Patronymic facts for kids

Kids Encyclopedia Facts

A patronymic is a part of a person's name that comes from their father's given name. Think of it as saying "son of" or "daughter of" someone. It's the boy version of a matronymic, which comes from the mother's name.

Many countries around the world use patronymics. Sometimes, they even turn into patronymic surnames, which are family names passed down through generations. For example, the English surname "Johnson" means "son of John."

What Does "Patronymic" Mean?
How Names Changed Over Time
Names Around the World
See also

What Does "Patronymic" Mean?

The word patronymic comes from Greek words. Patēr means 'father', and onoma means 'name'. So, a patronymic is basically a "father's name." It helps show who someone's father was.

How Names Changed Over Time

Long ago, in many parts of the world, people used patronyms instead of family names. Over time, many family names in places like Europe came from these patronyms. For example, "Wilson" means "son of William," and "Rodríguez" means "son of Rodrigo."

In Iceland, patronyms (and sometimes matronyms) are still the main way people get their last names. Family names are quite rare there.

Names Around the World

Patronymics are used in different ways across many cultures. Let's explore some examples!

African Naming Traditions

Many people in Africa, especially those who are Muslim, use naming patterns similar to Arabic ones. Often, the words "son of" or "daughter of" are simply understood.

Ethiopia and Eritrea: Names Without Family Names

In Ethiopia and Eritrea, people don't use family names. Instead, a person's full name usually has three parts: their own given name, followed by their father's given name, and then their grandfather's name. For example, if someone is named Lemlem Mengesha Abraha, Lemlem is her name, Mengesha is her father's name, and Abraha is her grandfather's name. Women keep their own names even after marriage. People are always called by their first name, like "Mrs. Lemlem."

Kenya: "Son of" and "Of"

Some communities in Kenya used patronyms. While less common now, you might still see them.

Kalenjin people used 'arap', meaning 'son of'.
Kikuyu people used 'wa', meaning 'of'. This could also show which wife a child was born to in families with many wives.
Maasai people use 'ole', meaning 'son of'.
Meru people used 'mto', often shortened to M', like M'Mkindia for "son of Mkindia."

Nigeria: Adding the Father's Name

In Nigeria, some people still use patronymics. They might use their father's given name as a middle name, or as part of a hyphenated last name. For example, Adamu Abdulkabiru Jibril could mean Adamu, whose father is Abdulkabiru, and Jibril is the family name.

Somalia: Tracing Your Family Tree

Somalians often use their paternal grandfather's given name as their official last name. They also use "ina" or "iña," meaning "son of" or "daughter of." So, "Ahmed Mohamed Ali Farah" means "Ahmed, son of Mohamed, son of Ali, son of Farah." Women keep their own patronymic names for life.

South Africa: "Ka" for Lineage

Among the Zulu in South Africa, the prefix "ka" was used to mean "son of." For example, Shaka kaSenzangakhona means "Shaka, son of Senzangakhona." This practice is now mostly for traditional ceremonies.

Asian Naming Traditions

Taiwanese Aborigines: Following the Parent's Name

Among Atayal people in Taiwan, children's names are followed by their father's name. For Amis people, sons use their father's name, but daughters use their mother's name. Seediqs can choose which parent's name to use.

Mongolia: Father's Name First

In Mongolia, a person's name is usually preceded by their father's name. Both sons and daughters use this system.

China: Connecting Generations

Many groups in Yunnan, China, like the Yi and Hani, use a special naming system. The last part of the father's name becomes the first part of the son's name. This helps connect generations through their names. For example, in old royal families, you might see names like Xinuluo, then Luosheng, then Shengluopi, showing the connection.

South Asian Naming Traditions

India: Initials and Changing Surnames

In parts of India, especially Tamil Nadu, patronymics are common. Instead of a fixed family name, people might use their father's given name as an initial or part of their name. For example, if Nikhilesh's father is Rajaraman, his name might be "R. Nikhilesh." This system helps reduce caste-based discrimination because the "surname" changes with each generation.

For instance, the former Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi used "M" for his father Muthuvel. His son, M. K. Stalin, uses both his father's and grandfather's names. This shows how flexible naming can be in Tamil Nadu.

In 2025, the Madras High Court supported removing community and caste names from government schools in Tamil Nadu. This shows the state's ongoing commitment to social equality, making sure that names and institutions don't promote old divisions.

In other parts of India, like Maharashtra and Gujarat, the father's given name is often used as a middle name. For example, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar's full name is Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar, where Ramesh is his father's name. Women often take their husband's given name as their middle name after marriage.

Indian Diaspora: "Son of" and "Daughter of"

Indians living in places like Singapore and Malaysia, especially those from Tamil backgrounds, often continue this tradition. They might use their given name followed by "son of" (s/o or a/l) or "daughter of" (d/o or a/p) and then their father's name.

Pashtuns: The "-zai" Suffix

Pashtuns use the suffix "-zai" or "-zay," which means "son of." This suffix is often part of their tribe names.

Southeast Asian Naming Traditions

In Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, many Malays use a system like the Arabic one: given name + bin/binti (meaning son/daughter of) + father's name. Other groups, like indigenous Sarawakians, use "anak" (child) instead.

West Asian Naming Traditions

Armenian: "-ian" and "-yan"

In Armenia, patronymics were introduced by the Russians. They are formed by adding "i" (meaning "of") to the father's name. For example, "Armeni" means "of Armen." Many Armenian surnames also end in "-ian" or "-yan," which originally meant "son of" an ancestor.

Azerbaijani: "-oğlu" and "-qızı"

In Azeri, patronymics use -oğlu for males and -qızı for females. So, Sərdar İlyas oğlu means "Sardar, son of Ilyas," and Mina Nebi qızı means "Mina, daughter of Nabi." These are still used, sometimes even replacing surnames in informal talks.

Semitic Cultures: Ancient Naming Patterns

Many ancient Semitic cultures, including Arabic, Aramaic, and Hebrew, used patronymic systems. This was a common way to name people for centuries.

Arabic: "Ibn" and "Bint"

In Arabic, ibn (or bin) means "son of," and bint means "daughter of." So, Ali ibn ʿAmr means "Ali, son of ʿAmr." You might also see Abu, meaning "father of." For example, Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus, son of Mary) is a famous example of a matronymic in the Qur'an. In places like Saudi Arabia and Iraq, patronymics are still very common.

Aramaic: "Bar-" for "Son"

In Aramaic, the prefix bar- means "son." For example, Peter is called Bar-Jonah in the Bible, meaning "son of Jonah."

Hebrew: "Ben-" and "Bat-"

In Hebrew, ben- means "son of," and bat- means "daughter of." These are used with the father's or mother's name.

Assyrian: "Bet" or "Bit"

The Assyrians use bet or bit, which means "house of" or "from the house of" the father's name.

Persian: "-pur" and "-dokht"

In Persian, patronymics use the suffix "-pur" for men and "-dokht" for women. For example, Shahpur means "son of king," and Sinapur means "son of Sina."

Kurdish: Three-Part Names

In Kurdish Language, people often use a three-part name: their own name, followed by their father's name, and then their paternal grandfather's name. This system is used in official documents in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region.

European Naming Traditions

In Europe, patronyms were once very common but are now mostly found in Scandinavia and some Eastern Slavic cultures.

English: "-son" and "Fitz"

In England, names ending with "-son" (like Johnson) or "-ing" were often patronymic. The old French prefix fitz also meant "son," as in FitzGerald.

Irish, Scottish, and Manx: "Mac" and "Nic"

In Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and Manx, "Mac" means "son." So, "Mac Coinnich" means "son of Coinneach." The female version is "Nic," meaning "daughter."

Welsh and Cornish: "Ap" and "Ferch"

Before 1536, Welsh people often used patronyms like ap or ab (meaning "son of"). For example, Rhodri ap Merfyn meant "Rhodri, son of Merfyn." Daughters used ferch or verch (meaning "daughter of"). Many Welsh surnames today, like "Powell" (from ap Hywel), came from these patronyms.

Dutch: "-zoon" and "-dochter"

In Dutch, patronymics used -zoon for sons and -dochter for daughters. So, Abel Janszoon Tasman means "Abel, son of Jan Tasman." These were often shortened to -sz. and -dr. Napoleon made people adopt fixed surnames in 1811.

French: Oral Traditions

In France, the terms patronyme and nom patronymique used to mean the family name inherited from the father. Some Acadians in Canada still use an oral tradition like Marc à Pierre à Gérard, meaning "Marc, son of Pierre, grandson of Gérard."

Italian: "Di" and "Fu"

In Italian, formal writing used to use di (of) for a living father and fu (late) for a deceased father. For example, Mario di Giovanni Rossi meant Mario Rossi, son of a living Giovanni. Many Italian surnames, like "Di Paolo," came from these patronymics.

Iberian Languages: "-ez" and "-es"

In Spanish and Portuguese, many surnames end in -ez or -es, which mean "son of." For example, López means "son of Lope," and Rodríguez means "son of Rodrigo." These endings are very common in surnames from the Iberian Peninsula.

Norse Languages: "-son" and "-dóttir"

In Norse languages, patronyms used "-son" for sons and "-dóttir" for daughters. In Iceland, this system is still required by law. So, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir means "Jóhanna, daughter of Sigurð[ur]." Other Nordic countries mostly switched to inherited family names, but some allow patronyms again. For example, since July 1, 2017, parents in Sweden can give their children patronyms or matronyms at birth.

Finnish: "-poika" and "-tytär"

In Finland, patronymics used the father's name plus poika for sons and tytär for daughters. For example, Tuomas Abrahaminpoika means "Tuomas, Abraham's son." Family names became required by law in Finland in 1920.

Bulgarian: "-ov" and "-ova"

In Bulgarian, patronymics use -ov or -ev for men and -ova or -eva for women. These are similar to family name endings. So, Ivan Marinov Yordanov means Ivan, son of Marin Yordanov.

Georgian: "Dze" and "Asuli"

In Georgian, patronymics add 's' to the father's name, followed by dze for a man and asuli for a woman. For example, Joseph Stalin's original name was Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili. Many Georgian family names also come from these "son of" or "child" elements.

Greek: Many Forms of "Son of"

Most Greek surnames are patronymics. They use different endings depending on the region, like -ópoulos, -ákos, or -ídēs, all meaning "son of" or "descendant of." For example, Papadópoulos means "son of a priest." In official documents, the father's name is often used as a middle name.

Hungarian: "-fi"

In Hungarian, patronyms traditionally used the ending -fi. You can still see this in some surnames like Pálfi (son of Paul).

Romanian: "-escu" and "-eanu"

In Romanian, the endings -escu and -eanu were used, as in Petrescu, meaning 'son of Petre (Peter)'. Many modern Romanian family names came from these patronymics.

Russian: "-ovich" and "-ovna"

In Russian, patronymics are an important part of a person's name. For men, they end in -ovich or -evich, and for women, -ovna or -yevna. So, Ivan Nikolayevich means "Ivan, son of Nikolay." This is used in all official documents and is a polite way to address someone, especially teachers or older people.

Serbian: "Of So and So"

In Serbian, patronymics are mostly used in legal documents. They often take the form of the father's name with an ending that means "of so and so." For example, Marija Dragoljuba Pavlović means Marija, daughter "of Dragoljub."

Turkish: "-oğlu" and "-zade"

In Turkish, the suffixes -oğlu and -zade mean "son of." Many Turkish surnames today came from these patronymics after a law in 1934 made family names official.

Ukrainian: "-ivna" and "-yovych"

In Ukrainian, female patronymics end with -ivna or -yivna, and male patronymics end with -ovych or -yovych. Like in Russian, they are part of the full name and are used in formal situations or as a sign of respect.