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Optical toys facts for kids

Kids Encyclopedia Facts

Optical toys are awesome gadgets that combine entertainment with the science of light and vision. Many of these were also called "philosophical toys" when they were first created in the 1800s.

People have likely played with light and shadows since ancient times. In the 1500s, fun optical experiments, like camera obscura shows, were part of special collections called "cabinets of curiosities" at royal courts. By the 1600s, optical tools like the microscope and telescope were used for entertainment in wealthy homes.

Other bigger devices, such as peep boxes, were often shown by traveling performers at fairs.

Toys like the phenakistiscope, zoetrope, praxinoscope, and flip book are often seen as early steps toward cinema. However, today, experts also appreciate these toys for their own unique qualities. They help us understand media history better. The hands-on feel of optical toys, which let you play with moving images, is still very appealing, especially as digital images become less tangible.

Many "philosophical toys" started as scientific experiments. They then became fun ways to show new ideas in optics, physics, and mechanics. Eventually, some of them turned into toys for kids!

Cool Optical Toys Through History

Here's a list of some fascinating optical toys and inventions:

date name inventor(s) type/function note
n/a Camera obscura n/a projection A natural way to project images, used with a lens since the 1550s. Portable boxes appeared in the early 1600s.
730 BCE (circa) Lens n/a magnifying glass?, burning glass? The oldest known lens, the Nimrud lens, might have been for decoration.
0 (circa) Prism n/a splitting light Seneca noticed that a prism could make rainbow colors.
150 (circa) Newton disc / color-top Ptolemy mixing colors with light First described by Ptolemy, but later wrongly linked to Isaac Newton.
1437? Peep box / raree show Leon Battista Alberti? Very popular from the 1600s to the 1800s.
1485 (circa)? Perspective anamorphosis Leonardo da Vinci? distorted image
1500s Tabula scalata n/a Copies exist from the late 1500s and were mentioned in old books.
1600s Mirror anamorphosis n/a distorted image Came to Europe around 1620, possibly from China.
1608 Telescope Hans Lippershey? Zacharias Janssen? Jacob Metius?
1620s? Compound microscope Cornelis Drebbel?
1620s? Pleasurable spectacles (faceted lenses) Described in a 1623 book called Récréations Mathématiques.
>1630s Mirrored room multiplying images A room with 200 mirrors in an Armenian palace was described in 1647.
1638 Perspective glass Jean François Niceron? hidden image A viewing tube with a special lens that combines parts of a picture.
1650s Perspective box A box with a lens and painted scenes that create a false sense of depth.
1659 Magic lantern Christiaan Huygens projection
1730? Zograscope perspective views n/a 3D effect Known in France as "optique" since 1730, and in England as "zograscope" since 1745.
1736 Solar microscope Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit projection
1770s? Chinese fireworks or Feux pyriques n/a animated light effects
1817 Kaleidoscope David Brewster
1822 Polyorama Panoptique Pierre Seguin?
1825 Thaumatrope William Henry Fitton? Introduced by John Ayrton Paris.
1827 Kaleidophone Charles Wheatstone
1829 Anorthoscope Joseph Plateau distorted image Sold for a short time starting in 1836.
1833-01 Phénakisticope Joseph Plateau, Simon Stampfer animation
1833 Stereoscope Sir Charles Wheatstone 3D effect Wheatstone developed a mirror version around 1832. A prismatic version was popularized by David Brewster in 1849.
1852 Anaglyph 3D Wilhelm Rollmann 3D effect
1858-04 Kaleidoscopic colour-top John Gorham
1860 Alethoscope Carlo Ponti 3D effect Later improved into the Megalethoscope.
1864 Spectropia J. H. Brown afterimage
1866-12 Zoetrope William Ensign Lincoln animation Similar devices existed earlier, but this one had changeable strips.
1868 (circa) The Optic Wonder or Creator of Form John Gorham 3D effect A small metal or crystal shape spins fast to look like a solid 3D object.
1868 Flip book John Barnes Linnett animation
1877 Praxinoscope Charles-Émile Reynaud animation
1894 Mutoscope William Kennedy Dickson, Herman Casler moving pictures
1896 Kinora Auguste and Louis Lumière moving pictures
1906 Scanimation Alexander S. Spiegel animation First called magical moving pictures, then scanimation since 2006.
1921 Ombro-Cinéma Saussine animation
1939 View-Master William Gruber 3D effect
1952 Lenticular pictures Victor Anderson animation First invented in 1898 as autostereogram, now popular for changing or moving pictures.
1980 Mandelbrot set visualizations Benoit Mandelbrot
1991 Magic Eye Tom Baccei, Cheri Smith 3D / hidden image Christopher Tyler made a black and white version in 1979.
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