Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
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| 1189 BC–1077 BC | |||||||||
Portrait of Ramesses IX from his tomb KV6.
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| Capital | Pi-Ramesses | ||||||||
| Common languages | Egyptian language | ||||||||
| Religion | Ancient Egyptian Religion | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||
| Historical era | New Kingdom of Egypt | ||||||||
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• Established
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1189 BC | ||||||||
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• Disestablished
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1077 BC | ||||||||
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The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt (also called Dynasty XX or 20th Dynasty) was the third and final dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom. It lasted from 1189 BC to 1077 BC. This period, along with the 19th Dynasty, is known as the Ramesside period.
This dynasty is often seen as the start of Ancient Egypt's decline. This happened during a time when the world was moving from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. During the Twentieth Dynasty, Egypt faced a big challenge: invasions by groups called the Sea Peoples. Egypt successfully defended itself, but these wars caused a lot of damage.
Contents
- Egypt's History During the 20th Dynasty
- Facing the Sea Peoples
- Why the Dynasty Declined
- The Rise of Priestly Power
- Setnakhte's Rule
- Ramesses III's Achievements
- Ramesses IV's Building Projects
- Ramesses V's Short Reign
- Ramesses VI and Tutankhamun's Tomb
- Ramesses VII's Only Monument
- Ramesses VIII's Brief Rule
- Ramesses IX and Tomb Robberies
- Ramesses X's Undocumented Reign
- Ramesses XI, The Last Pharaoh
- Challenges Leading to Decline
- The Sea Peoples and Egypt
- Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty
- Timeline of the 20th Dynasty
- Royal Family Tree
Egypt's History During the 20th Dynasty
After the last pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, Queen Twosret, died, Egypt went through a difficult time. There was a civil war, which means people within Egypt fought each other. We don't know exactly why this war started because many old records are lost.
The civil war ended when Setnakhte became pharaoh. He started the 20th Dynasty of Egypt.
Facing the Sea Peoples
From the time of Setnakhte and his son Ramesses III, Egypt faced a big crisis. This was caused by the invading Sea Peoples. These invasions were part of many problems happening across different civilizations in the Mediterranean region. Together, these events are often called the Late Bronze Age collapse.
The Sea Peoples caused a lot of trouble for the people of Egypt. Ancient writings describe the chaos:
"All at once the lands were removed and scattered in the fray. No land could resist their arms, from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya on – being cut off at one time. A camp was set up in Amurru. They desolated its people and its land was like that which had never existed. They were coming forward toward Egypt, while the flame was prepared for them."
Egypt was not the only place affected by the Sea People invasions. The powerful empire of the Hittites, who were rivals of Egypt for a long time, completely fell apart. They never recovered.
Egypt successfully pushed back the Sea Peoples. This happened in the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta during the 8th year of Ramesses III's rule. Egypt avoided the ruin that other Bronze Age civilizations faced. During the Twentieth Dynasty, many temples were built to show Egypt's power. However, these temples also showed that priests were gaining more power than the pharaohs.
Why the Dynasty Declined
The Twentieth Dynasty slowly lost its power for several reasons. There were big changes in the climate, which could have led to less food. Also, there was fighting within the royal family. The priests and important noble families also gained more and more power.
After Ramesses XI, the last pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty, died, Egypt entered a period of confusion. This ended when Smendes, an important Egyptian noble, became the first pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty.
The Rise of Priestly Power
A common theme during this dynasty was that the pharaohs lost some of their power. The High Priests of Amun gained more influence. A pharaoh from an earlier dynasty, Horemheb (18th Dynasty), had brought back the traditional Ancient Egyptian religion and the powerful priests of Amun. This happened after they had been ignored by Akhenaten.
With the High Priests now seen as the main link between the gods and the people, the pharaoh's position was not as strong as it used to be.
Setnakhte's Rule
Setnakhte brought stability back to Egypt. He might have even stopped an attempted invasion by the Sea Peoples. He ruled for about 3 to 4 years. His son, Ramesses III, then took over as pharaoh.
Ramesses III's Achievements
Ramesses III is a very famous pharaoh of this dynasty. In his 5th year, he defeated an invasion by Libyan groups. These groups had tried to invade before during the reign of another pharaoh, Merneptah.
Ramesses III is most known for his great victory against the Sea Peoples. These groups included the Denyen, Tjekker, Peleset, Shardana, and Weshesh. He defeated them in the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta in his 8th year. Ancient writings say that Ramesses settled some of the defeated Sea Peoples in "strongholds," probably in Canaan.
In his 11th year, Ramesses defeated another group of Libyan invaders. Between his 12th and 29th years, he worked to reorganize and fund the many different cults of the Ancient Egyptian religion. He also restored temples.
In the 29th year of Ramesses' rule, the first recorded labor strike in human history happened. This was because food for the royal tomb builders and artists in the village of Set Maat (now Deir el-Medina) ran out.
Ramesses III's reign is also known for a plot in the palace. Queen Tiye, one of his wives, was involved in a plan to harm the king. Her goal was to put her son Pentawer on the throne. The plot did not fully succeed in changing who would rule next. The king died from the attack. However, his rightful son, Ramesses IV, became pharaoh. Ramesses IV then arrested and punished about 30 people involved in the plot.
Ramesses IV's Building Projects
When Ramesses IV became pharaoh, he started a huge building program. It was as big as the projects of Ramesses the Great. He doubled the number of workers at Set Maat to 120 men. He also sent many groups to get stone from the quarries of Wadi Hammamat and turquoise from the mines in the Sinai. One of the largest groups had over 8,000 men, including 2,000 soldiers.
Ramesses IV also had problems providing food for his workers, just like his father. The High Priest of Amun, Ramessesnakht, started to go with state officials when they paid the workers. This suggests that the Temple of Amun, not just the Egyptian government, was becoming responsible for paying wages.
Ramesses IV also created the Papyrus Harris I. This is the longest known papyrus from Ancient Egypt. It is 41 meters long and has 1,500 lines of text. It celebrates his father's achievements.
Ramesses V's Short Reign
Ramesses V ruled for only about 4 years. He died from smallpox in 1143 BC. An ancient document says that during his rule, workers at Set Maat had to stop working on Ramesses' tomb (KV9) because they were "in fear of the enemy." This shows that Egypt was becoming less stable. It also suggests that the country was struggling to defend itself from what were likely Libyan raiding groups.
Another document, the Wilbour Papyrus, is thought to be from Ramesses V's time. It shows that by then, most of the land in Egypt was controlled by the Temple of Amun. The Temple also had complete control over Egypt's money.
Ramesses VI and Tutankhamun's Tomb
Ramesses VI is most famous for his own tomb. When it was built, it accidentally buried the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun underneath it. This kept Tutankhamun's tomb safe from robbers until it was found by Howard Carter in 1922.
Ramesses VII's Only Monument
Ramesses VII's only known monument is his tomb, KV1.
Ramesses VIII's Brief Rule
We know very little about Ramesses VIII's rule. It lasted for only one year. He is mentioned in a few places, including Medinet Habu. The only monument from his time is a small tomb. This tomb was later used for Mentuherkhepeshef, who was the son of Ramesses IX, not Ramesses VIII himself.
Ramesses IX and Tomb Robberies
During the 16th and 17th years of Ramesses IX's rule, famous trials about tomb robberies took place. An ancient document, the Abbott Papyrus, tells us about these trials. A special group of officials carefully checked ten royal tombs. They also checked four tombs of important priestesses and the tombs of citizens in Thebes. Many of these tombs had been broken into. For example, the tomb of Pharaoh Sobekemsaf II had been robbed, and his mummy was stolen.
Ramesses IX's name has been found in Gezer in Canaan. This suggests that Egypt still had some influence in that region at the time. Most of the building projects during Ramesses IX's rule were in Heliopolis.
Ramesses X's Undocumented Reign
Ramesses X's rule is not well documented. A journal from the workmen's village of Set Maat mentions that workers were often idle during this time. This was partly because of the danger from Libyan raiders.
Ramesses XI, The Last Pharaoh
Ramesses XI was the last pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty. During his rule, the pharaoh's power became very weak. In the south, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the real rulers of Upper Egypt. At the same time, Smendes controlled Lower Egypt, even before Ramesses XI died. Smendes later started the Twenty-First dynasty in Tanis.
Challenges Leading to Decline
Just like the earlier Nineteenth Dynasty, this dynasty struggled. There was a lot of arguing among the sons of Ramesses III. For example, three different sons of Ramesses III became pharaohs: Ramesses IV, Ramesses VI, and Ramesses VIII.
At this time, Egypt also faced many other problems. There were droughts, which meant the Nile River did not flood enough. This led to famine, civil unrest, and corruption among officials. All these issues made it very hard for any king to manage the country effectively.
The Sea Peoples and Egypt
The late 13th century BC was a time of great uncertainty and conflict around the Mediterranean Sea. This was due to the invasions by the Sea Peoples, which caused the Late Bronze Age collapse. We don't have much information about why the Sea Peoples started these large-scale invasions. However, ancient writings suggest that weakening governments, loss of political power, and food shortages might have been reasons.
At Ramses III's temple in Medinet Habou, there are carvings showing a chaotic battle scene. It shows boats and warriors fighting in the Nile delta. This tells us that the Sea Peoples were enemies who came by sea from different places. They launched attacks by both land and sea. These attacks weakened the already struggling empires and kingdoms of the ancient world. They tried to enter or control Egyptian territory.
Egypt successfully pushed back the invading Sea Peoples in the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta during Ramesses III's 8th year. However, the damage caused by the collapse of other Eastern Mediterranean civilizations greatly affected Egypt's trade routes. Many of Egypt's trading partners had been destroyed by the Sea Peoples.
Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty
The pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty ruled for about 120 years, from around 1187 BC to 1064 BC. The names and dates in the table below come from historical records. Many of these pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes.
| Pharaoh | Image | Throne Name | Horus-name | Reign | Burial | Consort(s) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Setnakhte |  |
Userkhaure-setepenre | Kanakhtwerpehty | 1189 – 1186 BC | KV14 | Tiy-merenese | He may have taken the throne from the previous ruler, Twosret. |
| Ramesses III |  |
Usermaatre-Meryamun | Kanakhtaanesyt | 1186 – 1155 BC | KV11 | Iset Ta-Hemdjert Tyti Tiye |
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| Ramesses IV |  |
Usermaatre Setepenamun, later Heqamaatre Setepenamun | Kanakhtankhemmaat | 1155 – 1149 BC | KV2 | Duatentopet | |
| Ramesses V / Amenhirkhepeshef I | Usermaatre Sekheperenre | Kanakhtmenmaat | 1149 – 1145 BC | KV9 | Henutwati Tawerettenru |
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| Ramesses VI / Amenhirkhepeshef II |  |
Nebmaatre Meryamun | Kanakhtaanakhtu | 1145 – 1137 BC | KV9 | Nubkhesbed | |
| Ramesses VII / Itamun |  |
Usermaatre Setepenre Meryamun | Kanakhtanemnesu | 1136 – 1129 BC | KV1 | ||
| Ramesses VIII / Sethhirkhepeshef |  |
Usermaatre-Akhenamun | (unknown) | 1130 – 1129 BC | |||
| Ramesses IX / Khaemwaset I | |
Neferkare Setepenre | Kanakhtkhaemwaset | 1129 – 1111 BC | KV6 | Baketwernel | |
| Ramesses X / Amenhirkhepeshef III |  |
Khepermaatre Setepenre | Kanakhtsekhaenre | 1111 – 1107 BC | KV18 | ||
| Ramesses XI / Khaemwaset II |  |
Menmaatre Setpenptah | Kanakhtmeryre | 1107 – 1077 BC | KV4 | Tentamun |
Timeline of the 20th Dynasty
Royal Family Tree
The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt was the last dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. The family connections between the pharaohs are not always clear, especially towards the end of the dynasty.
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
 Setnakhte |
Tiy-merenese | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iset Ta-Hemdjert | Ramesses III |
Tiye | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pentawere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nubkhesbed | Ramesses VI |
Ramesses IV |
Duatentopet | Amenhirkhopshef | Khaemwaset E | Ramesses VIII |
Parahiremenef | Mentuhirkopshef B | Takhat B | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
