Bay of Pigs Invasion facts for kids

Quick facts for kids Bay of Pigs Invasion
Part of the Cold War
Cuban soldiers supported by T-34 tanks attacking near Playa Giron. April 19, 1961
Date 17–20 April 1961 Location Bay of Pigs, southern coast of Cuba Result Decisive Cuban government victory
Belligerents
Cuba	United States Cuban DRF
Commanders and leaders
Fidel Castro José Ramón Fernández Juan Almeida Bosque Che Guevara Efigenio Ameijeiras	John F. Kennedy Allen Dulles Charles Cabell Pepe San Román Erneido Oliva
Units involved
Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces National Revolutionary Militia	Brigade 2506 CIA  U.S. Air Force
Strength
25,000 Cuban army 200,000 Cuban Militia 9,000 armed police (across the country)	1,500 ground forces[A] 8 American B-26 bombers 5 supply ships
Casualties and losses
Cuban Army: 176 killed 500+ wounded[B] Militia: 2,000 killed and wounded	Brigade 2506: 118 killed 360 wounded[D] 1,202 captured[E] United States: 4 killed 2 B-26 bombers shot down 2 supply ships lost

The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an attempt in 1961 (during the Cold War) to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba. The CIA trained Cuban exiles and these exiles launched an attack in a bay called the Bay of Pigs.

The invasion was a failure and most of the attackers were captured or killed. There were several conflicts that led to this; including a lack of promised air support and a change in where the landing was to be launched. This was one of many unsuccessful attempts by the CIA to rid Cuba of Castro.

Preparation

Cuban defectors practicing parachute drops

The CIA had begun recruiting and training Cuban exiles during the Eisenhower administration, months before diplomatic relations were severed with Cuba in January 1961, as tensions between Washington and Havana were increasing. The CIA was initially confident that it was capable of overthrowing Castro, having experience assisting in the removal of other foreign governments such as those of Iranian prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh in 1953 and Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in 1954.

The original plan had called for landing the exile brigade in the vicinity of the old colonial city of Trinidad, Cuba, approximately 400 km southeast of Havana at the foothills of the Escambray mountains. The selection of the Trinidad site provided a number of options that the exile brigade could exploit to their advantage during the invasion.

However, under Kennedy's orders critical details were changed. These revised details included changing the landing area for Brigade 2506 to two points in Matanzas Province, 202 km southeast of Havana on the eastern edge of the Zapata peninsula at the Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs). The landings would take place on the Girón and Larga beaches.

Invasion

Che Guevara (left) and Castro, photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961.

Douglas A-4 Skyhawks from the USS Essex flying sorties over combat areas during the invasion

On the morning of April 15, 1961, three flights displaying Cuban markings bombed and strafed the Cuban airfields to effectively eliminate the Cuban air force, ensuring Brigade 2506 complete air superiority over the island prior to the actual landing at the Bay of Pigs. This failed because the airstrikes were not continued as was originally planned. Castro also had prior knowledge of the invasion and had moved the airplanes out of harm's way.

By mid morning all but one of the Brigade's bombers were back over the Caribbean on the three and a half hour return leg to their base in Nicaragua to re-arm and refuel. Upon landing, however, the flight crews were met with a cable from Washington ordering the indefinite stand-down of all further combat operations over Cuba.

About 30 paratroopers were dropped but the equipment was lost in the swamps, and the troops failed to block the roads which allowed the government to continue to send troops down to resist the invasion.

On April 17, about 1,500 exiles armed with US weapons landed on the southern coast of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. They hoped to find support from the local population, intending to cross the island to Havana. The CIA assumed that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro; the operation itself was expected by Castro, however, and in anticipation the government rounded up perhaps 100,000 anti-Castro Cubans -at least 20,000 in Havana alone. By the time the Invasion began Castro had already executed some and imprisoned the others. The prisoners were under threat of death should the invasion succeed.

Although Cuban forces at the actual site surrendered, it soon became evident after contact with Cuban reinforcements that the exiles were not going to receive effective support at the site of the invasion and were likely to lose.

Kennedy decided against giving the faltering invasion US air support which might have crippled the Cuban Airforce and given air superiority to the invaders. U.S. Marines were not sent in, even though there were support ships off the coast ready to land at a moment's notice.

Casualties

By the time fighting ended on April 19, one hundred and fourteen exiles were dead and the rest were captured. Estimates of Cuban forces killed vary with the source but are generally far higher.

The 1,189 captured exiles were quickly tried, a few executed and the rest sentenced to thirty years in prison for treason. After 20 months of negotiation with the United States, Cuba released the exiles.

It is generally presumed by some that during the Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba's losses were high. Some sources indicate over 2,200 casualties.

Interesting facts about the Bay of Pigs Invasion

President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy greeting Brigade members at the "welcome back" ceremony for captured Brigade 2506 in 1962.

• The United States CIA trained the Cuban exiles.
• The Cuban exile invasion force, known as Brigade 2506, were defeated within 2 days. 114 of them were killed.
• After the defeat President Kennedy said ”I doubt my presidency could survive another catastrophe like that.“
• The failed invasion made Fidel Castro's communist regime stronger.
• The Russians (the main ally of Cuba) knew about the invasion before it happened. The CIA was aware of this and proceeded with the invasion anyway.
• 1,200 members of Brigade 2506 surrendered and were taken prisoner.
• 20 months later the Americans made a deal with Fidel Castro to release the prisoners in exchange for $53 million worth of baby food and medicine.

Related pages

• Cuban Missile Crisis

Images for kids

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  Student protest against the Fidel Castro government in Havana's central park. January 8, 1960.

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  Douglas A-26 Invader "B-26" bomber aircraft disguised as a Cuban model

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  Bahia de Cochinos 1961

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  The SU-100 from which Fidel Castro reportedly shelled the freighter Houston during the morning of 17 April

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  CIA report on the Bay of Pigs Invasion

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  A Sea Fury F 50 preserved at the Museo Giron, Cuba in 2006

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  The Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana, Miami

See also

In Spanish: Invasión de bahía de Cochinos para niños