Plínio Salgado facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
Plínio Salgado
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Plínio Salgado in 1959
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| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| In office February 2, 1959 – February 2, 1975 |
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| Constituency | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 22, 1895 São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Died | December 8, 1975 (aged 80) São Paulo, Brazil |
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| Spouses |
Maria Amélia Pereira
(m. 1918; died 1919)Carmela Patti Salgado
(m. 1934) |
| Occupation | Author, politician, journalist, and theologian |
Plínio Salgado (January 22, 1895 – December 8, 1975) was an important Brazilian politician, writer, and journalist. He is best known for starting and leading the Brazilian Integralist Action. This was a political group that took ideas from the fascist movement in Italy.
Salgado first supported the government of Getúlio Vargas. But later, he was sent away to Portugal for trying to start protests against the government. When he came back, he created a new party called the Party of Popular Representation. He was elected to represent the state of Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies in 1958. He was re-elected in 1962, this time for São Paulo.
He also ran for president in 1955, getting a small percentage of the votes. After a big change in Brazil's government in 1964, he joined a new political party called the National Renewal Alliance. He served two more terms in the Chamber of Deputies. Plínio Salgado stopped working in politics in 1974, a year before he passed away.
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Early Life and Interests
Plínio Salgado was born in a small town called São Bento do Sapucaí in São Paulo state. His father was a local political leader, and his mother was a teacher. As a child, Plínio was very active in school. He especially liked mathematics and geometry.
When he was 16, his father passed away. This made him a bit sadder. After this, his interests changed to psychology and philosophy.
At 20, Salgado started his own weekly newspaper called Correio de São Bento. In 1918, he began his political journey. He helped create a party called Partido Municipalista. This party brought together town leaders and wanted more local control for cities.
In 1918, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira. Their daughter, Maria Amélia Salgado, was born on July 6, 1919. Sadly, just 15 days after giving birth, his wife Maria Amélia died. This loss deeply affected Plínio. He stopped studying some ideas and found comfort in Roman Catholic theology. He began to study the works of Brazilian Catholic thinkers. His wife's death changed his life path. He did not marry again for 17 years, until he met Carmela Patti.
Journalism and Art
Through his articles in Correio de São Bento, Salgado became known to other journalists. In 1920, he was invited to work in São Paulo for Correio Paulistano. This was the official newspaper of the Republican Party of São Paulo. There, he became friends with the poet Menotti del Picchia.
Salgado was a key part of the Modern Art Week in 1922. This was an important event for Brazilian art. He led a group called the "Nationalists." They wanted Brazilian art to be unique and not influenced by other countries. This was different from another group who wanted to mix foreign ideas into new art.
In 1926, he published his first novel, The Stranger. After this, he helped start the Green-Yellow movement. This was a group focused on Brazilian nationalism within the Modernist movement. The next year, he also helped create the Anta movement. This group praised the native peoples, especially the Tupi, as the true heart of Brazilian identity.
He also wrote a book called Literature and Politics. In this book, he supported nationalistic ideas. He was against some liberal ideas and favored large land ownership. His move towards far-right politics led to some of his friends starting a different group.
The Integralist Movement
In 1930, Salgado supported a different presidential candidate against Getúlio Vargas. During a trip to Europe around this time, he was very impressed by Benito Mussolini's Fascist movement in Italy. When he returned to Brazil, he first supported the old government. But after Vargas won, he began to support Vargas's new government.
Salgado started a strong campaign against making Brazil a more democratic country. This angered people who wanted democracy. Their anger led to his newspaper office being burned down.
During Vargas's time in power, Salgado created the Society for Political Studies. This group brought together thinkers who liked Fascist ideas. A few months later, he released the October Manifesto. This document laid out the ideas for a new political party, the Brazilian Integralist Action.
Salgado used many symbols and ways of organizing from Fascism. His group had members who wore green shirts as uniforms. They had very organized street demonstrations and used strong language. He said his movement was not about racism, but some members held anti-Jewish views. The movement even received money from the Italian embassy. Their special greeting was a Roman salute, and they shouted the Tupi word Anauê, meaning "you are my brother." Their symbol was the Greek letter sigma (Σ).
Integralist Action gained support from many people. This included Italian and Portuguese immigrants, middle-class Brazilians, and military officers. As the party grew, Vargas saw them as a strong group on the right. In 1934, Salgado's movement clashed with the Communist Party. They had street fights and tried to stop the Communists.
In 1937, Salgado announced he would run for president. But he knew Vargas planned to cancel the election and stay in power. So, he supported Vargas's new government, hoping Integralism would become the main idea of the new system. Vargas had even promised him a job as Minister of Education. However, Vargas banned the Integralist party, just like all other political parties.
In 1939, Integralist members tried twice to start protests against Vargas. Salgado said he was not involved, but he was arrested after the second attempt. He was held in a fortress in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. About a month later, he was sent away to Portugal for six years. While in exile, he tried to get back into Vargas's good graces. He even praised Brazil's decision to declare war against Germany and Italy.
Later Political Career
Salgado came back to Brazil in 1945, when Vargas's strong government ended. He then started the Party of Popular Representation. This party had new ideas based on his old Integralist beliefs. He still wanted to be president. He ran in 1955 but finished last, getting about 8% of the votes. He then supported the new president, Juscelino Kubitschek. Salgado was named to lead a national institute for immigration.
In 1958, Salgado was elected to represent Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies. He was re-elected in 1962, this time for the state of São Paulo.
In 1964, he spoke at a large rally in São Paulo against President João Goulart. Salgado supported the big government change in 1964 that removed Goulart. When Brazil created a new political system with only two parties, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party. He served two more terms as a representative for São Paulo.
Plínio Salgado passed away in São Paulo on December 9, 1975, at the age of 80. He is buried at Morumbi Cemetery.
See also
In Spanish: Plínio Salgado para niños
