's plan with another one. But Yavlinsky resigned in October 1990 because his program would not be fully used. After leaving the government, he started his own research group called EPICenter.

In 1991, while at Harvard University, he helped write a new reform plan. This plan was for Gorbachev to talk with the G7 (a group of leading countries) about financial help for the market economy change. After a failed coup against Gorbachev and Yeltsin in August 1991, Yavlinsky was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Committee for Management of the National Economy.

Boris Yeltsin, the new President of the RSFSR, asked Yavlinsky to return to the government. Yavlinsky helped create an economic agreement among the Soviet republics. This agreement was signed by twelve republics in Alma-Ata in October 1991. However, when Yeltsin signed the Belovezh Accords, which led to the breakup of the Soviet Union, Yavlinsky resigned again. He disagreed with breaking all ties between the former Soviet republics. A year later, Yavlinsky started his own political career.

When "shock therapy" reforms began in 1992, Yavlinsky openly criticized them. He said his plan was different, especially about when to privatize businesses and free up prices. He also said his plan was for the whole Soviet Union.

In 1992, Yavlinsky advised Boris Nemtsov, who was a regional governor. Yavlinsky created an economic reform plan for Nemtsov's region. Later, their paths separated because Nemtsov supported Yeltsin's government, while Yavlinsky became a leader of the opposition.

Political Activities During Yeltsin's Time (1993–2000)

In 1993, as problems grew between Yeltsin and the parliament, Yavlinsky was seen as a possible presidential candidate. He was known as an independent politician who was not involved in corruption. In September–October 1993, he tried to help Yeltsin and the parliament find a solution. But after fighting started in Moscow on October 3, he asked Yeltsin to use force against armed groups supporting the parliament.

When Yeltsin set elections for a new parliament and a vote on a new constitution for December 1993, Yavlinsky quickly formed an election group. This group was called "Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin," or YABLOKO. In December 1993, Yabloko won 7.9% of the votes and became the fifth largest group in the Duma. Later, the name Yabloko was kept, meaning "Yavlinsky Bloc." In 2001, Yabloko became a political party.

Yavlinsky meets people in 1997

Yabloko was different from other liberal parties because it criticized Yeltsin's policies. This included the economic "shock therapy," how he handled the 1993 crisis, the First Chechen War, and Russia's relations with Western countries. Yavlinsky became a leader of the democratic opposition. He was against Yegor Gaidar's "Russia's Choice" party. Some people said Yavlinsky was too stubborn to join other democratic groups, but others noted that Yavlinsky's ideas were more focused on social democracy, while his opponents were more about free markets.

In September 1998, after Russia's financial crisis, Yavlinsky suggested Yevgeny Primakov as Prime Minister. Primakov was elected and helped the economy recover. However, Yavlinsky did not join Primakov's government and later criticized him for relying too much on communists.

Yavlinsky in 1999

In May 1999, Yavlinsky joined the Communist Party to try to remove Yeltsin from office (impeach him). Yavlinsky said that Yeltsin made serious mistakes during the reforms, but he did not intend to harm Russia. He also criticized the Communist Party, saying that their leaders like Lenin and Stalin were responsible for terrible crimes. The attempt to impeach Yeltsin failed.

Yavlinsky ran for president in 1996 and 2000. In 1996, he got 7.3% of the vote. In 2000, he got 5.8%. He did not support Yeltsin, Putin, or their Communist opponent in either election.

Yavlinsky was not happy about the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, but he never said that the Soviet Union should be brought back or that Russia's borders should change. He also sometimes criticized how the US dealt with Russia.

Under Putin's Early Years (2000–2008)

President Putin with Yavlinsky in 2000

During Vladimir Putin's presidency, Yavlinsky continued to oppose military solutions for problems in Chechnya. In 2002, he helped in talks during the Moscow theater hostage crisis, and President Putin praised him for his efforts. His party also worked against bringing radioactive waste into Russia. They teamed up with groups that protect the environment, human rights, and workers. He also criticized government changes to housing and energy.

Yavlinsky had difficult relationships with the government under both Yeltsin and Putin. While he supported Putin's early foreign policies that aimed for closer ties with the US, he criticized domestic policies, especially the arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky in 2003. He spoke out more about the attacks on democratic freedoms in Russia, saying that Putin's policies were a continuation of Yeltsin's.

Grigory Yavlinsky at a rally in Bolotnaya Square, Moscow. 17 December 2011

In the 2003 Russian legislative election, Yabloko did not get enough votes to have members in the Duma. Yavlinsky later said that Putin had made the elections unfair, so he refused to run for president in 2004.

After Yabloko again failed to get seats in the 2007 Russian legislative election, Yavlinsky stepped down as party leader in 2008. Sergey Mitrokhin became the new leader. Yavlinsky remained an important voice for the party.

Views on the Global Financial Crisis (2008–2011)

Yavlinsky believes that a big problem for many countries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries was when governments and businesses became too closely linked. He thinks this caused the economic crisis in the US. He explained that the global financial crisis happened because of risky loans that were insured. This made people think the loans were safe, even when the borrowers were not reliable. When too many people couldn't pay back their loans, the insurance couldn't cover it, and big banks went bankrupt. He called this a huge "financial pyramid" or Ponzi scheme.

Yavlinsky wrote a book called Realeconomik: The Hidden Cause of the Great Recession (and How to Avert the Next One). In this book, he argues that a stable economy needs strong social principles in business and politics. He believes that the financial crisis was a sign of a bigger moral problem, and that people need to think about how they live. He says that simply giving money to solve the crisis or making new rules won't fix the main problems. These problems are deeper and involve individual and social values.

Work as a Regional Politician (2011–2016)

Public Protests and Campaigns

In September 2011, Yavlinsky was chosen to lead the Yabloko Party's list for the 2011 Russian legislative election. The party did not get enough votes to enter the national parliament, but they did get more votes than before. Yabloko candidates were elected in three regions, including Saint Petersburg, where Yavlinsky became a deputy in the Legislative Assembly.

In December 2011, Yavlinsky was nominated as Yabloko's candidate for the 2012 Russian presidential election. He submitted 2 million signatures to support his candidacy. However, the election commission said many signatures were invalid and refused to register him. The Supreme Court of Russia agreed with this decision. Yavlinsky said the decision was politically motivated.

Yavlinsky actively supported the 2011–2013 Russian protests against election problems. He spoke at many "For Fair Elections" meetings in Moscow and participated in large marches.

Legislative Work

As a deputy in the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg from December 2011 to September 2016, Yavlinsky worked several days a week in Saint Petersburg, even though he lived in Moscow. He attended meetings, committee sessions, and met with people to help with their concerns.

During his time, Yavlinsky created a plan called "Greater Saint Petersburg. 21st Century" to help develop the Saint Petersburg area. Yabloko deputies proposed almost 100 new laws, and Saint Petersburg's parliament adopted about 25% of them.

Against the Russo-Ukrainian War

In February 2014, Yavlinsky wrote an article saying that Russia was creating problems near its borders. He believed that the crisis in Ukraine was happening because Russia was trying to pull Ukraine away from Europe. He warned that this would cause instability that would eventually affect Russia itself.

On March 16, 2014, before the vote in Crimea, Yavlinsky wrote that Russia's actions in Ukraine were a "reckless political adventure." He said it was wrong to use Russian troops in Ukraine and that separating Crimea from Ukraine and taking it was a "national error." He believed Russia wanted to make Ukraine a "failed state" or a "puppet state." He warned that annexing Crimea would make Russia lose its international reputation.

Yavlinsky suggested an international meeting to discuss issues related to Ukraine and Crimea. In October 2014, his party stated that Russia's actions in Donbass, like sending weapons and volunteers, were "warmongering."

In December 2014, Yavlinsky suggested creating a "buffer zone" between Russia and Ukraine with international observers. He said that Crimea's future should be decided by its people through a "legal and legitimate referendum" under Ukrainian law and international rules. He believed the 2014 referendum in Crimea was illegal because it was done quickly and under the "protection" of Russian forces. He wanted Russia to have internationally recognized borders and for people in Crimea to be full citizens of Europe.

During the 2016 Russian elections, Yavlinsky and Yabloko focused on the war in Donbass and the annexation of Crimea. On TV, Yavlinsky criticized the Kremlin's policy in Ukraine and said that Russian citizens were fighting there. He also developed a 10-point peace plan for Donbass in 2017.

2016 Parliamentary Elections

In July 2016, Yavlinsky was chosen to lead the Yabloko Party's list for the State Duma elections. He said that this election campaign was important preparation for the 2018 presidential elections. He believed the presidential elections might be the last chance for a peaceful change in government.

Yabloko's election program, "Respect for the Individual," aimed to move Russia from war to peace, from corruption to law, and from lies to truth. They also had many draft laws ready for the Duma, including a program called "Land-Home-Roads" and laws to fix problems from the privatization of the 1990s. Yavlinsky also proposed an economic plan that focused on economic development and growth.

During TV debates, Yavlinsky repeated the need to end the conflict in Donbass and solve the Crimea issue. He called the war between Russia and Ukraine a crime and criticized the military operation in Syria. He said that politics was hurting the Russian economy and that Russia could become an underdeveloped country if this continued.

Officially, Yabloko won 1.99% of the votes in the State Duma elections. The party's leaders said the results were not accurate and accused the authorities of cheating. Yavlinsky said that Yabloko's goal in the elections was to tell the truth about the war with Ukraine, the war in Syria, the Crimea problem, and the country's economic issues. He believed that showing millions of people supported these ideas could lead to peaceful change.

2018 Presidential Elections

In June 2015, the Yabloko Party said that there needed to be a clear alternative to Vladimir Putin, and they proposed Yavlinsky for this role. They believed he represented a strong rejection of aggression and war.

In summer 2017, Yabloko started a campaign for Russian armed forces to leave Syria. They wanted the money saved to be used for Russia's internal needs. This idea, "Time to return home," became a key part of Yavlinsky's presidential campaign.

The issues of ending military actions in Ukraine and deciding Crimea's status were central to Yavlinsky's campaign. He developed a 10-point peace plan for Donbass and created an online project called "However, is Crimea our territory?" where he discussed how to prevent war between Russia and Ukraine.

Other important points in his campaign included bringing back direct elections for mayors and changing how the budget is spent. He wanted more money to go to regions and cities, and less to security, defense, and government bureaucracy. He believed money should be spent on social needs.

Yavlinsky said that rising poverty showed how bad Russia's politics were. He wanted to reduce poverty and unfair differences in society. He suggested measures like not taxing the poorest people, a special tax on large earnings from unfair deals in the 1990s, and giving citizens a share of money from natural resources. His plan also focused on fair courts, protecting private property, and freedom for media and online information.

Yavlinsky knew he would not win against Vladimir Putin. He ran to show that many people supported different policies. He believed that if 10 million people supported a responsible leader who spoke the truth, the situation in the country could change.

In December 2017, Yavlinsky wrote an article called "My Truth," where he said the upcoming "elections" were not real elections. He said he was participating to "fight for truth against lies" and against a "dangerous political mafia."

On December 22, 2017, Yavlinsky was officially nominated as Yabloko's presidential candidate. He was officially registered on February 7, 2018. During his three-month campaign, he traveled almost 40,000 kilometers and visited many cities and regions.

According to official results on March 18, 2018, Yavlinsky won 1.05% of the votes and came in fifth. However, the Yabloko Party said the results did not show the real outcome and that the election was just a way to show support for the current president.

In March 2018, Yavlinsky wrote an article called "The elections were won by a significant minority." He said that Putin's policies were hurting the economy and that there was no sign of change. He believed that everyone lost the elections, and that an "absolute minority" won, leading the country to a dangerous dead end.

Views on the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic

In March 2020, Yavlinsky and the Yabloko Party created a plan to deal with the coronavirus pandemic. This plan included spending more on healthcare, giving money and help to people who were suffering, and reducing taxes for small and medium businesses affected by COVID-19 rules. Yavlinsky said the government had enough money for this plan, but the Kremlin did not want to spend it. He believed the government was saving money for a "rainy day," which was later confirmed by the events in Ukraine in 2022. The Russian government looked at Yabloko's plan but did not use it.

In May 2020, Yavlinsky wrote an article called "After Lockdown." He said that the Russian government would not invest enough in the economy because Putin was preparing for a conflict with the West. He believed that the government saw fighting the West as its main goal, not improving the economy or people's lives. He warned that this focus was dangerous for Russia and the world.

Against the 2020 Constitutional Changes

On January 15, 2020, President Vladimir Putin suggested changes to the Russian Constitution. These changes would weaken international law in Russia, give more power to the president, and remove limits on how many terms a president could serve, potentially allowing Putin to stay in power until 2036. Yavlinsky strongly criticized these changes because they were introduced without public discussion or other options, and through an illegal vote.

On January 21, 2020, Yavlinsky announced that he would work on an alternative set of constitutional changes. This led to the creation of the Public Constitutional Council, which included politicians, public figures, and journalists. They prepared changes that would strengthen the 1993 Constitution and give people more say in government.

A vote on Putin's constitutional changes was held from June 25 to July 1, 2020. This vote broke many Russian laws. Officially, over 78% of Russians voted for Putin's changes. However, an independent survey before the vote showed that only 25% supported Putin's changes, while 28% supported the alternative plan. After the vote, Yavlinsky said that this was the end of Russia's attempt to modernize after the Soviet era, and the start of breaking the law across the country. In August, Yavlinsky wrote an article called "The Day After," where he summarized the problems of Russia's modernization efforts over nearly three decades.

Comments About Alexei Navalny (2021)

After Alexei Navalny was poisoned and later arrested, Yavlinsky repeatedly called for an investigation into poisonings in Russia.

Before protests supporting Navalny, the Yabloko Party asked for all political prisoners in Russia to be released. They also asked authorities to avoid violence and urged protest organizers to be careful, especially about asking minors to join unauthorized protests.

After the first protests and many arrests, Navalny's team said future protests might be in spring 2021. One organizer admitted they called people to the streets to get public attention for Navalny's case, even though it meant many arrests.

On February 6, 2021, Yavlinsky wrote an article called "No to Putinism and Populism." He analyzed protests in Russia over the past ten years and criticized populist policies, saying they are a threat. He warned that stirring up anger between rich and poor would not help. He also criticized Navalny's political ideas, calling them "populism and nationalism." He mentioned Navalny's past participation in nationalist marches and his comments about the war in Georgia and the status of Crimea. Yavlinsky warned against supporting such a political path, saying that choosing the "lesser of two evils" often leads to the "lesser evil" becoming even worse.

Navalny's supporters criticized Yavlinsky for criticizing a prisoner. On February 11, Yavlinsky wrote another article, "It is so simple to become executioners: Stay silent!" He explained why it was important to discuss Navalny's politics now. He said that some people in the protest movement were starting to believe their own propaganda, like thinking Putin was afraid of Navalny. He said that a politician cannot stay silent for comfort or tactics.

Yavlinsky also said that Navalny's plan was to organize a "smart voting" campaign for the 2021 Russian legislative election. Yavlinsky called this strategy "stupid and dangerous." He said that since 2011, "smart voting" had led to a Duma that supported Putin's foreign policies and repressive laws. He warned that supporting communists and other parties through "smart voting" could lead to fascism.

During the 2021 election campaign, Navalny's supporters promoted "smart voting," which encouraged people to vote for communists and other groups. This led to more Communist Party members in the State Duma. Yavlinsky said that the Communists would push state policy more towards war. He and Yabloko called on people to vote against the war, but this call was not widely heard. Yabloko received 1.34% of the votes. Yavlinsky believed this was partly due to "smart voting." He said that many "opinion leaders" were focused on voting instructions instead of understanding that the government was preparing for war. He warned that Russia was on the verge of war, which would be a disaster for Ukraine and Russia.

2021 Parliamentary Elections

On July 12, 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin published an article called "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians," which Yavlinsky saw as a threat of war against Ukraine and the West. On July 19, Yavlinsky responded with his article, "On the Historical Future of Russia and Ukraine." He strongly criticized Putin's views and warned about the serious danger of such a conflict for Russia and the world.

Yavlinsky said that Putin's article was a warning to Russian citizens before the elections. He explained that voting for parties like United Russia or the Communist Party meant voting for war and taking away Ukraine's independence. He urged people to vote against such policies by supporting Yabloko, which stood for peace and good relations with Ukraine and Europe.

Yavlinsky did not run in the State Duma elections himself. However, he actively participated in Yabloko's campaign, meeting voters and speaking in interviews. He constantly talked about the threat of war with Ukraine, saying that this issue would decide Russia's future. He believed the election was a vote on people's attitudes towards war. Yabloko was the only party that spoke out against the coming war with Ukraine. However, Yavlinsky's and Yabloko's anti-war calls were not supported by other opposition media, which promoted "smart voting" for communists and other parties that supported war.

Officially, Yabloko received 1.34% of the votes in the September 2021 State Duma elections. Five months later, the State Duma voted to approve treaties with parts of East Ukraine that had declared independence. Two days after that, Russia launched its special military operation against Ukraine.

After the elections, Yavlinsky stated that those who supported "smart voting" would be responsible for the actions of the Duma deputies they helped elect. He also believed that the Russian government saw the widespread voting for communists as a sign that they could increase repression and continue their imperialist policies. He thought that society's refusal to support Yabloko's anti-war calls was seen by the Kremlin as support for a policy of war.

On the Invasion of Ukraine (2022–23)

On January 24, 2022, as the situation near the Ukrainian border worsened, Yavlinsky and the Yabloko Party warned that "war will have irreversible destructive consequences" for Russia, leading to "the collapse of the Russian state and national disaster." On January 27, Yavlinsky presented a plan to Russia's leaders to prevent military conflict. He offered Yabloko to act as a mediator in international talks between the Russian and Ukrainian Presidents, Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

On February 24, 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began, the Yabloko Party published a statement signed by Yavlinsky. It said: "Yabloko expresses its categorical protest against the military actions against Ukraine. This war is a war being waged by Russia against the objective march of history... The Yabloko Party believes the war with Ukraine to be the gravest crime."

Yavlinsky and Yabloko offered their help to create a special humanitarian corridor to exchange prisoners and the dead in Ukraine. They sent requests to Russian and international organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross.

In public speeches, Yavlinsky has called for an immediate ceasefire, the exchange of prisoners, and peaceful talks between Russia and Ukraine. He has offered to personally participate in negotiations for prisoner exchanges.

On February 4, 2023, Novaya Gazeta published an article by Yavlinsky called "Just Stop!" where he called for a ceasefire in the fighting. This article was later translated into English and published in the American magazine The Nation as "Stop the Killing." In the article, he explained that a ceasefire is not a peace treaty but a political demand to save lives. He said that as long as fighting continues, no talks or negotiations can be meaningful.

Yavlinsky believes that such a ceasefire agreement could only happen if it had the support of leaders from Russia, Ukraine, the US, the European Union, and NATO.

On July 1, 2023, Grigory Yavlinsky shared "seven key talking points on a cease fire in Ukraine." He explained each point and urged media and others to inform the public that a ceasefire is the only way to peace. He stated that the future of both Russia and Ukraine depends on a ceasefire happening as soon as possible, and that this is a fundamental security issue for all of Europe and possibly the world.

Some people thought Yavlinsky might run for president in 2024, seeing him as one of the few important politicians against the war who had not been killed or imprisoned. However, Yavlinsky decided not to participate in the election in late 2023.

Personal Life

Yavlinsky met his wife, Yelena, when they were students. They have two sons. Their son Mikhail was born in 1971 and works for the BBC Russian Service in London. Their other son, Aleksey, was born in 1981 and works as a computer programmer in Moscow.

An interview in 2011 mentioned that in 1994, political opponents kidnapped Yavlinsky's 23-year-old son, who played piano. His fingers were cut off and sent to Yavlinsky. Yavlinsky did not say who was behind the attack or what their demands were, but he said he "did everything to ensure the safety of his children."

Books

• Transition to a Market Economy (500 Days Program) (1991)
• Economics and Politics in Russia: Diagnosis (1992)
• Laissez-Faire versus Policy-Led Transformation (lesson of the Economic Reforms in Russia) (1994)
• The Inefficiency of Laissez-Faire in Russia: Hysteresis Effects and the Need for Policy-Led Transformation (1994)
• An Uncertain Prognosis (1997)
• Russia's Phony Capitalism (1998)
• Incentives and Institutions: The Transition to a Market Economy in Russia (2000)
• Ten years after the Soviet breakup – Going backwards (2001)
• Peripheral Capitalism (2003)
• Realeconomik. The Hidden Cause of the Great Recession (And How to Avert the Next One) (2011)
• Peripheral Authoritarianism What Russia Has Achieved and Why
• Notes on History and Politics: the People, the Country, and the Reforms

Images for kids

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  Yavlinsky in 2023

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  Signature of Grigory Yavlinsky

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  Yavlinsky meets people in 1997

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  Yavlinsky in 1999

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  President Putin with Yavlinsky in 2000

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  Grigory Yavlinsky at a rally in Bolotnaya Square, Moscow. 17 December 2011

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