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Timeline of Leicester facts for kids

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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Leicester, the county town of Leicestershire, in England.

Prehistory and protohistory

Palaeolithic

  • c. 12,000 BC – Ice sheets retreated helping to form the geography of the Soar Valley.
  • c. 10,000–9,500 BC – First hunter gatherers active in the Leicester area. Flint axe heads from the Early Stone Age have been found found on Abbey Meadows, in Scraptoft, and in Eyres Monsell.

Mesolithic

  • 9,500–4,500 BC – Late hunter gatherers active in the area. Stone tools found at Humberstone and Mowmacre Hill.

Neolithic

  • 4,500–2,500 BC – Farming begins in the area and forests are cleared. More than 50 axes and other worked flint tools have been discovered scattered across every part of the city and its suburbs.

Copper Age

  • 2,500–2,000 BC - pottery craft was discovered.

Bronze Age

  • 2,000-1,000 BC
    • Metal working begins: metal remains found in High Street, Abbey Meadows, Eyres Monsell, and Glenfield. Pottery remains have been found in Glenfield in large quantities, as well as in Western Park and the modern city centre.
    • Evidence of ritual areas, crop marks and burial mounds, survive in Western Park and New Parks (for pre Roman Leicester religion see Druidism).
    • Burial area near High Street with a crematorium urn and another crematorium urn from Aylestone Park.
  • 1,000 BC – earliest permanent settlement on Glenfield Ridge overlooking Soar Valley from the west (today Glenfield).

Iron Age

Roman period

1st century CE (AD)

  • 44–46 – Roman Conquest of the area by Legio XIV Gemina under Aulus Plautius.
  • c. 48–60 – The Corieltauvi become allied with Rome (approx. date):
    • Tribespeople were made Civitas stipendaria of the Roman Empire.
    • The gradually Romanising settlement of Ratae Corieltauvorum (meaning Ramparts of the Corieltauvi) was recognised as the Corieltauvi's Civitas Capital. The plural conjugation of the name Ratae might have either referred to the different sided ramparts of a single oppidum or to the ramparts of several oppida surrounding the main one excavated east of the River Soar.
  • c. 48 – The Fosse Way was constructed just to the north of the original Iron Age oppidum, perhaps initially as a defensive ditch. The northern most boundary of the first wave of Romano-British occupied territories, it came to be a major route of transportation connecting Lincoln to the north east and Cirencester, Bath, and Exeter to the south west. It was also came to act as the Decumanus Maximus (principal street running east to west) of the city of Ratae. Outside the city walls the Fosse way is the road northeast to Belgrave, Syston, and Melton (today's A46), and southwest to Coventry (today's B4455 and A429) until the mid 20th century. In the 18th and 19th the areas around the Fosse Way had been developed while the straight road was preserved as today's:
    • Narborough Road,
    • Belgrave Gate
    • Belgrave Road (the Golden Mile),
    • and Melton Road.
  • c. 51 — Watling Street constructed about 12 miles south of the city connecting Canterbury, London, and St Albans in the south east with Wroxeter in the north west, later extending to Chester. This road followed the route of today's A5 and marks the boarder between Leicestershire and Warwickshire.
  • c. 70 – The Via Devana is gradually constructed connecting Ratae to the Roman capital Colchester in the south east and Chester in the north west vier Watling Street. This road eventually constituted the southern section of Ratae's divided Cardo Maximus (principal street running north to south) connecting what is still Southgates with the old Forum (roughly today's Jubilee Square) vier Vaughan Way before joining the Fosse way in the western half of the Decumanus Maximus, exiting vier the former West Gates, and continuing towards Mancetter where it met Watling Street. To the south east it passed through Medbourne to Godmanchester. The route survives today as
    • Gartree Road (the B582 passing through the Strettons),
    • Evington Footway,
    • New Walk,
    • and Glenfield Road (possibly).
  • c. 75–99 – A drainage ditch, most likely with a defensive rampart of some kind, was dug around an area north of the original Iron Age oppidum. These boundaries will mark the site of the 3rd century stone walls and the boroughs boundaries with very few changes until the 19th century. Within the boundaries of the outer ditch a gridded network of streets (cardines, decumani, and insulae) were laid out, including the split Cardo Maximus and the continuous Decumanus Maximius.
    • The route the Cardo Maximus followed is now:
      • South Gates;
      • The short footpath continuous with Wyggeston’s House as far as Applegate (the route of the Decumanus, i.e. the Fosse Way);
      • The route of the present Highcross Street over Vaughn Way as far as Sanvey Gate and Soar Lane.
    • The Decumanus Maximius, following the route of the 48 AD Fosse Way, is now:
      • East Gates opposite the Haymarket and Belgrave Gate;
      • Silver Street;
      • Guildhall lane past Wyggeston’s House and Jubilee Square;
      • beneath St Nicolas Circle to the lost west gate around St Augustine's Road.
    • Raw Dykes likely constructed during this stage of development.

2nd century

  • 122 – the Emperor Hadrian visited Ratae.
  • c. 130–200 – Ratae developed into well established Municipium:
    • The Forum and Basilica complex were constructed on the north side of the Fosse Way between what is presently Highcross Street and Vaughan Way. The site is now Jubilee Square.
    • Thermae (public bath house) constructed. Ruins preserved in the courtyard of the Jewry Wall Museum.
    • Jewry Wall constructed, the wall of a communal Palaestra or Gymnasium constructed on the eastern side of the bath complex, the archways are likely the surviving entry between the exercise hall and the baths.
    • The Mithraeum, a temple to the deity Mithra, was constructed on what is now St Nicholas Circle.
    • The "Cyparissus Pavement" laid (approx. date).
    • The four "Blackfriars Pavements" laid (approx. date).
    • The "Peacock Pavement" laid (approx. date).

3rd century

  • c. 208 – Emperor Septimius Severus likely visited Ratae during his journey to Hadrians Wall for the Caledonian Campaign.
  • c. 220 – Civic buildings expand:
    • Large Macellum (indoor market hall) constructed immediately to the north of the Forum, around the site of the Medieval Blue Boar Inn in between todays Highcross Street, Vaughan Way, and Jubilee Square.
    • Semi circular Theatrum constructed adjacent to the north wall of the Macellum (today under Vaughan Way).
    • A Septisolium shrine was probably constructed around this time according surviving written testimony and some possible archaeological evidence. Inspired by the Roman Septisolium, although on a far smaller scale, it was devoted to the seven planetary deities (Saturn, Sol, Luna, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus).
  • c. 270 — City walls constructed in stone along the route of the earlier ditches (see entry for c. 80–99 AD above). Stone defensive structures remain until the 16th century and surviving stones can be seen reused in the wall between St Mary de Castro churchyard and the gardens of the Newarke Houses Museum.
    • The entrance roads and tracks along the walls extern have almost all survived as thoroughfares in the modern city. Working round the boundary, to and from the focal point of the Victorian Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower, and starting from East Gates these are:
      • Gallowtree Gate,
      • Horsefair Street,
      • Millstone Lane,
      • past Southgates and Vaughan way,
      • The Newarke, particularly the south wall of the 11th century Leicester Castle,
      • Castle Gardens,
      • St Nicholas Circle,
      • Bath Lane,
      • Soar Lane,
      • past Northgate and Highcross Streets,
      • Sanvey Gate,
      • and Church Gate.
    • The walls had four major gateways of which no visible remains survive. Three of them have been preserved in the names of the streets. They were:
      • South Gate – today commemorated in the street name Southgates, they stood roughly where Millstone Lane meets Vaughan Way. Two roads branched from here; the Via Devana to Medbourne and Godmanchester, and an unnamed road to the local settlement of Tripontium on Watling Street (now the Caves Inn near Lutterworth). The Newarke Street Cemetery grew up in between the two forks in the road.
      • East Gate – today East Gates, it stood roughly between Cheapside and Gallowtree Gate. This was the eastern entrance of the Fosse Way (Belgrave Gate and Melton Road) into the city and the road to Lincoln. In the Middle Ages the two tracks following the east wall became Church Gate to the north leading up to St Margaret's and Gallowtree Gate to the south leading up to the gallows where the track met the Via Divana at the top of St Mary's Hill (opposite the Victoria Park gates on London Road).
      • North Gate – today the crossroads of Highcross Street, Northgate Street, Sanvey Gate, and Soar Lane. In the Middle Ages the road to Leicester Abbey and a procession route between St Martins Church (the Cathedral) and St Margaret's Church (Sanvey Gate being an Anglo Saxon distortion of the Latin Sacra Via or Holy Way).
      • West Gate – today where St Augustine's Road meets St Nicholas Circle. The onward route of both the Fosse Way (Narborough Road) to Bath and Exeter and the Via Devana (possibly Glenfield Road).

4th century

  • 360 – major fire destroyed the public baths and many other buildings never to be rebuilt.
  • c. 375 — Antonine Itinerary records Ratae on a postal route between London and Lincoln.

5th century

Early Middle Ages

6th century

  • c. mid 5th – early 6th cent — Middle Angles begin to inhabit the Trent and Soar Valleys including a small settlement on the edge of the old Roman city of Ratae, near Southgates.

7th century

  • 653 — Cedd’s mission to the Middle Angles.
  • 680 — Cuthwine was installed as the first Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Leicester.

8th century

9th century

  • 803 — Earliest Saxon written record of the town, referred to as Legorensis Caester.
  • 840 – According to local tradition Saint Wigstan, a young prince of Mercia, was martyred at Wistow just south of the city on the Kalends (1st) of June.
  • 874 – Leicester ceased to be a diocesan seat when the last Saxon Bishop flees the invading Danes. He settled at Dorchester and his successors ultimately become the Bishops of Lincoln.
  • 877 – The Danes were in power and Leicester became one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw.
  • 880 – The nave of St Nicholas' Church dates to this time (next to Jewry Wall, approx. date).

10th century

High Middle Ages

11th century

  • c. 1070 – The Norman Conquerors reached the city.
    • Hugh de Grandmesnil was granted the lands encompassing the town of Leicester and made first Sheriff of Leicestershire.
    • Motte and Bailey structure of Leicester Castle was begun.
    • St Mary's, now part of the castle Bailey, was reconstructed (including nave and west wall still standing).
  • 1072 — The ancient bishopric of Dorchester, Leicester and Lindsey in exile, was moved to Lincoln under the new Norman bishop Remigius de Fécamp. Leicester and Leicestershires churches became part of the Diocese of Lincoln until 1541.
  • 1086 – The Domesday Survey report on the town of Ledecestre (Leicester):
    • Leicester Castle was completed.
    • The walled town occupied 130 acres and had 322 houses.
    • The walled town had several churches of which 5 survive:
      • St Nicholas Church, the old Anglo Saxon Minster dating back to the 6th or 7th century constructed in the shell of the old Roman Gymnasium;
      • St Mary de Castro in the precincts of Leicester Castle;
      • All Saints on Highcross Street, the northern section of the old Roman city's split Cardo Maximus, the first church reached on entering the North Gate);
      • St Margaret's Church, just outside the north eastern corner of the walls at the crossroads of Sanvey Gate and Church Gate;
      • & St Martin's Church, constructed on Fosse Way, the city's old Decumanus Maximus, roughly midway between the East and West Gates;
    • And three churches which do not:
      • St Clement's Church, later the Blackfriars Church in the northwest corner of the town;
      • St Michael's Church, in the northeast corner of the town around what is today Vaughan Way, Burgess Street, and East Bond Street;
      • & St Peter's Church, near what is now Free School Lane, its stones surviving in the structure of the Free School.
    • The town operated along principles of pre-conquest Anglo-Saxon and Danish law and authority.
      • There were 65 Burgesses or Freemen, the ancestor of the current Guild of Leicester Freemen and the established core of the towns Burgher class.
      • The town was governed by a Portmanmoot of 24 Jurats elected from among the Burgesses (the ancestor of the 1589 Corporation & the modern City Council).
    • Leicester Market (known as the Saturday Shambles) was active.
  • 1092 – First recorded existence of the Archdeaconry of Leicester. Title held by Ranulph appointed by Bishop Remigius.

12th century

13th century

  • 1228 – Leicester fair active.
  • 1229 — Robert Grosseteste appointed Archdeacon of Leicester (famous scholastic philosopher and theologian, later Bishop of Lincoln).
  • c. 1230 – The Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans or Greyfriars) established St Mary Magdalene's Friary (Leicester Greyfriars) just inside the towns southern wall east of Southgates, between what became Southgates, Friar Lane, Grey Friars, and St Martins. They were the first of mendicant orders to establish themselves in the town.
  • 1231 — Expulsion of the Jews of Leicester. The 6th Earl of Leicester Simon de Montfort expelled the Jewish community to beyond the town walls, the first of such official pogroms preceding the national Edict of Expulsion in 1290.
  • c. 1247 – The Order of Friars Preachers (Dominicans or Blackfriars) established St Clement's Priory (Leicester Blackfriars) in the north west corner of the old town walls taking St Clement's parish church as their priory church. The site was between Soar Lane and Great Central Street and was commemorated after the reformation in names such as St Sundays Bridge (St Sunday being an English nickname for St Dominic), Friars Preachers Lane which was the name of Great Central Street, Friars Causeway, Friars Mill, and the district of the city known as Blackfriars.
  • c. 1254 — The Order of Friars Hermits of St Augustine (Austinfriars) established St Katherine's Priory (Leicester Austinfriars) north west of West Bridge on Bede Island. The site is now on the right hand side of St Augustine's Road.
  • 1265 — Edmund Crouchback granted the earldom, castle, and city of Leicester on 26 October after the death of Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham earlier that year.
  • 1267 – Earldoms of Leicester and Lancaster united into one when Crouchback was made Earl of Lancaster.
  • 1269 – Leicester assessed as 13th richest borough in the Kingdom of England.

Late Middle Ages

14th century

15th century

Early Modern period

16th century

17th century

  • 1616 — Leicester Boy Trials. Leicester Assizes conducted famous witch trial instigated by a 13-year-old boy who accused 15 women in Husbands Bosworth. 9 of the accused were executed, 1 died in prison, and 5 were released on the order of King James I during his visit to the city that summer. The incident was the inspiration for Ben Jonson’s play The Devil Is an Ass.
  • 1627–1628 – The Leicester anti enclosure and disafforestation riots, a series of spring riots in both years in protest of Sir Miles Fleetwood‘s enclosure, division, and deforestation of Leicester Forest on the orders of King Charles I.
  • 1642 – Charles I passed through Leicester before raising his standard at Nottingham.
  • 1645 – The Siege of Leicester during the English Civil War.
  • 1680
    • Knitting frames for hosiery were introduced about this time.
    • Leicesters Quakers constructed their first meeting house. It was built on the extra parochial land of the dissolved St Clement's Priory near Soar Lane and the Northgates end of Highcross Street, the modern area of Blackfriars.

18th century

  • 1708 — Great Meeting House constructed for the towns Protestant Dissenters on East Bond Street. Today Leicester Unitarian Chapel.
  • 1717 – Last English witch trial conducted by Leicester Assizes. The two accused women, both of Wigston, were acquitted by the jury who disregarded the testimony of 25 witnesses.
  • 1751 – Leicester Journal newspaper began publication.
  • 1760 – Leicesters last recorded accusation of witchcraft. Two elderly ladies of Glenn Magna accused one another of witchcraft and were subjected to the ducking stool, which one passed and the other failed. Other accusations followed. The only court proceedings to arise were fines for rioting as the crime of witchcraft was removed from the statue books.
  • 1770 – Daniel Lambert was born in Leicester
  • 1771 – Leicester Royal Infirmary opened.
  • 1773 – The High Cross in High Street was removed.
  • 1785 – The Greencoat School was established with money left by Alderman Gabriel Newton .
  • 1792 – Leicester Chronicle newspaper began publication.
  • 1794 – The corporation sanctioned several fairs.

19th century

1800s – 1810s

  • 1800
    • The City Rooms were opened.
    • Leicester Medical Book Society founded.
  • 1801 – Population: 17,005.
  • 1804 – The common lands around the ancient city, including South Fields, North Fields, and High Fields, were controversially enclosed.
  • 1806 – Racecourse established.
  • 1816 – James Towle, notable Luddite, was executed in the city on 20 November. Two more Luddites were executed the following year.
  • 1817 – Leicester Savings Bank established.

1820s

  • 1821 – Leicester Gas Company was established.
  • 1825 – Wharf Street Cricket Ground opened, home to the Leicestershire County Cricket Club.
  • 1827 – St George parish church, constructed to serve the new suburb built in South Fields, completed.
  • 1828 – The new Leicester Prison opened on Welford Road.

1830s

  • 1832 — Leicester and Swannington Railway began operating.
  • 1835 – Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society founded.
  • 1836
    • Leicester Borough Police Force was established.
    • The Theatre Royal opened in Horsefair Street.
  • 1838
  • 1839 – Christ Church Bow Street, a chapel of ease to St Margaret's, was consecrated by Bishop John Kaye on 28 June.

1840s

  • 1840 – The Midland Counties Railway from Derby to Rugby opened, with a station at Campbell Street, Leicester.
  • 1845 – Particular Baptist Chapel opened.
  • 1849

1850s

  • 1851
  • 1853
    • Rowe's Circulating Library in business.
    • Leicester gained its first piped water supply
  • 1857
    • Hitchin-Leicester railway began operating.
    • Leicester Guardian newspaper began publication.

1860s

  • 1861 – Population: 68,056.
  • 1862 – Joseph Merrick, the "Elephant Man", was born in Leicester
  • 1863 – The Old Bow Bridge was demolished and replaced with an iron bridge.
  • 1864
    • South Leicestershire Railway (Hinckley-Leicester) began operating.
    • Leicester balloon riot
  • 1866
    • Leicester's first working men's club opened
    • The Collegiate School for Girls opened.
  • 1867
    • Major restoration work to St Martin's Church begun in 1860 was completed; the tower and spire having been dismantled and rebuilt.
    • Leicester Secular Society refounded.
  • 1868
    • Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower erected.
    • St Luke's Church on the corner of Humberstone Road and Bell Lane consecrated by William Connor Magee, the Lord Bishop of Peterborough between 1868 and 1891.

1870s

  • 1870 – Leicester School of Art founded (ancestor of the Leicester Polytechnic College and today's De Montfort University).
  • 1871
    • Population: 95,084.
    • The Free Library opened in Wellington Street.
  • 1872
  • 1874
  • 1875 – Trams begin operating from the town centre to Victoria Park and Humberstone.
  • 1876
    • Leicester Town Hall was built.
    • Leicester Co-operative Hosiery Manufacturing Soc iety organised.
  • 1877
    • The Wyggeston Hospital School opened.
    • Skating rink opened in Rutland Street.
    • Leicester Bicycling Club active (approximate date).
    • The Opera House opened in Silver Street.
    • St Saviour's Parish Church consecrated by Bishop Magee.
    • Prebend Street Friends Meeting House opened, and the Leicester Quakers leave the old Blackfriars Northgates Meeting House.
  • 1878 – Leicestershire County Cricket Club's new ground at Grace Road opened
  • 1878 – Leicestershire Lawn Tennis Club Established
  • 1879 – The first municipal swimming baths open in Bath Lane.

1880s

1890s

  • 1890 – Church of the Martyrs on Westcotes Drive was consecrated by Bishop Magee.
  • 1891
    • Population: 174,624.
    • Filbert Street stadium opened.
    • Abbey Pumping Station in operation.
    • The Borough of Leicester was greatly enlarged by the Leicester Extension Act, with the addition of Aylestone, Belgrave, Knighton, Newfoundpool and parts of Braunstone, Evington and Humberstone.
  • 1892
  • 1894 – Leicester Fosse joined the Football League.
  • 1896
    • Leicester Corporation purchased Gilroes and began laying out a cemetery there.
    • All of the civil parishes within the Borough of Leicester were merged into a single parish.
  • 1898 – The Grand Hotel was built in Granby Street.
  • 1899
    • British United Shoe Machinery was established in Belgrave Road.
    • Leicester Central railway station opened. (closed 1969)

20th century

1900s

  • 1901
  • 1904 – The conversion of Leicester's horse-drawn trams to electric trams was completed.
  • 1905 – Leicester General Hospital opened.
  • 1906 – Future Prime Minister James Ramsay MacDonald was elected as one of the two MPs for Leicester.

1910s

  • 1911 — ‘Great Fire of Leicester’ - Church of St. George the Martyr & surrounding factories (today's Cultural Quarter) gutted by fire on 5 October & subsequently rebuilt.
  • 1913 – De Montfort Hall opened.
  • 1918–1919 – the Spanish Influenza epidemic killed approximately 1600 people in Leicester.
  • 1919
    • King George V and Queen Mary made a state visit the city on 10 June.
    • Leicester granted city status in the aftermath of the Royal visit in June. It was seen as a restoration of the historic city status held during Roman times.

1920s

  • 1920 – The City Boys School opened.
  • 1921
  • 1923 – In the General Election, Winston Churchill was the Liberal candidate in Leicester West and lost.
  • 1925
    • Arch of Remembrance on Victoria Park completed. Designed by Edward Lutyens in memory of the sons of Leicester who died in the Great War. Unveiled by two local war widows, Mrs Elizabeth Butler and Mrs Annie Glover, in front of 30,000 people on 4 July.
    • Braunstone Frith was absorbed into the city of Leicester.
  • 1927 – The Diocese of Leicester was established and the city's churches were allocated to it instead of the Diocese of Peterborough.
    • St Martin's Church became Leicester Cathedral.
    • Dr. Cyril Bardsley was appointed the first Bishop of Leicester since the year 870.

1930s

  • 1932 – The Little Theatre opened in Dover Street.
  • 1935
    • Humberstone, Knighton, New Parks and Beaumont Leys were absorbed into the city of Leicester.
    • Oswald Mosley and the Blackshirts (British Union of Fascists) hold several demonstrations in the Market Place and Victoria Park and are heckled by members of the city's labour movement.
  • 1936
    • The city boundaries were further extended to include most of Evington
    • Odeon Cinema opened.
    • The Jarrow Marchers arrive in Leicester on Thursday 23 October from Loughborough and continue on the next day to Market Harborough.

1940s

  • 1940 – Leicester suffered its worst air raid of World War II on the night of 19 November.
  • 1946 – King George VI and Queen Elizabeth made a state visit to Leicester on 30 October. The visit was part of a tour marking the end of World War II.
  • 1947 — University of Leicester Botanic Garden opened.

1950s

  • 1950 – St Luke's Church Humberstone Road demolished.
  • 1955 – New Friends Meeting House opened on Queens Road. Prebend Street Meeting House closes permanently the following year.
  • 1958
    • Buddy Holly and the Crickets performed live at De Montfort Hall on 6 March, perhaps the city's first Rock n Roll performance.
    • Queen Elizabeth II visited the city on 9 May, the first of her visited to the city as monarch.
    • Christ Church on Bow Street demolished along with its parish school.

1960s

  • 1962 – Jewry Wall Museum built.
  • 1963 – The Beatles performed live at De Montfort Hall for the first time.
  • 1966
    • St Luke's Church Stocking Farm was consecrated 29 April, a replacement to the lost Humberstone Street St Luke's.
    • The City of Leicester Polytechnic was established.
  • 1969 – The Museum of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment opened in the Magazine Gateway.

1970s

1980s

  • 1980 — Leicester Royal Infirmary extension opened by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip on 14 March.
  • 1985 – St Margaret's Bus Station re-opened with new buildings.

1990s

  • 1992 – The Leicester Polytechnic became De Montfort University.
  • 1993 – Queen Elizabeth II visited the city on 9 December.
  • 1997
    • Leicester City Council became unitary authority per 1990s UK local government reform.
    • Leicester Bike Park opened.

21st century

2000s

  • 2002
  • 2005 — Peepul Arts Centre opened.
  • 2007 – Statue of St Margaret of Antioch relocated from Corah Works to the front of St Margaret's Church.
  • 2008
    • Leicester Statue of Liberty re-erected at the foot of Upperton Road.
    • Curve theatre opened by the Queen on 4 December.

2010s

2020s

  • 2020–2022 – The COVID-19 pandemic. Between 13 March 2020 and 19 December 2022 the city reported 128,123 cases of the virus and the lives of 1,171 of its citizens were lost to it. The city was one of Britain's worst affected and was subject to an additional hundred days of lockdown.
  • 2020 – New St Margaret's Bus Station building completed in November and opened 31 December.
  • 2022 – The 2022 Leicester unrest. A notable summer outbreak of ethno-religious tension between members of the city's Hindu and Muslim communities.
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