Optical toys facts for kids
Optical toys are awesome gadgets that combine entertainment with the science of light and vision. Many of these were also called "philosophical toys" when they were first created in the 1800s.
People have likely played with light and shadows since ancient times. In the 1500s, fun optical experiments, like camera obscura shows, were part of special collections called "cabinets of curiosities" at royal courts. By the 1600s, optical tools like the microscope and telescope were used for entertainment in wealthy homes.
Other bigger devices, such as peep boxes, were often shown by traveling performers at fairs.
Toys like the phenakistiscope, zoetrope, praxinoscope, and flip book are often seen as early steps toward cinema. However, today, experts also appreciate these toys for their own unique qualities. They help us understand media history better. The hands-on feel of optical toys, which let you play with moving images, is still very appealing, especially as digital images become less tangible.
Many "philosophical toys" started as scientific experiments. They then became fun ways to show new ideas in optics, physics, and mechanics. Eventually, some of them turned into toys for kids!
Cool Optical Toys Through History
Here's a list of some fascinating optical toys and inventions:
date | name | inventor(s) | type/function | note |
---|---|---|---|---|
n/a | Camera obscura | n/a | projection | A natural way to project images, used with a lens since the 1550s. Portable boxes appeared in the early 1600s. |
730 BCE (circa) | Lens | n/a | magnifying glass?, burning glass? | The oldest known lens, the Nimrud lens, might have been for decoration. |
0 (circa) | Prism | n/a | splitting light | Seneca noticed that a prism could make rainbow colors. |
150 (circa) | Newton disc / color-top | Ptolemy | mixing colors with light | First described by Ptolemy, but later wrongly linked to Isaac Newton. |
1437? | Peep box / raree show | Leon Battista Alberti? | Very popular from the 1600s to the 1800s. | |
1485 (circa)? | Perspective anamorphosis | Leonardo da Vinci? | distorted image | |
1500s | Tabula scalata | n/a | Copies exist from the late 1500s and were mentioned in old books. | |
1600s | Mirror anamorphosis | n/a | distorted image | Came to Europe around 1620, possibly from China. |
1608 | Telescope | Hans Lippershey? Zacharias Janssen? Jacob Metius? | ||
1620s? | Compound microscope | Cornelis Drebbel? | ||
1620s? | Pleasurable spectacles (faceted lenses) | Described in a 1623 book called Récréations Mathématiques. | ||
>1630s | Mirrored room | multiplying images | A room with 200 mirrors in an Armenian palace was described in 1647. | |
1638 | Perspective glass | Jean François Niceron? | hidden image | A viewing tube with a special lens that combines parts of a picture. |
1650s | Perspective box | A box with a lens and painted scenes that create a false sense of depth. | ||
1659 | Magic lantern | Christiaan Huygens | projection | |
1730? | Zograscope perspective views | n/a | 3D effect | Known in France as "optique" since 1730, and in England as "zograscope" since 1745. |
1736 | Solar microscope | Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit | projection | |
1770s? | Chinese fireworks or Feux pyriques | n/a | animated light effects | |
1817 | Kaleidoscope | David Brewster | ||
1822 | Polyorama Panoptique | Pierre Seguin? | ||
1825 | Thaumatrope | William Henry Fitton? | Introduced by John Ayrton Paris. | |
1827 | Kaleidophone | Charles Wheatstone | ||
1829 | Anorthoscope | Joseph Plateau | distorted image | Sold for a short time starting in 1836. |
1833-01 | Phénakisticope | Joseph Plateau, Simon Stampfer | animation | |
1833 | Stereoscope | Sir Charles Wheatstone | 3D effect | Wheatstone developed a mirror version around 1832. A prismatic version was popularized by David Brewster in 1849. |
1852 | Anaglyph 3D | Wilhelm Rollmann | 3D effect | |
1858-04 | Kaleidoscopic colour-top | John Gorham | ||
1860 | Alethoscope | Carlo Ponti | 3D effect | Later improved into the Megalethoscope. |
1864 | Spectropia | J. H. Brown | afterimage | |
1866-12 | Zoetrope | William Ensign Lincoln | animation | Similar devices existed earlier, but this one had changeable strips. |
1868 (circa) | The Optic Wonder or Creator of Form | John Gorham | 3D effect | A small metal or crystal shape spins fast to look like a solid 3D object. |
1868 | Flip book | John Barnes Linnett | animation | |
1877 | Praxinoscope | Charles-Émile Reynaud | animation | |
1894 | Mutoscope | William Kennedy Dickson, Herman Casler | moving pictures | |
1896 | Kinora | Auguste and Louis Lumière | moving pictures | |
1906 | Scanimation | Alexander S. Spiegel | animation | First called magical moving pictures, then scanimation since 2006. |
1921 | Ombro-Cinéma | Saussine | animation | |
1939 | View-Master | William Gruber | 3D effect | |
1952 | Lenticular pictures | Victor Anderson | animation | First invented in 1898 as autostereogram, now popular for changing or moving pictures. |
1980 | Mandelbrot set visualizations | Benoit Mandelbrot | ||
1991 | Magic Eye | Tom Baccei, Cheri Smith | 3D / hidden image | Christopher Tyler made a black and white version in 1979. |