Ramesses II facts for kids
Quick facts for kids Ramesses II |
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| Ramses II, Ramesses the Great, Ozymandias | |
The Younger Memnon (c. 1250 BC), a statue depicting Ramesses II, from the Ramesseum in Luxor (Thebes). Currently on display at the British Museum in London.
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| Pharaoh | |
| Reign | 31 May 1279 BC – 13 August 1213 BC (19th Dynasty) |
| Predecessor | Seti I |
| Successor | Merneptah |
| Consort | Nefertari, Isetnofret, Maathorneferure, Meritamen, Bintanath, Nebettawy, Henutmire |
| Children | 88–103 (List of children of Ramesses II) |
| Father | Seti I |
| Mother | Tuya |
| Born | c. 1303 BC |
| Died | 13 August 1213 BC (aged 90–91) |
| Burial | KV7; Mummy found in the Deir el-Bahari royal cache (Theban Necropolis) |
| Monuments | Abu Simbel, Abydos, Ramesseum, Luxor, Karnak, Gerf Hussein, Aswan |
Ramesses II was one of the most famous and powerful rulers of ancient Egypt. People often call him Ramesses the Great. He was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. During the golden age called the New Kingdom of Egypt, he ruled for over sixty-six years. This makes his rule one of the longest reigns in world history. Only pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare might have ruled longer many centuries before him.
In ancient Greek stories, writers called him Ozymandias. That Greek name came from his royal Egyptian title, Usermaatre Setepenre. Ancient clay letters written in cuneiform found in the city of Hattusa show people called him Riamessesa. Later kings admired him so much that they called him the Great God. They prayed to have long lives filled with glory just like his.
Ramesses became king when he was about twenty-five years old. He immediately began building grand cities, giant temples, and massive stone monuments. He created a glittering new capital city called Pi-Ramesses in the fertile Nile Delta. This northern home allowed him to guard the border and launch military expeditions into Syria. He marched his armies into the Levant, securing lands across Canaan and Phoenicia. He also led soldiers south into the deserts of Nubia. Carvings at the Temple of Beit el-Wali and Temple of Gerf Hussein show these journeys.
Over his long life, Ramesses held many royal celebrations known as the Sed festival. These parties proved to the people that their king remained strong and healthy. He lived until he was ninety or ninety-one years old. When he died, workers placed him in a grand tomb called KV7 in the rocky Valley of the Kings. Later, priests moved his body into the secret Royal Cache to protect him from robbers. Today, his preserved mummy rests inside the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in the modern city of Cairo.
Contents
- The early life and family of Ramesses II
- How long did Ramesses II rule Egypt?
- Military battles and famous conquests
- The Sed festivals of renewal
- Magnificent building projects and colossal monuments
- Royal tombs and family burials
- Old age, death, and the royal mummy
- Modern discoveries and pop culture
- Interesting Facts About Ramesses II
- Images for kids
- See also
The early life and family of Ramesses II
Ramesses was not born into a royal palace. His grandfather, Ramesses I, started as a regular army officer and royal vizier. Pharaoh Horemheb did not have any sons, so he chose Ramesses I to become the next king. When that happened, young Ramesses II was only about eleven years old. His whole family suddenly became royalty.
His father, Seti I, took the throne next. He made sure his teenage son learned how to lead armies and run a kingdom. Seti made Ramesses prince regent when the boy was fourteen years old. Ramesses rode in chariots, inspected royal building sites, and watched how court officials solved problems. His mother was Queen Tuya, whom he honored with statues throughout his life.
Ramesses had several wives during his reign. His first and most beloved chief wife was Queen Nefertari. She was known across the land for her beauty, wisdom, and diplomatic skill. Later, Queen Isetnofret became very important, along with royal daughters such as Bintanath and Meritamen. Ramesses had a very large family that included dozens of sons and daughters. His children served as generals, priests, and royal administrators across Egypt.
How long did Ramesses II rule Egypt?
Ancient calendars and dates
Ramesses took power on the twenty-seventh day of the harvest season, which ancient Egyptians called Shemu. Most modern experts in Egyptology believe this date corresponds to 31 May 1279 BC. He ruled until 13 August 1213 BC, giving him an exact reign of sixty-six years and two months.
Ancient writers recorded this incredible length of time. The Jewish historian Josephus wrote about him in his book Contra Apionem, using information collected by an ancient historian named Manetho. Archeologists found an old piece of papyrus called Papyrus Gurob fragment L. It shows that his reign ended during the flood season known as Akhet. His son Merneptah became the new pharaoh right after his father passed away.
The royal sailing feast
In the famous builders' town of Deir el-Medina, workers kept journals on stone flakes and papyrus sheets. These records reveal that the sixth day of the second month of Akhet was a special holiday. It celebrated the "Sailing" of Ramesses II. The ancient Egyptians used the word sailing as a peaceful way to describe a king journeying to the afterlife.
Similar sailing holidays honored earlier kings and queens, including Queen Ahmose-Nefertari and King Seti I. Modern scholar Jürgen von Beckerath calculated that Ramesses died in late summer. For sixty-six years, most Egyptian citizens had known no other pharaoh. To them, Ramesses had seemed almost immortal.
Military battles and famous conquests
Early in his reign, Ramesses led great armies to defend Egypt's borders. Enemy forces from neighboring deserts and seas constantly tested the young ruler. His well-trained army contained over 100,000 soldiers, including archers, spearmen, and swift two-wheeled chariots.
Fighting sea pirates along the coast
During his second year on the throne, dangerous sea raiders called the Sherden attacked ships along the Mediterranean coast. These pirates came across the water from Anatolia, Ionia, or possibly the sunny island of Sardinia. They attacked merchant ships filled with precious cargo heading toward Egyptian ports.
A stone monument from Tanis describes the pirates arriving in fast warships. Ramesses set a clever trap for them. He hid his own war galleys and coastal troops in quiet bays and river mouths. When the pirates sailed in to attack what looked like helpless targets, Egyptian forces surrounded them.
Ramesses defeated the Sherden raiders along with other sea groups called the Lukka (later known as the Lycians) and the Shekelesh. Instead of locking all his prisoners away, Ramesses noticed how brave the Sherden fought. He invited many of them to join his elite royal bodyguard. They wore striking bronze helmets topped with horns and a small metal ball, and carried heavy Naue II swords and round wooden shields.
War in the northern lands
Ramesses wanted to expand Egyptian power north into Syria. In the fourth year of his reign, he led soldiers into the Levant and conquered a border region called the Amurru kingdom. To mark this great march, he carved large stone slabs near Beirut. Today, travelers know these monuments as the Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb.
The clash at Kadesh
In his fifth year, Ramesses fought his most legendary clash: the Battle of Kadesh. The battle took place near the fortress city of Kadesh along the winding Orontes River. His main rival was King Muwatalli II, leader of the mighty Hittite Empire. The Hittites brought thousands of heavy battle chariots, each carrying three armored soldiers.
Ramesses organized his Egyptian army into four large divisions named after major gods: Amun, Ra, Ptah, and Seth. Two captured nomads came into his camp claiming the Hittite king was hiding far away in the north out of fear. This was a trick. The main Hittite army waited hidden behind the hills of Kadesh.
Ramesses rushed ahead with only his first division, setting up camp near the river. Suddenly, thousands of Hittite chariots charged out of hiding. They crashed through the second Egyptian division, scattering troops and attacking the royal camp. Ramesses found himself surrounded and in extreme danger.
Wearing his shining armor, the pharaoh leaped into his gold-covered chariot. He rallied his guards, tied his chariot reins around his waist to steer with his body, and fired arrows into the enemy lines. Just when disaster seemed certain, a surprise group of elite allied soldiers arrived from the coast. They drove the Hittites back into the Orontes River. Survivors were forced to swim for safety toward the walled city.
Ramesses claimed an enormous personal victory. He covered temple walls across Egypt with carvings of himself single-handedly routing the enemy. Modern historians view the battle as a draw. Neither army could destroy the other, and Ramesses had to march home without taking the city itself. Hittite forces even pushed south for a short time near Damascus.
Later campaigns in Syria
After the draw at Kadesh, several small rulers in Canaan stopped paying taxes to Egypt. Ramesses set out in his seventh regnal year to win back control. He divided his army into two strike forces. His eldest son, Prince Amun-her-khepeshef, led one force across the rocky Negev desert near the Dead Sea. The prince defeated the Shasu tribes, taking the towns of Edom and Moab.
Ramesses led the second force through Jerusalem and Jericho. The father and son reunited their armies in Moab, marching north through Hesbon and Kumidi. Ramesses regained the lands surrounding Damascus, proving to neighboring kingdoms that Egypt remained a superpower.
In his eighth, ninth, and tenth years, Ramesses marched north again. He crossed the Dog River, known as Nahr al-Kalb, and pushed deep into Amurru. Egyptian forces reached the distant city of Tunip in the land of Naharin. No Egyptian army had stood there since the days of pharaoh Thutmose III, over a century earlier.
During one daring assault, Ramesses captured the hilltop fortress at the Dapur. Temple reliefs show Egyptian troops climbing scaling ladders with shields over their heads while archers fire up at the defenders. Ramesses claimed he charged into the fight without his protective bronze corslet shirt. Six of his young sons helped him take the city, still wearing their traditional youth side curls called side locks.
Even after winning Dapur, holding land so far from Egypt proved difficult. Hittite troops moved back into the area as soon as the pharaoh marched home. Ramesses returned to recapture Dapur in his tenth year, setting up victory stones at Beth Shean. Both empires eventually realized that endless war cost too many lives and drained their treasuries.
The world's first major peace treaty
In the twenty-first year of his reign (around 1259 BC), Ramesses did something groundbreaking. He made a permanent peace agreement with the new Hittite king, Ḫattušili III. Modern historians call this the Treaty of Kadesh. It is the oldest known international peace treaty that survives in complete text today.
The agreement happened partly because both sides faced new challenges. Ḫattušili III had taken the Hittite throne from his nephew, Muršili III, during a bitter civil war. The deposed nephew escaped to Egypt looking for help. Ḫattušili demanded that Ramesses hand the runaway over, but Ramesses refused. While this almost started another war, a rising empire called Assyria began threatening Hittite borders from the east. Both kings realized they needed each other as allies.
Scribes wrote the treaty in two languages. Egyptian scribes carved it in Egyptian hieroglyphs on temple walls at Karnak and the Ramesseum. Hittite scribes wrote it in cuneiform script on baked clay tablets, now kept in the İstanbul Archaeology Museums. The Hittites sent their copy to Egypt engraved upon a shiny silver tablet.
The treaty contains eighteen important agreements:
- Both kings promised never to attack each other's lands again.
- They agreed to form a mutual defense pact, meaning each would send soldiers if an enemy attacked the other.
- They pledged to return political runaways safely without punishing their families.
- They called upon the sun and storm gods of both nations to bless their eternal friendship.
After signing the pact, peace lasted between the two great empires for decades. Trade flourished between Egyptian ports and northern cities. The Anastasy A papyrus describes bustling Egyptian garrisons stationed at harbor towns like Sumur, just north of Byblos. Ḫattušili III even wrote letters to King Kadashman-Enlil II of Babylon, explaining that Egypt and the Hittites were now trusted friends.
Desert campaigns in Nubia and Libya
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Ramesses also secured Egypt's southern and western borders. South of the Nile's natural rocky rapids, known as the first cataract of the Nile, lay the gold-rich region of Nubia. When Ramesses was only twenty-two years old, he joined his father on campaigns there alongside his young sons, including Amun-her-khepeshef and Khaemwaset.
To celebrate his control over the south, Ramesses carved brilliant rock-cut temples at Beit el-Wali, Gerf Hussein, and Kalabsha. Wall carvings at Beit el-Wali show the pharaoh standing proudly in his war chariot. Behind him, his sons steer their own chariots into battle against local desert fighters. Nubia provided Egypt with steady supplies of fine gold, incense, exotic animal skins, and strong cedar wood.
Along the western frontier, Egyptian troops watched the borders facing Libyan lands. Ramesses built a chain of coastal fortresses stretching over 300 kilometers along the Mediterranean shore. The largest outpost stood at Zawyet Umm El Rakham. These thick-walled forts protected trade routes and guarded farming villages in the delta from sudden desert raids.
The Sed festivals of renewal
In ancient Egypt, people believed the health of the entire nation depended on the strength of the pharaoh. When a king ruled for thirty years, he held a massive jubilee called the Sed festival. During this ceremony, the pharaoh performed sacred dances, ran a ritual race to prove his physical fitness, and received blessings from the high priests of Amun.
Ramesses celebrated his very first Sed festival in his thirtieth year on the throne. By that time, he had achieved more than almost any previous ruler. He had won famous victories, signed a historic peace treaty, built dozens of cities, and brought great wealth to his people.
Traditional customs called for kings to hold Sed festivals every three years after their thirtieth year. Ramesses enjoyed these celebrations so much that he held them every two years as he grew older. By the end of his life, he had celebrated thirteen or fourteen Sed festivals. No other pharaoh in Egyptian history ever held so many jubilees.
Magnificent building projects and colossal monuments
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Ramesses was ancient Egypt's greatest builder. During his reign, stone masons, architects, and artists created more giant statues, temples, and halls than any royal generation since the builders of the Egyptian pyramids.
Ramesses wanted his name remembered forever. He ordered stone cutters to carve his royal name, enclosed in an oval ring called a cartouche, deep into the stone walls. In earlier times, pharaohs carved shallow reliefs that later rulers could easily chip away or replace. Ramesses cut his hieroglyphic carvings several inches deep. The harsh desert sun cast dark shadows inside the deep cuts, making his words easy to read from far away.
The grand delta capital of Pi-Ramesses
Early in his reign, Ramesses moved Egypt's capital away from Thebes in the south. He constructed a brand-new, modern city in the green Nile Delta called Pi-Ramesses, which means "Domain of Ramesses, Great in Victory."
The city served several purposes. It placed the king close to his military bases, harbors, and friendly trading partners in the Mediterranean and Canaan. Pi-Ramesses contained massive royal palaces, busy workshops, sparkling blue canals, and spacious barracks for soldiers. Factory areas produced up to 1,000 weapons, 250 chariots, and 1,000 shields every two weeks.
The royal palace even had its own private zoo, housing exotic animals from across Africa and Asia. In the 10th century AD, a scholar named Saadia Gaon wondered about the city's location, confusing it with Ain Shams. For years, modern archeologists thought the ruins lay at Tanis. Later digs proved that statues had been moved to Tanis centuries later, and the true city of Pi-Ramesses lay at modern Qantir.
The Ramesseum: A house of eternity
On the west bank of the Nile at Thebes, Ramesses built his giant mortuary temple, known today as the Ramesseum. Ancient Greek travelers marveled at its size, including the famous historian Diodorus Siculus.
The temple was entered through massive stone gateways called pylons. Inside stood a colossal seated statue of Ramesses carved from a single block of pink syenite granite. The statue stood 17 meters tall and weighed over 1,000 tons. Its fallen fragments still lie on the ground today. Carvings on the courtyard walls showed his daring chariot charges at the Battle of Kadesh.
Beyond the open courts stood a majestic hypostyle hall containing forty-eight soaring stone columns shaped like blooming papyrus plants. Scribes painted the high ceiling dark blue, decorating it with hundreds of shining gold stars. Around the sacred stone halls lay vast mud-brick storehouses. These rooms held grain, jars of olive oil, and precious fabrics, along with a busy royal school where scribes learned how to write hieroglyphs.
The twin cliff temples of Abu Simbel
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Near Egypt's southern border in Nubia, Ramesses ordered his workers to carve two temples straight into solid sandstone cliffs at Abu Simbel. Workers completed this wonder around 1255 BC.
Outside the main temple sit four gigantic statues of Ramesses, each 20 meters high. Smaller statues of his mother Tuya, Queen Nefertari, and his favorite children stand beside his legs. Ancient architects designed the inner hallway with incredible mathematical skill. Twice a year, the rays of the rising morning sun shine straight down a 60-meter corridor, lighting up statues of Ramesses and the sun gods Ra-Horakhty and Amun Ra seated in the deepest room.
Right next door, Ramesses built a smaller temple for his beloved wife, Queen Nefertari. Its front wall features large statues of the queen standing side-by-side with her husband, an unusual honor for an Egyptian royal woman. In 1813, Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt found the sand-covered temples. In 1817, Italian explorer Giovanni Battista Belzoni dug away the desert sand and stepped inside for the first time in modern history.
Royal tombs and family burials
The beauty of Queen Nefertari's tomb
In 1904, Italian archeologist Ernesto Schiaparelli discovered the underground tomb of Queen Nefertari in the Valley of the Queens. Although robbers had stolen her treasures long ago, her tomb contains some of the most beautiful and colorful paintings in all of ancient Egyptian art.
Artists painted the walls using bright natural pigments made from crushed minerals. The scenes show Nefertari wearing pure white pleated linen dresses and a golden vulture crown. She plays ancient board games like senet, prays to the goddess Hathor, and recites magical spells from the ancient Book of the Dead. The ceiling of her burial room is painted midnight blue, covered with golden five-pointed stars representing the eternal night sky.
Tomb KV5: The resting place of royal sons
In 1995, archeologist Kent Weeks made an astonishing discovery in the Valley of the Kings. He explored an entrance labeled KV5 and realized it was the largest tomb ever carved in Egypt.
Ramesses built KV5 as a massive family burial complex for his many sons. Scribes found the names of famous princes carved on stone pots, including Amun-her-khepeshef, Sety, and Meryatum. Diggers have mapped more than 150 underground rooms and pillared halls, and believe the complex holds over 200 corridors. Although thieves looted the tomb thousands of years ago, excavators have uncovered pottery shards, carved stone beads, and small blue guardian statues called ushabtis.
Old age, death, and the royal mummy
Ramesses lived to be around ninety years old. By the time he reached old age, his body showed signs of heavy wear. Modern medical scans show he suffered from painful joint stiffness caused by arthritis, along with heart disease and poor blood flow through his arteries. He had severe tooth decay and painful jaw infections that may have caused his final illness. In his final years, he walked with a pronounced hunch.
When the great king finally died, priests carried out seventy days of traditional mummification. They removed his internal organs, dried his body in natural natron salt, wrapped him in hundreds of yards of fine linen, and buried him in tomb KV7.
Years later, royal tomb robbers broke into KV7 to steal gold treasures and jewelry. Caring temple priests rescued the pharaoh's body. They rewrapped him, wrote records of their actions on his linen shroud, and hid him inside the safe tomb of high priest Pinedjem II at Deir el-Bahari. In 1881, archeologists discovered the hidden room, now called the Royal Cache or DB320. Ramesses lay peacefully inside an ordinary wooden coffin alongside dozens of other famous kings and queens.
Scientific study of the pharaoh's body
In 1886, French scholar Gaston Maspero gently removed the linen bandages from the mummy. The king's body showed a strong, hooked nose, a prominent jawline, and straight hair dyed light red with natural henna spices.
In 1975, French doctor Maurice Bucaille examined the king at the Cairo Museum and realized microscopic fungi were slowly damaging the mummy. French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing arranged for the pharaoh to travel to France for conservation. In September 1976, an airplane flew the mummy to Paris–Le Bourget Airport, where French soldiers welcomed the ancient ruler with full military honors befitting a visiting head of state.
Scientists at the Musée de l'Homme treated the mummy with special radiation to kill all mold and bacteria. Forensic scientist Pierre-Fernand Ceccaldi examined his hair roots under high-powered microscopes. He discovered that Ramesses was a natural redhead in his youth. In ancient Egypt, red hair was linked to Set, the god of storms and desert power. His father's name, Seti I, actually meant "man of Set."
After successful treatments, the mummy returned safely to Egypt in May 1977. In April 2021, the Egyptian government held a grand celebration called the Pharaohs' Golden Parade. Crowds watched as specially designed, climate-controlled golden vehicles carried Ramesses II and twenty-one other royal mummies through the streets of Cairo to their new home in the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization.
Modern discoveries and pop culture
Ramesses II continues to inspire artists, writers, and explorers today. In 1818, the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote his famous poem "Ozymandias," describing a shattered stone statue lying alone in the desert sands. The pharaoh appears as a character in video games like Civilization V and Civilization VI, as well as in fantasy books like The Kane Chronicles and The Heretic Queen by Michelle Moran.
In popular movies, Ramesses often appears as the stubborn king in stories about the Exodus. Actor Yul Brynner played him in the classic 1956 film The Ten Commandments, and Ralph Fiennes voiced him in the 1998 animated movie The Prince of Egypt. However, modern historians and archeologists, such as former antiquities chief Mostafa Waziri and scholar Lester L. Grabbe, point out that there is no historical or archaeological evidence in ancient Egyptian records connecting Ramesses II to the biblical story.
Archeologists continue to find exciting artifacts connected to Ramesses. In 2006, workers moved an 83-ton colossal statue of Ramesses away from noisy city traffic in Cairo to stand inside the grand entrance of the Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza. In 2019, excavators unearthed a rare pink granite bust of the king, and in 2024, diggers discovered a 3,200-year-old bronze and gold sword bearing the pharaoh's famous name along the Nile.
Interesting Facts About Ramesses II
- Ramesses ruled Egypt for a very long time: 66 years and 2 months.
- During his rule, the Egyptian army may have had about 100,000 soldiers.
- The peace treaty Ramesses signed with Hattusili III is the oldest known peace treaty in the world.
- Ramesses II suffered from arthritis. This made him walk with a hunched back for the last years of his life.
- He also had serious dental problems.
- He died when he was around 90 years old. He outlived many of his wives and children.
- Nine more pharaohs after him took the name Ramesses to honor him.
Images for kids
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Ramesses as crown prince – 19th Dynasty – Musée du Louvre.
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Relief of Ramesses II from the early years of his reign as it shows his regnal name as "Usermaatre" (he changed it to Usermaatre-Setepenre in the second regnal year), and his eldest son (first in the upper row) is still called by his birth name Amenherwenemef, instead of the better known Amenherkhopsef. British Museum
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This statue shows a young Ramesses II holding the Heka Sceptre.
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Ramesses II wearing the Khepresh, Museo Egizio (Turin)
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Painted colossal statue of Ramesses II from Abydos, now at the Penn Museum
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Sitting statue of Ramesses II, Louvre
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Statue of Ramesses II wearing the Pschent, Luxor Museum
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Statue at Abu Simbel of Ramesses II
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Relief of Ramesses II with his mother Tuya, Kunsthistorisches Museum
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Seated statue of Ramesses II (far left), sitting with Horus, Osiris, Isis, and Ramesses's deified father Seti I. Abydos
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A statue of Ptah, Ramesses II, and Sekhmet, Grand Egyptian Museum
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A statue of Anat and Ramesses II from Tanis, now in the Cairo Museum
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A statue of Wadjet and Ramesses II from Tanis, Cairo Museum
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Ramesses II running for the Heb-Sed celebration
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Relief of the god Horus offers life to Ramesses II
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Wall relief of Ramesses II making an offering to Horus at the Temple of Beit el-Wali
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Fragment of a painted relief of Ramesses II being accompanied by Horus
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Fragment of a painted relief of Ramesses II giving offerings to Min
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Relief of Ramesses II in the Temple of Derr
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Somewhat "squat" statue of Ramesses II in the courtyard of the Temple of Gerf Hussein
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Statue of Ramesses II from Heracleopolis Magna
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Statue of Ramesses II that was reworked in Roman times, now at the Louvre
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Top of a triumphal stela of Ramesses II giving offerings to Amun, excavated at Beth Shean, now at the Penn Museum
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Reused building block found in Tanis that is thought originally to have been part of a depiction of the Sed festival for Ramesses II
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Sphinx of Ramesses II from the Temples of Wadi es-Sebua
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Statue of a kneeling Ramesses II offering a rebus of his name. Alexandria National Museum
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Statue of Ramesses II as a Sphinx Offering a Ram-headed Vessel
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Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb show Assyrian king (Esarhaddon) (left) and Egyptian pharaoh (Ramesses II) (right). Photo taken in 1922.
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Birth and throne cartouches of Rameses II, from the early years of his reign as it shows his regnal name as "Usermaatre" instead of "Usermaatre-Setepenre"
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A relief from Karnak showing Ramesses II giving offerings to his deified father Seti I, Great Hypostyle Hall
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Part of Gerf Hussein temple, originally in Nubia
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The gods Set (left) and Horus (right) blessing Ramesses II in the Small Temple at Abu Simbel
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Bronze brazier of Ramesses II used for burning incense
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Statue of Ramesses II in the Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza, Egypt
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Coffin of Ramesses II
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A ram headed amulet dating to c. 1254 BC during the reign of Ramesses II found in the Serapeum of Saqqara
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Gold, cloisonné, glass and turquoise pectoral bearing the cartouche or royal name of Ramesses II
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Yul Brynner in The Ten Commandments, 1956
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See also
In Spanish: Ramsés II para niños
