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California Indian Reservations and Cessions facts for kids

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Between 1851 and 1892, the United States Army forced California's tribes to sign 18 treaties that relinquished each tribe's rights to their traditional lands in exchange for reservations. Due to pressure from California representatives, Congress failed to ratify the treaties and ordered them to remain secret. In 1896 the Bureau of American Ethnology report on major native American Indian interactions with the United States Government was the first time the treaties were made public. The report, compiled By Charles C. Royce, includes the 18 lost treaties between the state's tribes and a map of the reservations. Below is the California segment of the report listing the treaties. The full report covered all 48 states' tribal interactions nationwide with the U.S. government.

California Indian Reservations and Cessions

The following database is an extraction of all the United States' formal actions between 1851–1892 with California Indians documented by the Bureau of American Ethnology in its Eighteenth annual report to the Smithsonian Institution in 1896.

History

Upon becoming a state in 1850, California was required by law to allow the United States government to conduct all formal relationships with tribal communities. Because California's previous Mexican government had no formal relationships with the Indians following the 1833 Secularization Act that closed the Spanish era's Catholic Missions, most of the 150,000 surviving tribal people either became servants for the Ranchos of California owners or migrated east to the Sierra Mountains or to the north where they mixed with other non-Mission tribes that had been left alone by Mexico.

California's farmers and gold miners demanded that Indians and other "aliens" be heavily taxed or removed from the gold fields. In 1851, at the same time that the United States was setting up the Public Land Commission as required by the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with the Republic of Mexico to verify the legality of the Ranchos of California Land Grants given California citizens prior to 1846, the government also set up a commission with military support that resulted in 134 of the state's 300-plus Indian tribes signing 18 treaties that gave away their sovereign rights in exchange for 7.4 million acres of "reservation" lands spread across the state.

1896 California Map Smithsonian Institute Report
1896 California Map 1 of Indian(First Nations) Cessions and Reservations

Between 1851 and 1865, California carried out the wishes of its citizens: the removal of tribal communities from their ancestral lands by military force across California. The United States went along with these actions, rather than using its resources to stop the state from this period of California Genocide that was legitimized by the 1850 Indian Protection Act and numerous bond and financing actions that went to finance dozens of state militias that hunted down and killed tribal members.

During the first years between 1851 and 1852, John Frémont, a U.S. Senator for the state of California, organized the Mariposa Battalion to round up tribal representatives who were living on his Mariposa Rancho. Frémont pushed for federal troops and three Indian Commissioners who obtained treaty agreements from tribal representatives to abandon their lands in exchange for what would be the first round of reservations for land actions in California. The state, however, refused to even allow these massive land takeaways, resulting in the treaties' initial failure, and by a Senate order their very existence was hidden from the public for over 45 years.

One of the three appointed commissioners, Oliver M. Wozencraft, reported that the government's action would lead to a "war of extermination" against the state's tribal people on May 31, 1852, even going public by publishing a pamphlet laying out the impacts, but for speaking out he was relieved of his duties by September of the same year.

The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, which was originally part of the U.S. War Department, eventually set up four reservations as prescribed by Congress, followed later by additional tracts of lands ceded to various Mission Indians located mostly in Southern California. In 1896, the Smithsonian Institution produced a report documenting all historic actions by date and tribe of lands taken from or reservations created by the U.S.

Larisa Miller documented how the Northern California Indian Association (NCIA) petitioned President Roosevelt in 1903 to buy federal lands for thousands of homeless Indians across the state because "title and ownership to this beautiful land have never been extinguished." Their campaign led to the rediscovery of the 18 Treaties that were signed by 134 bands of Californians and the removal of the senate's order of secrecy on January 18, 1905.

1896 California Map 2 Smithsonian Institute Report
1896 California Map 2 of Indian(First Nations) Cessions and Reservations

The United States Bureau of American Ethnology produced annual reports to the Smithsonian Institution on various Native American (First Nation) subjects. In their 18th annual, two-volume report, they published a complete list of all U.S. takings (cessions), treaties and reservations prior to 1896. The report was compiled By Charles C. Royce, with a 122-page introduction by Cyrus Thomas documenting legal claims for the actions the United States had based its actions on, with a focus on U.S. Supreme Court's 1823 Discovery doctrine decision.

It was Thomas' following statement that set the tone for the introduction:

"Its extent afforded an ample field for the ambition and enterprise of all, and the character, low culture-status, and religious beliefs of the aborigines afforded an apology for considering them a people over whom the superior genius of Europe might rightfully claim an ascendancy. The sovereigns of the Old World therefore found no difficulty in convincing themselves that they made ample compensation to the natives by bestowing on them the benefits of civilization and Christianity in exchange for control over them and their country."

The report included color maps for each state, two for California, with numbered areas (also in color) to identify each cession or reservation. These can be used to locate the land.

Indian Land Cessions in the United States

The spreadsheet section in part 2, pages 781 – 948 is titled "Indian Land Cessions in the United States." The data are extracted from the U.S. government's treaties, reservations and land cessions with California's tribal people in the years 1851–1896. The California instances in the spreadsheet include page references to legal citation and historic materials. All links embedded in the spreadsheet, including the names identifying particular "Mission Indian" Tribes, have been added to make the original report clearer. Some sections on individual tracts in the Public Land Survey System were omitted from the original.

Note that the below database identifies the land involved in each transaction with a number that can be located on the above maps. Later transactions are located on the 2nd map or "Ca-2", plus the appropriate number. The first 18 entries, described below as unratified treaties, were not listed as such in the 1896 Smithsonian report, but as stated lands ceded in exchange for tracts of land.

Tribe Date Map # Page Reference Authority Cession or Reservation Historic data and remarks
Treaty M Tribes 3-19-1851 273 274 780 Unratified Treaty Ca. Militia: Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioners: Col. Redrick Mckee, Col. George W. Barbour, and Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract between Mercede and Tuolumne river Negotiations held at Camp Fremont

Full text of treaty

Treaty N Tribes 4-29-1851 275 782 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioners: Col. Redrick Mckee, Col. George W. Barbour, and Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract between Chowchilla and Cah-wia rivers

Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.

Negotiations at Camp Barbour
Treaty A Tribes 5-13-1851 276 782 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Col. George W. Barbour

Reserve a tract between Cah-wia and Chowchilla rivers

Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.

Negotiations at Camp Belt
Treaty B Tribes 5-13-1851 276 782 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Col. George W. Barbour

Reserve a tract for between Tule river, Paint creek, Emigrant road, and Sierra Nevadas. Negotiations at Camp Keyes
Treaty E Tribes 5-28-1851 280 281 782 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioners Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract on Stanislaus river

Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.

Negotiations at Dent and Vantine Crossing
Treaty B Tribes 5-30-1851 277 278 279 782 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioners: Col. Redrick Mckee, Col. George W. Barbour, and Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

1. Reserve a tract between Cah-wia and King's rivers

2. Reserve a tract on King's river

Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.

Negotiations and Camp Keyes
Treaty C Tribes 6-3-1851 282 283 284 782 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Col. George W. Barbour

1. Reserve a tract for Chu-nute and Wo-wol tribes between Tulare and Buena Vista lakes

2. Reserve a tract for Yo-luiu-ne and Co-ye-tie tribes between Tule river. Paint creek, Emigrant road, and Sierra Nevadas.

Cede all claims to territory outside of reserved tracts

Negotiations at Camp Burton
Treaty D Tribes 6-10-1851 285 286 782 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioners Col. George W. Barbour, and Persifer F. Smith

Reserve a tract between Tejon pass and Kern river

Cede all claim to territory outside of reserved tract

Negotiations at Camp Persifer F. Smith
Treaty F Tribes 7-18-1851 287 288 784 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract between Bear and Yuba rivers

Cede all claim to other territory

Negotiations at Camp Union
Treaty G Tribes 8-1-1851 290 291 784 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissionerDr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract on Feather river

Cede all claim to other territory

Negotiations at Bidwell Ranch
Treaty H Tribes 8-16-1851 293 294 784 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract on Sacramento river

Cede all claim to other territory

Negotiations ad Reading Ranch
Treaty O Tribes 8-20-1851 295 296 784 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee,

Reserve a tract on Clear lake

Cede all claim to other territory

Negotiations at Camp Lu-pi-yu-ma
Treaty P Tribes 8-22-1851 297 784 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee

Cede all claim to territory and agree to remove to Clear lake reserve Negotiations at Camp Fernando Feliz
Treaty I Tribes 9-9-1851 298 299 786 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract on Sacramento river

Cede all claim to territory

Negotiations and Camp Colus
Treaty J Tribes 9-18-1851 301 302 786 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract on Consumnes river

Cede all claim to territory

Negotiations at Fork of Cosumnes River
Treaty Q Tribes 10-6-1851 303 304 788 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee

Reserve a tract on Klamath river

Cede all claim to territory

Negotiations at Camp Klamath
Treaty R Tribes 11-4-1851 305 306 788 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee

Reserve a tract on the upper Klamath river

Cede all claim to territory

Negotiations Scotts Valley camp. The first of these tribes was commonly called Upper Klamath; the next three, Shasta Valley Indians; and the last two, Scotts Valley Indians.
Treaty K Tribes 1-5-1852 307 308 788 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract in SW. California

Cede all claim to territory

Negotiations at Village of Temecula
Treaty L Tribes 1-7-1852 309 310 788 Unratified Treaty California Mariposa Brigade

U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft

Reserve a tract on S. line of California

Cede all claim to territory

Negotiations at Village of Santa Isabel
Tejon, Castake, San Imirio, et al. 9-1853 Ca-2 311 788 Superintendent of Indian Affairs EF Beale E.F. Beale establishes a reserve, called Tejon Pass Reservation Reservation location and History
Rogue River Indians

Table Rock Oregon Territory

9-10-1853 Ca-2 312 788 Stat. L.,X, 1018 Cede tract along N. Cal border and Oregon: Applegate creek, Rogue river, Althouse creek, along Siskiyou mountains; Cascade range to Pitt's peak.

Indians to retain temporary occupancy of a portion of the ceded country until a reserve is assigned them.

The boundaries of the country reserved under this clause are shown by dotted red lines. It was known as Table Rock reserve, and was abandoned and the Indians removed in 1855. See Rogue River Wars
Nome Lackee, Nome Cult, Nir-muck, et al. 9-1-1854 Ca-2 331 794 Reservation size and history
Klamath 11-16-1855 Ca-2 400 794 Executive Order President sets apart a reserve of 25,000 acres on both sides of Klamath river in California, the same being a strip commencing at the Pacific Ocean and extending 1 mile in width on each side of the Klamath river for a distance of 20 miles. Reservation size and history
Camel-el-po-ma Pomo et al. 5-22-1856 Ca-2 522 816 Executive Order President set apart Mendocino reserve in California in compliance with recommendation of Superintendent Henley of Nov. 17, 1855. This reserve was abandoned for Indian purposes on Mar. 31, 1866, and was restored to the public domain by act of Congress of July 27, 1868
Tule River or Madden Farm reservation Indians 1856 Ca-2 402 814 This tract was informally established in 1856 as an Indian reservation. Tule Reservation size and history
Round Valley reservation Indians 9-4-1856 Ca-2 (detail of Round Valley reservation) 816 Superintendent Henley reports selection of temporary reservation at Round valley or "Nome Cult." Round Valley Reservation size and history
Yokuts Chow-chilla(Chaushila) & Mono people , Miwok(Poho-neche), Chook-chancie, et al. 11-19-1859 Ca-2 423 822 Superintendent McDuffie reports abandonment of Fresno River reservation. Reservation size and history
Shoshone, (Western bands) 10-1-1863 Ca-2 444 828 Executive Action Stat. L.,xviii,689 Possession status Reservation size and history
California Indians 4-8-1864 830 Act Of Congress Stat. L.,XIII, 39. Authorizing the establishment of four Indian reservations within the limits of the state. Statute limited the number of reservations in California to a total of 4. Recognized under this act were Round Valley, Hoopa Valley, Smith River, and Tule River
Hupa (S. Fork, Redwood, and Grouse Creek bands) 8-21-1864 Ca-2 461 832 Stat. L., XIII, 39. Under act of Congress April 8, 1864. Superintendent Wiley locates the whole of Hoopa valley as one of the reserves contemplated by act of Apr. 8, 1864 Reservation size and history
Washoe 7-10-1865 Ca-2 473 836 Order of Sectary of Interior. Country claimed by Washoes was taken possession of by settlers between 1855 and 1865 without purchase of their title by U. S. Reservation size and history
Smith River Reservation Closed 7-27-1868 Ca-2 521 850 Act of Congress Stat. L.xv.221. Removal of Indians to Hoopa Valley and Round Valley reservations Reservation history
Mendocino Indian Reservation 7-27-1868 Ca-2 522 850 Act of Congress Stat. L.xv.223. Reservation status

Mendocino Reservation size and history

San Pasqual, Pala Valley Mission Indians 1-31-1870 Ca-2 527 528 852 Executive Action President sets apart a reserve for Indians near San Bernardino Trouble arose with the settlers and the reserve was abandoned in Apr., 1871.
Round River Valley Reservation expanded 3-30-1870 Ca-2 Round River inset 852 Executive Action President enlarges Round Valley reservation in California Nome Cult Reservation size and history
Tule river, King's river, Owen's river, et al. 1-9-1873 Ca-2 607 860 Executive Order President sets apart a reserve at Tule river Canceled and a new reserve established Oct. 3, 1873
Round River Valley Reservation 4-8-1873 Ca-2 583 862 Executive Order President withdraws from sale certain lands in Round valley, specified by act of Mar. 3, 1873, until report of commissioners is received fixing N. boundary. The commissioners made their report Nov. 1, 1873. It was approved by the Secretary of the Interior Aug. 4. 1874. and proclamation of the boundaries made by Executive order of May 18, 1875.
Tule river, King's river, Owen's river, et al. 10-3-1873 547 607 864 Executive Order Tule Reservation Expansion and location Reservation location and history
Paiute 3-23-1874 Ca-2 562 872 Executive Order President establishes reservation at Pyramid Lake, as surveyed by Eugene Monroe on January 23, 1865 Plat taken from original in Office of Indian Affairs Reservation location and history
Round Valley Reservation 5-18-1875 Ca-2 583 880 Executive Order President proclaims the boundaries of Round Valley reservation in accordance with act of Congress Mar. 3, 1873 Reservation boundaries and history
Mission Indians – Portrero – Rincon, Gapich, La Joya, Cahuila, Capitan Grande, Santa Ysabel – Mesa Grande, Pala, Agua Caliente, Sycuan, Inaja, Cosmit 12-27-1875 884 Executive Order President sets apart reservations for Mission Indians, in San Diego county, California See Executive orders of May 3, 1877, Aug. 25, 1877, and Sept. 29, 1877; also that of Jan. 17, 1880.
Colorado River 5-15-1876 Ca-2 593 886 Executive Order President alludes to previous errors and correctly defines boundaries of Colorado River reservation – partially in California. See act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1865, and executive order of Nov. 22, 1873 and Nov. 16, 1874
Mission Indians – Portrero, Agua Caliente, Torros, Cabezons 5-15-1876 886 Executive Order President sets apart additional tracts for Mission Indians See Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, May 3, 1877, August 25, 1877 and September 29, 1877
Hupa et al. 6-23-1876 Ca-2 461 886 Executive Order President proclaims the boundaries of Hoopa Valley reservation

as one of the reserves authority by act of Apr. 8, 1864.

This reserve was established Aug. 21, 1864 by Superintendent Wiley
Round Valley Indians 7-26-1876 Ca-2 594 sec.2, T.22N.,R.13W. 886 Executive Order President adds late Camp Wright military reservation to Round Valley Indian reservation See Executive order of Mar. 30, 1870, Apr. 8, 1873, and May 18, 1873
Mission Indians Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation 5-3-1877 890 Executive Order President restores to public domain a portion of lands withdrawn by Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, and May 15, 1876 T.7S, R.2E, T.14S.,R.2E & T.9S.,R.2W. See Executive orders of August 25, 1877 and September 29, 1877
Mission Indians – Morongo Band 8-25-1877 Ca-2 825 890 Executive Order President withdraws and sets apart further tracts for reservation T.2S.,R.1E See Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, May 15, 1876, May 3, 1877, and Sept. 29, 1877
Mission Indians Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians 9-29-1877 892 Executive Order President withdraws and sets apart further tracts for reservation: Palm Springs – T.4S.,R.4E. See Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, May 15, 1876, May 3, 1877, and Sept. 29, 1877
Tule River, King's River, et al. 8-3-1878 Ca-2 607 892 Executive Order President restores to public domain part of reservation set apart by Executive order of Oct. 3, 1873.
Mission Indians – Agua Caliente No. 1 (Cupeno) 1-17-1880 898 Executive Order President cancels a, part of Executive order of Dec. 27, 1875, as follows: All that portion of said order relating to the Agua Caliente NO. 1 (Cupeno) Indian reservation, and also that part relating to the Santa Ysabel Indian reservation. T.11S., R.3E.
Mission Indians 3-9-1881 902 Executive Order President sets apart additional tracts for Mission Indians
Mission Indians – Pechanga 6-27-1882 906 Executive Order President sets apart additional tracts for a reserve T.8S, R.2W See Act of Mar. 3. 1873.
Mission Indians 7-24-1882 908 Executive Order President cancels order of Dec. 27, 1865.
Mission Indians 2-5-1883 910 Executive Order President restores to public domain certain lands withdrawn by Executive order Dec. 27, 1875. sec. 3 T.12S, R.2E
Mission Indians Barona Band 6-19-1883 912 Executive Order President sets apart certain tracts for Mission Indians sec. 9, T.5S., R.1E. & T.14S., R.2E.
Mission Indians Pechanga Tribe 1-25-1886 918 Executive Order President cancels Executive order of June 27, 1882, so far as relates to lot 2 in sec. 28, T. 8S., R.2 W.
Mission Indians 3-22-1886 918 Executive Order President cancels and revokes Executive order of June 19, 1883. Sec. 28 T.4S., R.1E. SE of Fremont Ca.
Mission Indians 1-29-1887 924 Executive Order President amends order of Mar. 22, 1886, relative to reservation for Mission Indians. Sec. 28 T.4S., R.1E. SE of Fremont Ca.
Mission Indians – Cahuilla 3-14-1887 924 Executive Order The President sets apart as an addition to the Mission Indian reservation of Cahuilla Sec. 23, T.7S.,R.2E.
Mission Indians – Amah Mutsun [Wikidata] 5-6-1889 934 Executive Order The President orders certain lands to be withdrawn from sale and set apart as a reserve for the Mission Indians West of Gilroy T.10S., R.4E., & secs. 3&4. T.11S., R.4E. Reservation lands and history
Mission Indians – ALL 1-12-1891 938 Act of Congress Stat. L., XXVI, 712 Authorizes Secretary of the Interior to appoint three commissioners to select a reservation for each band or village so as to include as far as practicable the lands now occupied to a

sufficient extent to meet their just requirements. It also authorizes all allotments in severalty on certain conditions.

Hoopa et al. 10-16-1891 Ca-2 400 461 942 Executive Order The President extends the limits of their reservation so as to include a tract of country 1 mile in width on each side of the Klamath river, and extending from the then limits thereof to the Pacific Ocean. Reservation size and history
Klamath River Reservation 6-17-1892 Ca-2 400 944 Act of Congress Stat. L., XXVII, 52 Restores the original Klamath River reservation to the public domain. Provides for allotments to Indians settled thereon. See executive order, Oct 16, 1891
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