Umar facts for kids
Quick facts for kids ‘Umarعمر |
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Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia
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| 2nd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate | |
| Reign | 23 August 634 – 3 November 644 |
| Predecessor | Abu Bakr |
| Successor | Uthman |
| Born | c. 582 or 583 CE Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day KSA) |
| Died | c. November 644 CE (Dhu al-Hijjah 23 or Muharram 24 AH) (aged 60–61) Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate (present-day KSA) |
| Burial | Prophet's Mosque, Medina |
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| Tribe | Quraysh (Banu Adi) |
| Father | Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl |
| Mother | Hantamah bint Hisham |
| Religion | Islam |
| Signature |  |
| Arabic name | |
| Personal (Ism) | ʿUmar |
| Patronymic (Nasab) | ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ibn Nufayl ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Rāz ibn ʿAdiyy ibn Kaʿab ibn Luʿayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr ibn Mālik |
| Teknonymic (Kunya) | Abul Hafs |
| Epithet (Laqab) | Al-Fārūq ("the distinguisher (between right and wrong)") |
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (also known as Omar, born around 582/583 CE, died 644 CE) was a very important leader in early Islam. He became the second Caliph (leader) of the Rashidun Caliphate in August 634 CE and ruled for ten years until his death in 644 CE.
Umar was a close friend and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was known for being fair and wise, which earned him the title Al-Fārūq. This means "the one who tells right from wrong."
At first, Umar was against Muhammad and Islam. But after he converted to Islam in 616 CE, he became a strong supporter. He was the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba in Mecca. After Muhammad's death, Umar helped choose Abu Bakr as the first Caliph. He then served as Abu Bakr's main advisor.
Under Umar's leadership, the Islamic empire grew very quickly. It took over the Sasanian Empire and a large part of the Byzantine Empire. He also allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem and worship there, after they had been banned by Christians. Umar was killed in 644 CE by a Persian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.
Many historians see Umar as one of the most powerful and influential Muslim leaders ever. In Sunni Islam, he is respected as a just ruler and a great example of Islamic values. However, in Twelver Shi'ism, he is viewed differently.
Contents
Early Life of Umar
Umar was born in Mecca, a city in Arabia. His family, the Banu Adi clan, was known for settling arguments between tribes. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl, and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham.
When he was young, Umar helped his father by looking after camels. His father was strict and made him work very hard. Even though reading and writing were rare back then, Umar learned both. He also loved poetry and stories.
As a teenager, Umar learned important skills like martial arts, horse riding, and wrestling. He was a tall, strong, and famous wrestler. He was also a good speaker, just like his father, and helped solve problems between tribes.
Umar tried to be a merchant, traveling to places like Rome and Persia. He met scholars and studied Roman and Persian societies. However, he was not very successful as a merchant.
Umar's Journey to Islam
Opposing Islam at First
In 610 CE, Muhammad began teaching about Islam. Like many people in Mecca, Umar was against this new religion. He even threatened to kill Muhammad. He wanted to protect the old polytheistic (many gods) religion of Arabia.
Umar was very firm and harsh in his opposition to Muhammad. He was known for treating Muslims badly. He believed that Islam was causing arguments and dividing the Quraysh tribe.
Because of this harsh treatment, Muhammad told some of his followers to move to Abyssinia. When they left, Umar worried about the unity of the Quraysh. He then decided to try and kill Muhammad.
Becoming a Muslim
Umar became a Muslim in 616 CE, a year after some Muslims moved to Abyssinia. The story of his conversion is well-known. As he was going to kill Muhammad, he met a friend who told him that his own sister and brother-in-law had become Muslims.
Umar went to his sister's house and found them reading verses from the Quran. He got angry and started arguing with his brother-in-law. When his sister tried to protect her husband, Umar hit her.
Seeing his sister bleeding, Umar felt guilty and calmed down. He asked to read what they were reciting. His sister told him he needed to clean himself first. After washing, Umar read the verses, which said, "Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular prayer for My remembrance" (Quran 20:14).
Umar cried and declared, "Surely this is the word of Allah. I believe that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." He then went to Muhammad with the same sword he had planned to use against him and accepted Islam. Umar was 39 years old at this time.
After his conversion, Umar openly prayed at the Kaaba. This helped Muslims feel more confident to practice their faith openly. Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop Muslims from praying, and no one interfered with him. His conversion gave strength to Muslims and to Islam in Mecca.
Moving to Medina
In 622 CE, Muhammad told his followers to move to Medina because it was safer there. Most Muslims moved secretly at night, fearing the Quraysh. But Umar famously left openly during the day. He said that anyone who wanted to make his wife a widow or his children orphans should try to stop him. Umar moved to Medina with his cousin and brother-in-law, Saeed ibn Zaid.
Life in Medina
When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he made each immigrant (Muhajir) a "brother in faith" with a local resident (Ansari). Umar was paired with Muhammad ibn Maslamah. Later, when Umar became Caliph, Muhammad ibn Maslamah became the Chief Inspector.
Muslims lived peacefully in Medina for about a year. Then, the Quraysh army from Mecca attacked them.
- In 624 CE, Umar fought in the Battle of Badr, the first major battle between Muslims and the Quraysh.
- In 625 CE, he fought in the Battle of Uhud. During this battle, rumors spread that Muhammad had died, and many Muslims, including Umar, fled. But when he heard Muhammad was alive, he returned to defend the hill.
- Later in 625 CE, Umar's daughter Hafsah married Muhammad.
- Umar also participated in the Battle of the Trench and the Battle of Banu Qurayza in 627 CE.
- In 628 CE, he was present for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
- He fought in the Battle of Khaybar in 628 CE.
- In 629 CE, he was part of a Muslim army that defeated an enemy force.
- In 630 CE, he joined the Muslim army that conquered Mecca. He also fought in the Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta'if.
- Umar was part of the Muslim army in the Battle of Tabouk. He gave half of his wealth to help prepare for this journey.
- He also joined Muhammad's last pilgrimage, the farewell Hajj, in 632 CE.
Muhammad's Passing
When Muhammad died on June 8, 632 CE, Umar at first could not believe it. He said that Muhammad had not died but had gone to his Lord, just like Moses. He vowed to punish anyone who claimed Muhammad was dead.
However, Abu Bakr then recited verses from the Quran that reminded everyone that Muhammad, like all prophets, was mortal. Hearing this, Umar accepted the truth with sadness. Sunni Muslims believe his initial disbelief came from his deep love for Muhammad.
Building the Caliphate
Umar played a key role in forming the Caliphate after Muhammad's death. While Muhammad's funeral was being prepared, a group of his followers from Medina, called the Ansar, met to discuss who should lead next. They did not include the companions who had moved from Mecca, called Muhajirs.
Umar found out about this meeting and went there with Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah. The Ansar wanted to choose their own leader. But Umar strongly believed that the Caliphate should be led by the Muhajirs.
After long discussions, Umar cleverly divided the Ansar by reminding them of old rivalries between their tribes. He then pledged his loyalty to Abu Bakr, suggesting him as a leader everyone could agree on. Others followed, and Abu Bakr became the first Caliph.
Some historical sources, especially from Twelver Shi'ism, suggest that Umar and Abu Bakr acted quickly to gain power. They say that Umar even used force to get Ali and his supporters to accept Abu Bakr's leadership. However, Sunni scholars generally disagree with this part of the story. Both Sunni and Shia accounts agree that Ali eventually pledged loyalty to Abu Bakr.
Historians like Tom Holland agree that Umar was a very important figure. He was seen as a powerful general who also lived a very simple life. His simple clothes, basic food, and rejection of wealth reminded people of holy men. Umar took the idea of being a "warrior of God" to a new level.
Abu Bakr's Time as Caliph
At first, Umar did not want to fight against the rebel tribes in Arabia. He hoped to get their support against the Roman or Persian empires. But later, he agreed with Abu Bakr's plan to use force to stop the rebellion. By the end of 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia.
During his own rule, Umar preferred to focus on strengthening the lands already conquered. He did not want to keep expanding the empire through constant wars.
Umar also advised Abu Bakr to gather all the verses of the Quran into one book. This was important because many people who had memorized the Quran had died in battles.
Umar Becomes Caliph
Before he died in 634 CE, Abu Bakr chose Umar to be the next Caliph. Some important people in Medina were worried because Umar was known for being very strict. They tried to convince Abu Bakr not to choose him.
However, Abu Bakr believed in Umar's strong will, intelligence, and fairness. He knew Umar would be a good leader. Umar was also known for caring for the poor.
Abu Bakr wrote his will, stating that Umar would be his successor. He also told Umar to continue the military campaigns in Iraq and Syria. This made the transfer of power very smooth.
Umar's Caliphate
Early Challenges
Even though most Muslims pledged loyalty to Umar, many feared him more than they loved him. One of Umar's first challenges was to gain the trust of his people and the important leaders in Medina.
Umar was a great speaker, and he used this skill to improve his image. He focused on helping the poor and those in need. He also gave back some lands to the family of Ali to improve relations with them.
During the Ridda wars, many prisoners were taken as slaves. Umar ordered that all these prisoners be set free. This made him very popular among the Bedouin tribes. With public support, Umar made a bold decision to remove Khalid ibn Walid, a very successful general, from his top command on the Roman front.
Government and Administration
Umar's government was a single, unified system, with the Caliph holding all the main power. The empire was divided into provinces and some areas that ruled themselves but accepted the Caliph's authority.
Umar carefully chose governors, called Wali, for each province. Provinces were further divided into about 100 districts. Each district had a junior governor or Amir. Other important officials included:
- The Chief Secretary (Katib).
- The Military Secretary (Katib-ud-Diwan).
- The Revenue Collector (Sahib-ul-Kharaj).
- The Police Chief (Sahib-ul-Ahdath).
- The Treasury Officer (Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal).
- The Chief Judge (Qadi).
All appointments were written down. Governors had to read their instructions to the people in the main mosque when they started their job. Umar also set strict rules for governors and officials. They had to go to Mecca during the Hajj, where people could complain about them. To prevent corruption, Umar paid his staff high salaries.
The empire was divided into provinces like Mecca, Medina, Basra, Kufa, Syria, Egypt, and parts of Persia.
Umar was the first to create a special department to investigate complaints against state officials. This department acted like a court, with Umar himself leading the cases. He sometimes sent his trusted man, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, to investigate problems on the spot. Officials accused of wrongdoing were called to Medina to face charges. Umar was known for this system, which kept his officials accountable.
Umar also introduced other new ideas:
- He started a public record system for officials and soldiers.
- He created police forces to keep order.
- He was the first to discipline people when they caused trouble.
Another important rule was that governors and officials could not do business while in power. If they made extra money, Umar would take it from them.
Building Canals
Medina's population was growing fast, and it faced famines when crops failed. Umar wanted to make it easier to bring in food. He ordered a canal built to connect the Nile River to the Red Sea. He also improved ports on the Arabian coast.
When the city of Basra was founded, Umar started building a nine-mile canal from the Tigris River to the city. This provided water for drinking and farming. Later, two more important canals, al-Ubulla and Ma'qil, were built to connect Basra to the Tigris. These canals helped agriculture grow in the Basra region. Umar also allowed people to cultivate barren lands if they promised to farm them.
Important Reforms
As the empire grew, Umar built a strong government structure. He made many changes to the administration, creating new departments and offices. He also ordered a count of all people in Muslim lands.
During his rule, new garrison cities like Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638 CE, he made the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina larger and better.
Umar also ordered Christian and Jewish communities from Najran and Khaybar to move to Syria and Iraq. He made sure they were treated well and given equal amounts of land in their new homes. He also allowed Jewish families to live in Jerusalem again, after they had been banned.
Umar was a founder of Fiqh, or Islamic law. Sunni Muslims see him as one of the greatest legal scholars. He began the process of writing down Islamic laws.
In 641 CE, he created Bayt al-mal, a treasury system. He started giving yearly payments to Muslims. Umar was known for his simple lifestyle. He did not live like other rulers of his time. In 638 CE, he decided that the Islamic calendar should start from the year Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina (the Hijra).
Visiting Jerusalem in 637 CE
Umar's visit to Jerusalem is recorded in several historical texts. One text says that Umar ordered non-Muslims and Jews to clean the area of the Temple Mount. Umar watched the work himself.
Jews who were there sent messages to other Jews in Palestine, telling them that Umar had allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem. Umar agreed to let seventy Jewish families move back. They settled in the southern part of the city, near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount.
It is also said that the Temple Mount area was in ruins before Umar arrived. The Byzantines had left it covered in trash. When Umar came to Jerusalem, he asked a Jewish convert to Islam, Kaab, where to build a place of worship. Kaab pointed to the Temple Rock, which was a huge pile of ruins. Umar then ordered the trash to be removed. After heavy rains cleaned the area, he started prayers there. Today, this place is known as the Dome of the Rock.
According to some historians, the Muslim takeover of Palestine brought relief to the Jewish people. They had previously been forbidden by the Byzantines from praying on the Temple Mount.
Military Growth
Military campaigns paused between 638 and 639 CE due to a severe famine in Arabia and a plague in the Levant. During Umar's rule, many regions were added to the Rashidun Caliphate. These included the Levant, Egypt, parts of North Africa, Eastern Anatolia, and almost all of the Sassanid Persian Empire.
It is estimated that over 4,050 cities were captured during these military actions. Before his death in 644 CE, Umar stopped all military expeditions. He wanted to focus on strengthening his rule in the newly conquered lands. By the time he died, his rule stretched from modern-day Libya in the west to the Indus River in the east.
The Great Famine
In 638 CE, Arabia suffered from a severe drought and then a famine. Food supplies in Medina quickly ran out. Umar ordered caravans of food from Syria and Iraq. He personally oversaw how the food was given out. His actions saved many lives across Arabia.
The governor of Syria, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, was the first to send help. He even visited Medina to help Umar manage the disaster. For people who had lost their homes, Umar hosted a dinner every night in Medina. It is believed that over a hundred thousand people attended these dinners.
The Great Plague
As the famine ended in Arabia, many areas in Syria and Palestine were hit by a terrible plague. Umar was on his way to visit Syria when Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah told him about the plague. Abu Ubaidah advised Umar to return to Medina. Umar tried to convince Abu Ubaidah to come back with him, but he refused to leave his soldiers.
Abu Ubaidah died in 639 CE from the plague. About 25,000 Muslims in Syria also died. After the plague weakened in late 639 CE, Umar visited Syria. He reorganized the government and military because many experienced commanders and governors had died.
Welfare System
To stay close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple mud hut without doors. He walked the streets every evening. After talking with the poor, Umar created the first welfare system, called Bayt al-mal. This system helped poor Muslims and non-Muslims, including the needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and disabled people.
The Bayt al-mal system lasted for hundreds of years. Umar also started child benefits and pensions for children and the elderly.
Fair Trade
Local Jewish and Christian communities often helped Muslims take over their lands. They had been treated badly and taxed heavily by the Byzantine and Persian empires. When new areas joined the Caliphate, they benefited from free trade. Trade within the Caliphate was not taxed, but wealth was subject to the zakat (a religious tax).
Since the Constitution of Medina, Jews and Christians in the Caliphate continued to use their own laws and had their own judges.
Umar's Assassination
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In 644 CE, Umar was attacked and killed by a Persian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. The exact reason for the attack is unclear. However, historical sources say it was because of a disagreement over a tax Abu Lu'lu'a had to pay to his master.
Abu Lu'lu'a was a skilled craftsman. He was likely captured in battle and brought to Arabia. Even though non-Arabs were generally not allowed in Medina during Umar's rule, Abu Lu'lu'a was an exception.
Abu Lu'lu'a complained to Umar about the high tax he had to pay. But Umar refused to lower it, which made Abu Lu'lu'a very angry. This anger is often given as the reason for the attack. Some also suggest that Umar's policies towards non-Arab captives might have played a role.
One day, while Umar was leading prayers in the mosque in Medina, Abu Lu'lu'a attacked him. Umar died from his wounds a few days later, on November 6, 644 CE.
Some sources say Abu Lu'lu'a was captured and executed. Others say he died. After Abu Lu'lu'a's death, his daughter was killed by Ubayd Allah ibn Umar, one of Umar's sons. Ubayd Allah also killed Hurmuzān, Umar's Persian military advisor, and Jufayna, a Christian man. Ubayd Allah was arrested, and he threatened to kill all foreign captives in Medina.
Ubayd Allah's actions were seen as a crime by others. Although his sister may have encouraged him, his actions were likely due to a mental breakdown. Umar's successor, Uthman, later decided not to punish Ubayd Allah, considering the recent tragedy. However, Ali and others disagreed with this decision.
Umar was buried in the Green Dome in al-Masjid an-Nabawi, next to Muhammad and Abu Bakr. This was allowed by Aisha, Muhammad's wife.
What Happened Next
On his deathbed, Umar thought about who should be the next Caliph. He said that if certain people were still alive, he would have chosen one of them. Finally, Umar appointed a committee of six important people to choose the next Caliph from among themselves. These people were: Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Talha ibn Ubaidullah, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.
All six were highly respected companions of Muhammad. Umar had a rule not to appoint anyone related to him to a position of power.
Umar also assigned fifty armed soldiers to guard the house where the committee met. He appointed Suhayb ar-Rumi as a temporary leader until the new Caliph was chosen.
During the meeting, it was revealed that Abu Lu'lu'a's attack might have been planned by Persians living in Medina. Angered by this, Umar's younger son, Ubaidullah ibn Umar, tried to kill all Persians in Medina. He killed Hurmuzān, Jafinah, and Abu Lu'lu'a's daughter. People in Medina stopped him from continuing the killings. When Umar heard about this, he ordered Ubaidullah to be imprisoned. He said the next Caliph should decide his fate.
Umar died on November 3, 644 CE. On November 7, Uthman succeeded him as Caliph. After discussions, it was decided to pay compensation to the victims' families. Ubaidullah was released because people felt that executing Umar's son right after Umar's death would cause more anger.
Umar's Appearance
Umar was a strong, fit, and athletic man who was good at wrestling. He was known to be vigorous and very tall, standing out in a crowd. He had a bald spot on the front of his head. He was ambidextrous, meaning he could use both hands equally well.
Some descriptions say he had yellow skin, possibly from his diet. Others say he had reddish-white skin. His teeth were very white and shining. He would color his beard and take care of his hair.
Early historians described him as "advanced in years, bald, of a tawny colour – a left handed man, tall and towering above the people." His eldest son, Abdullah, said his father was "a man of fair complexion, a ruddy tint prevailing, tall, bald and grey."
Umar's Impact and Legacy
Political Legacy
Umar was the first Caliph to use the title Amir al-Mu'minin, meaning "Commander of the Believers." He was one of Muhammad's main advisors. After Muhammad's death, Umar helped unite the Muslims in Medina to accept Abu Bakr as Caliph. During Abu Bakr's rule, Umar was his secretary and chief advisor.
When Umar became Caliph, he won over the Bedouin tribes by freeing all their prisoners and slaves from the Ridda wars. He built a very effective government system that kept his large empire together. He also set up a strong intelligence network, which helped him keep control over his officials.
Umar never let governors stay in power for more than two years. This was to prevent them from gaining too much local power. He even removed his most successful general, Khalid ibn al-Walid, because he wanted people to know that victory comes from Allah, not from any single person.
He would walk the streets of Medina with a whip, ready to punish wrongdoers. It was said that Umar's whip was more feared than another man's sword. Yet, he was also known for being kind and helping orphans and widows.
Umar's quick justice against his governors made even powerful leaders like Muawiyah afraid of him. Ali ibn Abu Talib later said that Mu'awiyah was more afraid of Umar than Umar's own servant.
Under Umar's rule, Arab soldiers were settled in special garrison towns called "amsar" outside of cities. Examples include Basra and Kufa in Iraq. Soldiers were not allowed to own land outside of Arabia. They also had limits on taking buildings as war prizes. Movable war spoils were shared with all Muslims, no matter their social status.
His rule was a time when Muslims were very united. Many companions of Muhammad spoke highly of Umar. Abdullah ibn Masʿud would cry when Umar was mentioned, saying, "Umar was a fortress of Islam. People would enter Islam and not leave. When he died, the fortress was breached and now people are going out of Islam."
One of his greatest religious achievements was the collection of the Quran into a single book. This had not been done during Muhammad's time. But after many Quran memorizers died in battle, Umar advised Abu Bakr to have Zayd ibn Thabit gather all the verses.
Military Legacy
Umar, along with Khalid ibn Walid, was very important in the Ridda wars.
One smart military move was breaking up the alliance between the Byzantine and Sassanid empires in 636 CE. He was fortunate that the Persian Emperor could not coordinate his attack with the Byzantines as planned. Umar took advantage of this by sending small groups of reinforcements to the Roman front. This made the Byzantines think there was a continuous stream of new soldiers, leading them to attack too early. Meanwhile, Umar used the time to move his troops from Syria to Iraq, which helped win the Battle of Qadisiyyah.
His strategy also led to a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa in 638 CE. Christian Arabs, supported by the Byzantine Emperor, tried to attack Emesa (Homs) from the side. Umar ordered an invasion of the Christian Arab homeland, Jazirah. He also sent more troops to Emesa. Under this pressure, the Christian Arabs retreated before Muslim reinforcements arrived. The Muslims then took control of Mesopotamia and parts of Byzantine Armenia.
After the Battle of Nahavand, Umar launched a full invasion of the Sassanid Persian Empire. He planned a series of coordinated attacks to isolate and defeat their targets. He attacked the heart of Persia first, then Azerbaijan and Fars. Next, Sistan and Kirman were captured, isolating the Persian stronghold of Khurasan. The final attack was on Khurasan, where the Persian empire ended after the Battle of Oxus River.
Religious Legacy
Sunni Views
Sunni Muslims remember Umar as a very strict and just Muslim leader. They call him Fārūq, meaning "leader, jurist, and statesman." He lived a simple life, patching his clothes and riding his donkey without a saddle. He rarely laughed or joked. His ring had the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' Umar." He did not seek to help his own family but focused on the Muslim community.
Shia Views
In Twelver Shi'a Islam, Umar is generally viewed negatively. He is often seen as someone who took away Ali's right to be Caliph. After the Saqifah meeting, Umar went to Ali's house with armed men to get Ali and his supporters to pledge loyalty. Some sources say he threatened to burn Ali's house if they refused, but Fatimah, Ali's wife, intervened.
Another Shia group, the Zaidiyyah, has different views. Some branches do not accept Umar and Abu Bakr as rightful Caliphs. They believe Muhammad chose Ali as the leader. Other Zaidiyyah branches accept Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate Caliphs, though they see Ali as superior.
Umar's Family
Umar had nine wives and fourteen children: ten sons and four daughters.
- Wives
Umar's known wives include:
- Zaynab bint Maz'un: Mother of Hafsa, Abd Allah, and Abd al-Rahman al-Akbar.
- Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal: Divorced by Umar. Mother of Ubayd Allah and Zayd al-Asghar.
- Qurayba bint Abi Umayya: Divorced by Umar in 628 CE.
- Jamila bint Thabit: Married Umar around 627-628 CE. Mother of Asim.
- Atiqa bint Zayd: Mother of Iyad.
- Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham: Married Umar in 634 CE. Mother of Fatima.
- Umm Kulthum bint Ali: Mother of Zayd and Ruqayya. (Note: Some Shia scholars do not believe this marriage happened.)
- Sons
Umar's sons include:
- Abd Allah
- Abd al-Rahman
- Zayd
- Ubayd Allah
- Zayd
- Asim
- Iyad
- Abd al-Rahman Abu'l-Mujabbar
- Abd al-Rahman "Abu Shahmah" ibn Umar
- Abd Allah
- Daughters
Umar's daughters include:
- Hafsa
- Fatima
- Ruqayya
- Zaynab
Archaeological Finds
In 2012, a rock carving was found in al-Murakkab, Saudi Arabia. It is believed to be Umar's own signature.
See also
In Spanish: Umar ibn al-Jattab para niños
- Al-Farooq, a modern book about Umar
- Omar ibn al-Khattab Mosque, a historic mosque built by Umar
- Al Farooq Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque, a mosque named for him in Dubai
- Sahaba (Companions of Muhammad)
- Farooqi
- Omar (TV series)
- Pact of Umar
- Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Waqid al-Umari
- 7th century in Lebanon § Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon
