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Ratite facts for kids

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Ratites
Temporal range: PaleoceneHolocene 56–0Ma
Possible Late Cretaceous record
Jurong Southern Cassowary.jpg
Southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)
Scientific classification
Orders

Struthioniformes ostrich
Rheiformes rhea
Casuariiformes cassowary and emu
Aepyornithiformes elephant bird
Dinornithiformes moa
Apterygiformes kiwi

Synonyms

Grallae Linnaeus, 1760
Nudipedes Schäffer, 1774
Fissipedes bidactyles Schäffer, 1774
Retipedes Scopoli, 1777
Struthiones Latham, 1790
Campestres Illiger, 1811
Cursores Illiger, 1811
Proceri Illiger, 1811
Megistanes Vieillot, 1816
Brevipennes Cuvier, 1817
Pressirostres Cuvier, 1817
Inertes Temminck, 1820
Ratitae Ranzani, 1823
Rasores Vigors, 1826
Cursitrices MacGillivray, 1840
Grallatores Keyserling & Bl., 1840
Proceres Sunder., 1872
Struthiornithiformes

The ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of which are flightless. Most of them, including the largest (moas and elephant birds) are now extinct.

Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum. In a flying bird the sternum anchors the wing muscles.

Most parts of the former super-continent Gondwana have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. Their closest living relatives are the tinamous of South America.

The classification used here includes all ratites in the order Struthioniformes, but not the tinamous. This may change in future.

Evolution and systematics

Kiwi, ostrich, Dinornis
Comparison of a kiwi, ostrich, and Dinornis, each with its egg

It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

However, modern gene analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas (South America) and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites are monophyletic.

Recent analysis of twenty nuclear genes suggests that the flighted tinamous cluster within the ratite lineage. The timamids are the sister group of the Australo-Pacific ratites.

If so, this would make 'ratites', as a whole, paraphyletic rather than monophyletic. Since tinamous are weak fliers, this raises interesting questions about the evolution of flightlessness in this group. If timamous are inside the ratite lineage, then ratites evolved flightlessness at least three times. Re-evolution of flight in the tinamous would be an alternative explanation, but that has no precedent in bird evolution, while loss of flight is commonplace.

Simple summary

Tinamous are ratites. Therefore, ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of whom are flightless, with the exception of the tinamous. The ratites evolved flightlessness more than once. The similarities between Ostriches and the Australo-Pacific ratites is due to convergent evolution.

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See also

Kids robot.svg In Spanish: Ratitae para niños

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