kids encyclopedia robot

List of lost settlements in Norfolk facts for kids

Kids Encyclopedia Facts

There are believed to be around 200 lost settlements in Norfolk, England. This includes places which have been abandoned as settlements due to a range of reasons and at different dates. Types of lost settlement include deserted medieval villages (DMVs), relocated or "shrunken" villages, those lost to coastal erosion and other settlements known to have been "lost" or significantly reduced in size over the centuries, including those evacuated during World War II due to the creation of the Stanford Training Area. There are estimated to be as many as 3,000 deserted medieval villages in England.

List of lost settlements

This list is of settlements which are known to have been lost and where the location can either be confirmed or is strongly suspected by the use of archaeological or documentary evidence. Settlements where there is less conclusive evidence as to their existence are recorded below this list. Grid references are given where known.

Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Alethorpe Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Abandoned in the 16th century, probably due to land being enclosed.
Algarsthorpe approx. Deserted medieval village. The parish was united with Great Melton in 1476.
Alvington Possible site for Alvington deserted medieval village in Cawston parish.
Anmer Site of medieval village on the grounds of Anmer Hall. The village appeared in the Domesday Book and a detailed description of it in around 1600 exists.
Appleton Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book in the modern parish of Flitcham with Appleton. The round tower of St Mary's church is still standing. See also Little Appleton.
Apton Site of village mentioned in the Domesday Book and the Nomina Villarum of 1316.
Arminghall Deserted medieval village in the parish of Bixley.
Ashby Village mentioned in Domesday and Nomina Villarum, with 91 tax payers recorded in 1381. Believed to have been abandoned in the 18th century.
Ashby, Snetterton Unknown Village mentioned in the Domesday Book but not recorded in the Nomina Villarum of 1316. The precise site is disputed.
Ashwicken Shrunken medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. The parish was united with Leziate by the mid-15th century.

B

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Babingley Deserted medieval village. Possibly the site at which St Felix of Burgundy landed in England in about 630.
Baconsthorpe, near Attleborough Unknown Deserted village mentioned in the Domesday Book and known to be north of Attleborough.
Barmer Deserted medieval village site identified from air photography in 1991.
Barningham Town Site of Roman settlement.
Barret Ringstead See Ringstead Parva
Barton Bendish Site of a deserted medieval village with substantial earthworks remaining.
Bawsey Settlement site dating from the Roman to medieval periods with evidence of Bronze Age and Iron Age occupation. The site featured in an episode of the television programme Time Team. A medieval village at Bawsey is believed to have been abandoned by 1517.
Bayfield Deserted medieval village site. The church is ruined and was disused from the 17th century.
Beachamwell Deserted medieval village of Wella.
Beeston St Andrew Possible site of deserted medieval village.
Beeston St Lawrence Possible site of deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. Possibly removed due to emparkment in the 1780s.
Belhawe Unknown Deserted settlement within the old parish of Arminghall. The church was dedicated to St Andrew and is now within Bixley parish.
Bickerston Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. There were 13 taxpayers in 1329 but just six by 1332. Probably finally abandoned in the 17th century.
Bixley Deserted medieval village with only the parish church, the only one in England dedicated to St Wandregesilius, remaining. Possible abandoned due to migration to the nearby city of Norwich.
Boyland Site of deserted medieval village and Boyland Hall.
Bowthorpe Deserted medieval village. The church was abandoned in the 16th century.
Brampton Site of a Roman town.
Brancaster The Romano-British vicus associated with the fort of Branodunum.
Braydeston or Breydeston Site of deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum, with ten households listed in 1428.
Brettenham Site of a Roman town.
Broomsthorpe Deserted medieval village identified through a series of earthworks. May be the same place as Sengham or possibly the location of Tattersett St Andrew. Close to the site of Coxford Priory.
Browston Approximate location of deserted medieval village On the site of Browston Hall.
Brumstead Possible site of deserted medieval settlement.
Buckenham Tofts Also known as Buckingham Parva. Mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. All traces of the medieval settlement were destroyed by the 19th century. The modern village and hall were evacuated by the remaining 73 residents in 1942 and became part of the Stanford Training Area. The area is still controlled for military training by the British Army.
Burgh Castle Site of the Roman vicus associated with the fort of Gariannonum. Was in Suffolk until boundary changes in 1974. The site may have later been the location of the Saxon monastery of Cnobheresburg, founded in around 630 by Saint Fursey.
Burgh next Aylsham Earthworks showing the prior extent of the shrunken village of Burgh next Aylsham.
Burgh Parva Deserted medieval village.
Bylaugh Possible site of deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. The village was shrunken significantly by the 15th century and was probably abandoned soon afterwards.

C

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Caistor St Edmund The site of the major regional Roman town of Venta Icenorum, the capital of the Iceni tribe.
Caldecote Deserted medieval village abandoned by the late 16th century. Mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Calvelly Unknown Deserted village known to have existed within Garvestone parish.
Cantley, Ketteringham Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Parish united with Hethersett in 1397. Also recorded as Cantelose.
Carleton Forehoe The remains of the shrunken medieval village of Carleton Forehoe.
Choseley Deserted medieval village with earthworks remaining.
Clare North of Cromer. Lost to coastal erosion and flooding in the 15th century.
Clare, Crostwick Unknown Village mentioned in the Domesday Book and which may have been located in the modern parish of Crostwick.
Cley St Peter Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. The parish church burnt down in the 16th century and was never rebuilt.
Clipstone Unknown Mentioned in the Domesday Book and as Clifton in 1316. By 1334 the village had become part of Kettlestone. The site of the medieval village is unknown.
Colveston Deserted medieval village. Depopulated by the early 18th century
Cotes Deserted medieval village referred to in 14th century documents and which survived into the 17th century. Petygards formed part of the larger village of Cotes.
Cranwich Deserted medieval village
Custhorpe approx. Possible site of village mentioned in the Domesday Book. The village is known to be located within West Acre parish but the location is approximate.

D

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Denton Deserted medieval settlement.
Didlington Village mentioned in the Domesday Book which declined in the 17th century as the Lord of the Manor bought up the majority of the arable land.
Dunham Site of deserted medieval village.
Dunton Deserted medieval village site close to Dunton church.

E

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Earlham Mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum and depopulated in 1657 to make way for the development of Earlham Hall.
Eaton, Sedgeford Probable site of deserted medieval village.
Eccles Coastal flooding and erosion destroyed most of the village by around 1570, with only 14 houses remaining after a major flood event in January 1604 during which around 66 properties were lost. The church tower survived until 1895 when it was lost to the sea. The site is on the foreshore, with remains occasionally visible after storms or significant erosion events.
Egmere Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book at which point it was a relatively large settlement. By 1428 it had fewer than 10 inhabitants and was joined with Quarles. It seems to have been abandoned by the mid-16th century. The church tower of St Edmund's Church still stands.
Erwellestun Unknown Deserted medieval village probably located in the north of the parish of Kirby Cane near Hales Hall.

F

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Felbrigg Village moved from the grounds of Felbrigg Hall
Foston or Fodderston Deserted medieval village which had 15 taxpayers in 1329 and had been reduced to three cottages by 1805. The church was demolished in the 16th century.
Foulness North of Mundesley Lost to coastal erosion in the 15th century.
Frenze Deserted village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. St Andrew's Church is one of the few remaining buildings.

G

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Gasthorpe Village mentioned in the Domesday Book and abandoned in the 17th century
Gatton Mentioned in documents from the 13th to 16th century. Not in Domesday Book. Roman and late Saxon archaeological finds have been found.
Gayton Site of medieval manor and village.
Glorestorp Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. In the 14th century the village is recorded as having a manor house and two watermills.
Godwick Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. The site is well preserved as it has never been deep ploughed. Abandoned in the 16th century, possibly due to very heavy clay soils hindering agricultural development.
Golosa See Ingloss
Great Barwick Probable site of deserted medieval village mentioned in Domesday and Nomina Villarum.
Great Palgrave Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Survived until the 15th century.
Great Snarehill Deserted medieval village dating from the late Saxon period. See also Little Snarehill.
Grenesvil Possible site of hamlet mentioned in the Domesday Book. Within the modern parish of Shotesham.
Grenstein Also known as Gramston or Greynston. Deserted medieval village abandoned in the 16th century.
Grimston Site of deserted medieval village.
Gunton, Hanworth Deserted medieval village replaced by Gunton Hall.
Guton Unknown Deserted medieval village which was a relatively large settlement at the Domesday Book. Granted a Market by the Crown in 1287. Site marked by Guton Hall in the modern parish of Brandiston.

H

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Hales A variety of medieval settlement sites exist within Hales, including at Hales Green. Iron Age and Roman settlement sites have also been located.
Harling Thorpe Deserted medieval village.
Hargham Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Heckingham A variety of settlement sites, including from the Roman and medieval periods.
Herringby Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. Parish was united with Stokesby in around 1580 and the church demolished in 1610.
Hethel Possible site of the village of Hethel, the church of which was mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Hockwold Area of abandoned medieval settlement on the edge of the shrunken village of Hockwold.
Holkham Removed in the 18th century as part of the development of Holkham Hall.
Holme Site of deserted medieval village.
Holt, near Leziate Land enclosed by landlord Thomas Thursby for use as sheep pasture. Totally depopulated by 1517 - the only Norfolk village to be found to have been depopulated by enclosure at the time of Wolsey's Commission of Inquiry of that year.
Holverston The parish is recorded in the Domesday Book. The church was demolished in the medieval period.
Houghton Recorded in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. Village was removed to make way for the building of Houghton Hall in the 1730s, although it may have already been partly abandoned.
Houghton-on-the-Hill Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. In the 18th century it contained more than 32 houses but had been reduced to a handful of buildings by 1805. The church was last used in 1944 before being rediscovered in the 1990s and restored. It contains a series of late Saxon wall paintings.

I

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Illington A shrunken village mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Ingloss Site of deserted medieval village named as Golosa in the Domesday Book.
Irmingland, Oulton Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. The village had a population of 21 in 1352 and had 10 householders by 1428. The church was ruined in 1602, having been in use in 1557, and by 1805 only two or three houses remained in the settlement.

J

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Jerpestun Unknown Village mentioned in the Domesday Book and other medieval documents. Located close to Loddon and Hales.

K

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Kempstone Deserted medieval settlement site mentioned in Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. A small Roman town or village is believed to have existed at
Kenningham Deserted medieval village. The parish was united with Mulbarton in 1452 by which time there were only a handful of residents remaining.
Kettleton Unknown Village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Is thought to have been located in the parish of Forncett.
Keswick Near Bacton Lost to coastal erosion.
Kilverstone Village mentioned in the Domesday Book which was largely abandoned by the 18th century at which point the remains were emparked as part of the development of Kilverstone Hall
Kilverstone Heath A temporary settlement for railway workers was created on the site in the 1840s.
Kimberley Extensive area medieval earthworks showing the former size of the village of Kimberley.
Kipton Unknown Mentioned in the Domesday Book. Known to be within the parish of Weasenham St Peter.

L

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Langford Deserted medieval village site abandoned by the mid 18th century. The modern village was abandoned by the remaining 37 residents in 1942 when the Stanford Training Area was established.
Langhale Village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Probably a dispersed settlement with the parish church in ruins by the early 16th century.
Letha Unknown Village site mentioned in Domesday. Somewhere in the Hundred of Blofield.
Letton Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Abandoned by the 16th century.
Leziate Shrunken medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and which was joined with the parish of Ashwicken in the late 15th century.
Little Appleton Deserted medieval village abandoned before the 17th century when a farmstead is recorded.
Little Barwick See Middleton
Little Bittering Deserted medieval village recorded in the Domesday Book and visible as earthworks. St Peter and St Paul's Church dates from the 12th century. The parish was united with Beeston in the 20th century.
Little Breckles, Shropham Site of a deserted medieval settlement, probably abandoned by the early 14th century.
Little Breckles, Stow Bedon Mentioned as a separate town in Domesday. The church was demolished in the 14th century and the settlement abandoned by 1547. The site may be that of Great Breckles.
Little Hockham Village mentioned in the Domesday Book which declined in the 16th century.
Little Palgrave Site of deserted medieval village at Palgrave Hall.
Little Snarehill Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. See also Great Snarehill.
Little Wacton Possible site of deserted medieval village
Little Waxham See Waxham Parva
Little Witchingham Parish mentioned in the Domesday Book. The church became redundant by the 1930s but has now been restored.
Little Wreningham Thought to be the site of a deserted medieval village.
Little Wrethham Unknown Village was mentioned in the Domesday Book. The exact site is unknown. Probably abandoned by the late 14th century.
Lynford Recorded as having between nine and 16 taxpayers between 1316 and 1428, was uninhabited by 1467. Now the site of Lynford Hall.

M

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Maidenhouse Deserted medieval village and port on the outskirts of the modern village of Clenchwarton
Maideston Possible site of deserted medieval village.
Mannington Deserted medieval village in decline by the time Mannington Hall was built on the site in 1460. Village had disappeared by 1565
Markshall Deserted medieval village. The church was mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Matlask Shrunken village.
Middle Harling Site occupied from the late Saxon to medieval period with documentary evidence of occupation until the 17th century.
Middleton Probable site of deserted medieval village abandoned by the early 15th century. Also known as Little Barwick.
Mintlyn Mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum and deserted in the post-medieval period
Mora Unknown Deserted village site mentioned in the Domesday Book in the parish of Freethorpe.
Morley St Peter Probable site of deserted settlement near St Peter's Church, Morley.

N

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Narford Possible site of a deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. On the site of a Roman settlement with significant number of Roman archaeological finds. Over 100 houses were present in the mid 15th century but only two remained by 1802. The precise location is undisclosed.
Narvestuna Unknown Village mentioned in Domesday in Clavering hundred.
Nelonde Unknown Deserted medieval settlement thought to be located in the parish of Wreningham. The church was dedicated to St Peter and the parish was united with Great Wreningham by 1414.
Ness East of Winterton-on-Sea or in Mautby parish Village mentioned in the Domesday Book. It was either lost to coastal erosion, possibly in the 17th or 18th century, or occupied a site in the parish of Mautby.
Newton East of Gorleston Village lost to coastal erosion some time after 1567. The site would have been part of Suffolk until the county boundary was changed in 1974.
North Barsham Probably site of deserted medieval village.
North Lynn Deserted settlement to the north of Kings Lynn originally on the edge of The Wash. The church was washed away in 1271. Land reclamation means that the site is now on the banks of the River Great Ouse and is now a chemical works.
Norton See Stoke-cum-Norton

O

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Oby Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum.
Old Fulmodeston Site of medieval village to the south of present settlement. Located by pottery scatters from 11th to 13th century.
Otterynghythe Possible site of a deserted medieval village.

P

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Panworth Mentioned in the Domesday Book but did not appear on a map of 1581.
Pattesley Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. The church was in ruins and abandoned by 1602.
Pensthorpe, Kettlestone Site of deserted medieval village. Largely destroyed by gravel extraction.
Petygards See Cotes
Pockthorpe Deserted medieval settlement site.
Pudding Norton Deserted medieval village cleared to make way for grazing in the late 16th or early 17th century. The ruins of St Margaret's Church remain south of the mid-17th century Pudding Norton Hall.

Q

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Quarles Village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Was joined with Egmere for taxation purposes by the 15th century. The church was ruined by 1571 and the village abandoned by 1713.

R

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Rackheath Site of deserted settlement which later moved further south to site of the current village.
Rainthorpe Possible site of village recorded in the Domesday Book.
Reston Unknown Lost settlement somewhere in the Gorleston area. Would have been part of Suffolk prior to boundary changes in 1835.
Ringstead Parva Also referred to as Barrett Ringstead. Deserted medieval village.
Ristuna Deserted medieval village abandoned by the 18th century. Mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum.
Roudham Described as the "best and most extensive example" of a deserted medieval village in Norfolk. A scheduled ancient monument.
Rougham Deserted village occupied between the 11th and 15th centuries.
Roxham Village deserted by the 16th century.
Ryston See Ristuna

S

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Santon Deserted medieval village site.
Saxlingham Thorpe The parish church was ruined by 1687 as villagers moved to more effective agricultural sites.
Semer Unknown Village mentioned in the Domesday Book and in land grants dating form the 14th century. The site is unknown but is likely to be in either the parish of Dickleburgh and Rushall or Pulham St Mary.
Shipden North-east of Cromer Village mentioned in the Domesday Book (Cromer was not) with a population of over 100. Lost to coastal erosion by about 1400, with the first losses to the churchyard recorded in 1336. The site of the church tower was the probable cause of the sinking of the steam tug Victoria in 1888.
Shotford Site of small medieval settlement.
Shotesham St Mary Deserted medieval village. Shotesham was detailed as four parishes in the Domesday Book.
Shouldham Site of deserted medieval village on the eastern edge of the modern village.
Snore Possible site of village of Snore, mentioned in the Domesday Book
Southgate or Sythgate Possible site of deserted medieval village
Southmere or Summerfield Deserted medieval village.
Southwood Possible site of deserted medieval village
Sparham Earthworks identified as a deserted medieval village. Also known as Pinkneys.
Stanford Village mentioned in the Domesday Book with earthworks remaining. The modern settlement was abandoned in 1942 when the Stanford Training Area was established with the removal of the remaining 110 inhabitants. The area remains a British Army training area with no permanent population.
Stanninghall Deserted medieval village, the only remains of which are the ruined church tower.
Stinton Deserted settlement mentioned in the Domesday Book in the parish of Salle.
Stoke-cum-Norton Unknown Settlement is referred to in documents but the location is unknown.
Sturston Medieval village listed in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. Lost to enclosure of common land in 1597. Now part of the Stanford Military Training Area established in 1942 when 27 people were evacuated.
Sutton Mentioned in the Domesday Book and deserted by the post medieval period
Swathing Deserted medieval settlement mentioned in the Domesday Book.

T

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Tattersett St Andrew See Broomsthorpe
Testerton Deserted village which declined from the 17th century. Parish was abolished in 1935 and combined with Pudding Norton.
Thorpe Parva Mentioned in the Domesday Book, the parish was united with Scole in 1482 and the church demolished in around 1540, with the tower remaining as a dovecote. One family lived in the village by 1739.
Thorpland, Runcton Holme Deserted medieval village. Archaeological remains discovered during gravel extraction in 1964.
Thorpland, Fakenham Site of a deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Threxton Mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum, with 28 taxpayers in 1329 and 23 in 1377. Depopulated by 1635.
Thurton Possible site of village mentioned in the Domesday Book and which was later known as Middleton-in-Witchingham.
Thuxton Deserted village probably occupied between the 13th and 15th centuries. Heavy clay soils may have led to abandonment. Possibly also known as Thurmanston.
Tofts Unknown Deserted medieval settlement mentioned in the Domesday Book. Combined with Great Ellingham for taxation purposes in the late 14th century.
Toimere Deserted settlement mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Tottington Site of a deserted medieval village. The modern village, which had 200 residents, was abandoned in 1942 when the Stanford Training Area was established.
Twanton Possible site of deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Also known as Tharanton.

V

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Venta Icenorum See Caistor St Edmund

W

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
Wallington Medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. Possibly removed to construct Wallington Hall in the 16th century.
Walsingham, East Carleton Unknown Settlement mentioned in the Domesday Book and other documents as early as 1046.
Washingford Site of deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Waterden Deserted medieval village. Mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. Land lost to agricultural enclosure from the 17th century was a reason for abandonment.
Waxham Parva Near Waxham Lost to coastal erosion. Church records end suddenly in 1383 so the loss of the village can probably be dated to around this time.
Wendling Site of deserted medieval village.
West Harling Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday book. Occupied until the 17th century.
West Lexham Marked on a map of 1575 but mostly abandoned by 1771.
West Tofts Deserted medieval village cleared to make way for the development of Lynford Hall park in the 17th century. The modern village and hall were evacuated in 1942 and became part of the Stanford Training Area. The population of 135 was rehoused. The hall was demolished after 1945 and the area is still controlled for military training by the British Army, although the parish church still stands and is used at Christmas for a carol service.
Wighton A range of Iron Age and Roman settlement sites, including a substantial Roman town and two Iron Age hill forts are present in Wighton.
Wilby A number of earthworks have been identified as former areas of habitation of the now shrunken village of Wilby.
West Wretham Deserted medieval village mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. Abandoned by 1793.
Wimpwell or Whimpwell North-east of Happisburgh Village mentioned in the Domesday Book. Possibly lost to coastal erosion in the 15th century.
Windall or Windle Approximate site of deserted medieval village. Also known as Wyndale.
Winston The parish was joined with Gillingham in 1440 with the parish church having fallen into disuse by the 14th century.
Wolterton Deserted village on the site of Wolterton Hall. Mentioned in the Domesday Book and the Nomina Villarum, it had 37 tax payers in 1377.
Wyndale See Windall
Wyveling Deserted medieval settlement with Saxon and medieval pottery finds. Manor noted with Bawsey in the Nomina Villarum.

List of possible lost settlements

In addition to confirmed or strongly suspected sites of lost villages, there are other locations which are believed to be the site of lost settlements. These are generally deserted medieval villages where there is some archaeological or other evidence to suggest that settlements existed but where identification is uncertain.

Settlement name Grid reference Notes References
East Walton Possible site of a deserted medieval settlement.
Flockthorpe Possible site of deserted medieval settlement.
Gnattington Marked on a map of 1631 as Gnattington Green and possibly the site of a deserted medieval village.
Hackford Possible site of Hackford deserted medieval village. Hackford remained a separate parish until 1935. The site of the village is unclear. All Saints church was lost to fire in 1543 and little remains.
Helmingham or Morton A possible site for Helmingham deserted medieval village, mentioned in the Domesday Book and Nomina Villarum. It is also suggested that Helmingham is elsewhere in the parish of Morton on the Hill and this site is possibly the village of Morton.
Salle Earthworks in Salle Park which are indicative of a possible medieval village site.
Whitwell Possible approximate site for a deserted medieval village.
Wicken Possible site of deserted medieval village.
kids search engine
List of lost settlements in Norfolk Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.