Education in Puerto Rico facts for kids
Department of Education Council on Higher Education |
|
---|---|
National education budget | |
Budget | $3.5 billion US$ |
General details | |
Primary languages | Spanish, English |
System type | state, private |
Literacy | |
Male | 96.9% |
Female | 90.3 |
Enrollment | |
Total | unknown |
Primary | 278,884 |
Secondary | 309,420 |
Post secondary | 283,550 |
Attainment | |
Secondary diploma | 60% |
Post-secondary diploma | 18.3% |
Education in Puerto Rico is overseen by the Department of Education of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Education Council. The Department oversees all elementary and secondary public education while the Council oversees all academic standards and issues licenses to educational institutions wishing to operate or establish themselves in Puerto Rico.
Instruction in Puerto Rico is compulsory between the ages of five and 18, which comprises the elementary and high school grades. Students may attend either public or private schools. As of 2013, the island had 1,460 public schools and 764 private schools; there were 606,515 K–12 students, 64,335 vocational students, and 250,011 university students. In 2021, the average public school size was 355 students. Because of damage caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017, a shrinking population, deteriorating infrastructure, and the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis, 283 schools were closed in Puerto Rico by 2018.
The literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population is 93%; when divided by gender, this is distributed as 92.8% for males and 93.8% for females. According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.3% has a bachelor's degree or higher.
Contents
History
The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática (English: Grammar School). The school was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513, in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed. The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language, literature, history, science, art, philosophy and theology.
The concept of public school wasn't used on the island until 1739; an official education system was created in 1865. At the time, attendance was compulsory until age 9. Public Education was organized into 500 centers by 1897.
Laws passed in 1899 required education in Puerto Rico to consist of a public system for ages six to eighteen, to limit the student/teacher ratio to 50:1, and to be coed. The 1900 Department of Public Instruction became the Department of Education in 1989.
Levels
The educational system in Puerto Rico consists of seven categories. These categories are based on the educational levels covered:
No. | Level | Age | Commonly known as | Compulsion | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | nursery school | 0–4 | pre-K | optional | comprises Early Head Start, Head Start, and pre-kindergarten |
2 | preschool | 5 | K | compulsory | comprises kindergarten |
3 | elementary education | 6–11 | 1–6 | compulsory | comprises first grade to sixth grade |
4 | junior high school | 12–14 | 7–9 | compulsory | comprises seventh grade to ninth grade |
5 | high school | 15–17 | 10–12 | compulsory | comprises tenth grade to twelfth grade |
6 | undergraduate | 18+ | college | optional | comprises associate and/or bachelor's degree |
7 | graduate | 22+ | graduate school | optional | comprises master's degree, doctorate, and/or post-doctorate |
Some Puerto Rican schools, most notably in rural areas, offer kinder to ninth grade (K–9) at the same institution and are referred to as Segunda Unidad (English: Second Unit). Other schools offer seventh grade to twelfth grade (7–12) at the same institution and are referred to as Nivel Secundario (English: Secondary Level).
Higher education
Over half of the students entering college level institutions in Puerto Rico, never graduate: 41% of four-year students in public universities and 33% in private institutions get a diploma. 8.90% of people in Puerto Rico earn an associate degree and 6.30% of people get graduate or professional degrees.
Community colleges and technical institutes
There are a number of technical school as well as community college in the town, including the Huertas College,and Mech-Tech College in Caguas, the ICPR Junior College in Hato Rey and Manati, American Educational College in Bayamón and Manati), the Instituto de Banca y Comercio, and the National University College (NUC) in Arecibo, Bayamón, Caguas Ponce and Rio Grande. There is one state-run system, the Puerto Rico Technological Institute in San Juan, which possesses several programs at the local level and whose costs are significantly below market prices. Also, this can be very opinionated depending on what people are pursuing.
- Instituto de Banca y Comercio
Colleges and universities
The three major university systems on the island are the University of Puerto Rico with 11 campuses, the Ana G. Méndez University System (SUAGM) with 3 major campuses and some satellites, and the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico (Inter) with 9 campuses and 2 specialized schools.
The University of Puerto Rico performs the following"
- Produces more than 80% of all post-secondary research on the island,
- Graduates the largest number of Hispanic engineers in the United States,
- Graduates the largest number of chemical engineers in the United States,
- Graduates the second-largest number of female engineers in the United States,
- Owns the largest number of patents by a university on the island,
- Has the largest enrollment on the island and one of the largest in the United States,
- Has the largest faculty body on the island and one of the largest in the United States,
- Offers the largest number of academic programs on the island and one of the largest in the United States,
- Offers the largest number of doctoral programs on the island,
- Has the largest number of campuses on the island,
- Has the highest ratio of students from the island that enroll in graduate studies,
- Confers the largest number of post-secondary degrees on the island,
- Conducts almost all medical research on the island,
- Is considered the best university in all the Caribbean,
- Its flagship campus has won 24 out of the 94 global cups of the Puerto Rico college athletics, and
- Has graduated six out of ten governors of Puerto Rico.
The system is a source of patronage. Its board of trustees, chancellor, rectors, deans, and program directors change whenever a different political party gains power (about every 4 or 8 years), as the university is a government-owned corporation. Its flagship campus is also prone to student strikes, averaging about one strike every three years that halts the whole campus, with the system as a whole averaging about one strike every five years that halts the whole system. Most strikes derive from the university management attempting to raise the cost per credit the institution offers. This has been $55 per undergraduate credit and $117 per graduate credit. It is highly unlikely that a student graduates with college debt as a full Pell Grant covers most costs for low income students, and those that don't receive a full Pell Grant or a Pell Grant at all can easily cover tuition costs. This economic accessibility comes at a price for the taxpayers of Puerto Rico: 9.6% of the General Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico is automatically assigned to the university by law. In 2008, when the economy shrunk, so did the university's endowment. This resulted in problems for an already highly indebted university incapable of generating enough revenue to maintain itself. Because of this, the board of trustees increased tuition costs, which led to strikes. Other strikes were caused by the suggestion of reducing the percentage automatically assigned to the university. No bill has been filed for such purpose.
The University of Puerto Rico offers the largest academic choices with 472 academic programs of which 32 can lead to a doctorate. UPR is also the only system with a business school, an engineering school, a law school, a nursing school, a school of architecture, and a school of medicine. Almost all its schools and programs rank first on the island although competition has increased in the last decades with private universities gaining track at a fast pace. The Ana G. Méndez System, the Interamerican University, and the University of the Sacred Heart possess a business school with the University of Sacred Heart leading in non-profit management and social enterprise, as well as in communications. The Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico and the Turabo University both have engineering schools with the Polytechnic University leading in computer security and offering the only master's degree in computer science on the island. Ranking regarding law schools is subjective with the University of Puerto Rico School of Law, the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law, and the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law considered the best although UPR still leads in constitutional law. The University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine and the University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine lead in medicine and dentistry.
The Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry is the only school of optometry on the island. The Carlos Albizu University leads in psychology. The Metropolitan University leads in environmental management, The UPR leads in environmental science.
In terms of arts, the Atlantic University College leads in digital arts. The Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico and the Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico are considered leaders in music and arts respectively. The school of international relations was created in November 2013 under the name of Morales Carrión Diplomatic and Foreign Relations School, ascribed to the Department of State of Puerto Rico and still in development.
Almost all junior colleges, colleges, universities, and schools are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Specific programs tend to possess their respective accreditation as well (such as ABET, AACSB, LCME, and so on) although it is not uncommon for programs to not possess its expected accreditation—for example, only two business schools are accredited by AACSB.
University | Public/Private | Locations |
---|---|---|
American University of Puerto Rico | Private | Bayamón, Manatí |
Atlantic College of Puerto Rico | Private | Guaynabo |
Caribbean University | Private | Bayamón, Carolina, Ponce, Vega Baja |
Carlos Albizu University | Private | San Juan |
Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe | Private | San Juan |
Colegio Universitario de San Juan | Public | San Juan |
Conservatorio de Música de Puerto Rico | Public | San Juan |
Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico | Public | San Juan |
Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos | Private | Mayagüez |
National University College | Private | Arecibo, Bayamón, Caguas, Ponce, Rio Grande |
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico | Private | San Juan |
Ponce School of Medicine | Private | Ponce |
Pontífica Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico | Private | Arecibo, Coamo, Mayaguez, Ponce |
San Juan Bautista School of Medicine | Private | Caguas |
Seminario Evangélico de Puerto Rico | Private | Rio Piedras |
Universidad Adventista de las Antillas | Private | Mayagüez |
Universidad Central de Bayamón | Private | Bayamón |
Universidad Central del Caribe | Private | Bayamón |
Universidad de Puerto Rico | Public | Aguadilla, Arecibo, Bayamón, Carolina, Cayey, Humacao, Mayagüez, Ponce, San Juan, Utuado |
Universidad del Este | Private | Cabo Rojo, Carolina, Manatí, Santa Isabel, Utuado, Yauco |
Universidad del Sagrado Corazón | Private | San Juan |
Universidad del Turabo | Private | Gurabo |
Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico | Private | Aguadilla, Arecibo, Barranquitas, Bayamón, Fajardo, Guayama, Ponce, San Germán, San Juan |
Universidad Metropolitana | Private | Aguadilla, Bayamón, Jayuya, San Juan |
University of Phoenix | Private | Guaynabo |
See List of colleges and universities in Puerto Rico
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Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law (PUCPR}, Ave. Las Americas, Bo. Canas Urbano, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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National University College, PR-506, Bo. Coto Laurel, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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[[File:Parroquia Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, Santurce.jpg|thumb|300px|[Interamerican University of Puerto Rico Parroquia Sagrado Corazón de Jesús church building became part of the Universidad Interamericana in 2016) is located in Santurce, Puerto Rico | [[File:Univ. Ana G. Méndez, Ave. Tito Castro (PR-14), Bo. Machuelo Abajo, Ponce, Puerto Rico, mirando al sureste (DSC01406).jpg|thumb|300px|Univ. Ana G. Méndez, Ave. Tito Castro (PR-14), Bo. Machuelo Abajo, Ponce, Puerto Rico]] |
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Edificio Ponce Candy Industries, Bo. Sabanetas, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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]] |
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PUCPR Escuela de Arquitectura, C. Marina, Bo. Tercero, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Univ. Interamericana, entrada, Bo. Sabanetas, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Ponce Health Sciences University Research building in Barrio Playa in Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Higher education
Over half of the students entering college level institutions in Puerto Rico, never graduate: 41% of four-year students in public universities and 33% in private institutions get a diploma. 8.90% of people in Puerto Rico earn an associate degree and 6.30% of people get graduate or professional degrees.
Community colleges and technical institutes
There are a number of technical school as well as community college in the town, including the Huertas College, the ICPR Junior College, Mech-Tech college, American Educational College, the Instituto de Banca y Comercio, and the National University College (NUC). There is one state-run system, the Puerto Rico Technological Institute, which possesses several programs at the local level and whose costs are significantly below market prices. Also, this can be very opinionated depending on what people are pursuing.
- Instituto de Banca y Comercio
Colleges and universities
The three major university systems on the island are the University of Puerto Rico with 11 campuses, the Ana G. Méndez University System (SUAGM) with 3 major campuses and some satellites, and the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico (Inter) with 9 campuses and 2 specialized schools.
The University of Puerto Rico performs the following"
- it produces more than 80% of all post-secondary research on the island,
- it graduates the largest number of Hispanic engineers in the United States,
- it graduates the largest number of chemical engineers in the United States,
- it graduates the second-largest number of female engineers in the United States,
- it owns the largest number of patents by a university on the island,
- it has the largest enrollment on the island and one of the largest in the United States,
- it has the largest faculty body on the island and one of the largest in the United States,
- it offers the largest number of academic programs on the island and one of the largest in the United States,
- it offers the largest number of doctoral programs on the island,
- it has the largest number of campuses on the island,
- it has the highest ratio of students from the island that enroll in graduate studies,
- it confers the largest number of post-secondary degrees on the island,
- it conducts almost all medical research on the island,
- it is considered the best university in all the Caribbean,
- its flagship campus has won 24 out of the 94 global cups of the Puerto Rico college athletics, and
- it has graduated six out of ten governors of Puerto Rico.
The system is a source of patronage. Its board of trustees, chancellor, rectors, deans, and program directors changing whenever a different political party gains power (about every 4 or 8 years) as the university is a government-owned corporation. Its flagship campus is also prone to student strikes, averaging about one strike every three years that halts the whole campus, with the system as a whole averaging about one strike every five years that halts the whole system. Most strikes derive from the university management attempting to raise the cost per credit the institution offers. This has been $55 per undergraduate credit and $117 per graduate credit. It is highly unlikely that a student graduates with college debt as a full Pell Grant covers most costs for low income students, and those that don't receive a full Pell Grant or a Pell Grant at all can easily cover tuition costs. This economic accessibility comes at a price for the taxpayers of Puerto Rico: 9.6% of the General Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico is automatically assigned to the university by law. In 2008, when the economy shrunk, so did the university's endowment. This resulted in problems for an already highly indebted university incapable of generating enough revenue to maintain itself. Because of this, the board of trustees increased tuition costs, which led to strikes. Other strikes were caused by the suggestion of reducing the percentage automatically assigned to the university. No bill has been filed for such purpose.
The University of Puerto Rico offers the largest academic choices with 472 academic programs of which 32 can lead to a doctorate. UPR is also the only system with a business school, an engineering school, a law school, a nursing school, a school of architecture, and a school of medicine. Almost all its schools and programs rank first on the island although competition has increased in the last decades with private universities gaining track at a fast pace. The Ana G. Méndez System, the Interamerican University, and the University of the Sacred Heart possess a business school with the University of Sacred Heart leading in non-profit management and social enterprise, as well as in communications. The Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico and the Turabo University both have engineering schools with the Polytechnic University leading in computer security and offering the only master's degree in computer science on the island. Ranking regarding law schools is subjective with the University of Puerto Rico School of Law, the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law, and the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law considered the best although UPR still leads in constitutional law. The University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine and the University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine lead in medicine and dentistry.
The Interamerican University School of Optometry is the only school of optometry on the island. The Carlos Albizu University leads in psychology. The Metropolitan University leads in environmental management, The UPR leads in environmental science.
In terms of arts, the Atlantic University College leads in digital arts. The Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico and the Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico are considered leaders in music and arts respectively. The school of international relations was created in November 2013 under the name of Morales Carrión Diplomatic and Foreign Relations School, ascribed to the Department of State of Puerto Rico and still in development.
Almost all junior colleges, colleges, universities, and schools are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Specific programs tend to possess their respective accreditation as well (such as ABET, AACSB, LCME, and so on) although it is not uncommon for programs to not possess its expected accreditation—for example, only two business schools are accredited by AACSB.
University | Public/Private | Locations |
---|---|---|
American University of Puerto Rico | Private | Bayamón, Manatí |
Atlantic College of Puerto Rico | Private | Guaynabo |
Caribbean University | Private | Bayamón, Carolina, Ponce, Vega Baja |
Carlos Albizu University | Private | San Juan |
Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe | Private | San Juan |
Colegio Universitario de San Juan | Public | San Juan |
Conservatorio de Música de Puerto Rico | Public | San Juan |
Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico | Public | San Juan |
Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos | Private | Mayagüez |
National University College | Private | Arecibo, Bayamón, Ponce, Rio Grande |
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico | Private | San Juan |
Ponce School of Medicine | Private | Ponce |
Pontífica Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico | Private | Arecibo, Coamo, Mayaguez, Ponce |
San Juan Bautista School of Medicine | Private | Caguas |
Seminario Evangélico de Puerto Rico | Private | Rio Piedras |
Universidad Adventista de las Antillas | Private | Mayagüez |
Universidad Central de Bayamón | Private | Bayamón |
Universidad Central del Caribe | Private | Bayamón |
Universidad de Puerto Rico | Public | Aguadilla, Arecibo, Bayamón, Carolina, Cayey, Humacao, Mayagüez, Ponce, San Juan, Utuado |
Universidad del Este | Private | Cabo Rojo, Carolina, Manatí, Santa Isabel, Utuado, Yauco |
Universidad del Sagrado Corazón | Private | San Juan |
Universidad del Turabo | Private | Gurabo |
Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico | Private | Aguadilla, Arecibo, Barranquitas, Bayamón, Fajardo, Guayama, Ponce, San Germán, San Juan |
Universidad Metropolitana | Private | Aguadilla, Bayamón, Jayuya, San Juan |
University of Phoenix | Private | Guaynabo |
Contemporary issues
Dropout rate
A study showed that about 19.10% of all students do not finish 9th grade.
According to the census, the high school graduation rate was 73.9% as of 2016. Some mainland US citizens question whether the median household income contributes; Puerto Rico's median household income is less than $20,000, with 43% of people in poverty.
Current educational issues
The government recently announced the closure of 283 schools and a new pilot plan for charter schools and vouchers. The school system has lost about 38,762 students since May 2017 due to closing of schools. In addition, between August 2017 and January 2018 another 27,000 students will be out of the school systems. Some of the schools don't have running water or electricity. Education Secretary Julia Keleher has mentioned that they will save $150 million by closing most of the schools. However, on March 29, 2018, Gov. Ricardo Rosselló signed a bill that will allow charter schools and voucher programs to be established. The governments are trying to cut funding from education in order to restore the island after all the hurricanes that hit Puerto Rico.
Teachers have also lost their jobs. Based on United Federation of Teachers, it mentioned more than 2,600 teachers have received a letter saying they were excessed. Also, no teacher has received a raise since 2008 and beginning teachers earn $1,750 a month, although the cost of living is 10 percent higher than on the US mainland.
Parents' participation
A January 2014 news report stated that 55 percent of parents with children in public schools picked up their children's grades for the first semester of 2013–2014 school year on the scheduled day.
Poor performance in public schools
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, 95% of public school students in Puerto Rico graduate at a sub-basic level while 60% do not even graduate. Furthermore, according to the Department of Education of Puerto Rico, thirty-nine percent (39%) of public school students perform at a basic level (average performance) in Spanish in the Puerto Rican Tests of Academic Achievement. Likewise, 36% perform at a basic level in Mathematics while 35% perform at a basic level in English and 43% at a basic level in Science in said tests.
Moreover, studies published in 2003, 2005, and 2007 by the United States National Center for Education Statistics as part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) concluded that Puerto Rico falls below basic levels when compared to the United States—being basic defined as "partial mastery of the knowledge and skills that are fundamental for proficient work" according to NAEP. In particular the findings showed that:
- Overall, fourth- and eighth-grade students in Puerto Rico scored lower, on average, than public school students in the United States.
- Twelve percent (12%) of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above basic in fourth grade in comparison to the United States where 79% of students scored at or above basic in the same grade.
- Six percent (6%) of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above basic in eighth grade in comparison to the United States where 68% of students in the United States scored at or above basic in the same grade.
As a result of this, 1,321 out of 1,466 public schools in Puerto Rico (about 90%) do not comply with the academic progress requirements established by the No Child Left Behind Act.
In 2013, the nation's report card concluded that Puerto Rico falls below basic levels when compared to the United States. According to NAEP. In particular the findings showed that:
- Overall, fourth- and eighth-grade students in Puerto Rico scored lower, on average, than public school students in the United States.
- Eleven percent (11%) of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above basic in fourth grade in comparison to the United States where 89% of students scored at or above basic in Mathematics.
- Five percent (5%) of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above basic in eighth grade in comparison to the United States where 95% of students in the United States scored at or above basic in Mathematics.
Also, the nation's report card concluded that 309 students per schools where in United State there are 504 students per schools. In 2017, again Puerto Rico ranked dead last in fourth-grade and eighth-grade math scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress tests.
Market demand for college graduates
Puerto Rico is atypical as many youngsters pursue post-secondary studies even though the local market has no demand for them. For example, in 2012 50,000 students graduated at the undergraduate and graduate level while the labor market generated about 6,000 jobs per year of which 25% of those required that level of education. This effectively means that the Puerto Rican market has no demand for 97% of those who graduate with an undergraduate or graduate degree in Puerto Rico, although many find jobs out of the island.
Notable Puerto Rico educators
- Lolita Tizol
- Alfredo M. Aguayo
- Mariano Villaronga-Toro
- María Teresa Babín
- Elías López Sobá
- Eugenio María de Hostos
Images for kids
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Students at Belen Blanco De Zequeira in Loíza, Puerto Rico
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Elementary school student working on a Puerto Rican parrot activity