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House of Al Saud
آل سعود
Royal house
Royal Standard of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.svg
Parent family Al-Muqrin of house of Al-Muraydi of the Diriyah (1446; 578 years ago (1446)) of Banu Hanifa of Banu Bakr bin Wa'il
Country Saudi Arabia (current)
Historical:
  • Emirate of Diriyah
  • Emirate of Nejd
  • Emirate of Riyadh
  • Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
  • Sultanate of Nejd
  • Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
Founded 1720; 304 years ago (1720)
Founder Saud I (died 1725)
Current head Salman bin Abdulaziz
Titles
    • King of Saudi Arabia
    • Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
    • The Great King (1932–1986)
    • King of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932)
    • Sultan of Nejd (1921–1926)
    • Emir of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921)
    • Emir of Riyadh (1902–1913)
    • Emir and Imam of Nejd (1824–1891)
    • Emir and Imam of Diriyah (1744–1818)
    • Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
    • Prince or Sheikh
      with surname
      Al Saud for men
    • Princess or Sheikha with the surname
      Al Saud for women
Traditions Sunni Islam; Formerly Wahhabism (followers of Mohammed ibn Abdulwahhab)

The House of Al Saud (Arabic: آل سُعُود, romanized: ʾĀl Suʿūd IPA: [ʔaːl sʊʕuːd]) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia. It forms a subtribe of the larger prominent ancient Banu Hanifa tribe of Arabia, from which well known 7th century Arabian theologist Maslama ibn Ḥabīb originates. The most influential position of the royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, an absolute monarch. The family in total is estimated to comprise 15,000 members; however, the majority of power, influence and wealth is possessed by a group of about 2,000 of them. Some estimates of the royal family's wealth measure their net worth at $1.4 trillion. This figure includes the market capitalization of Saudi Aramco, the state oil and gas company, and its vast assets in fossil fuel reserves, making them the wealthiest family in the world and the wealthiest in recorded history.

The House of Saud has had four phases: the Sheikhdom of Diriyah (1446–1744); the Emirate of Diriyah (1727–1818), marked by the expansion of Salafism; the Emirate of Nejd (1824–1891), marked with continuous infighting; and the current state (1902–present), which evolved into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 and now wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd along with numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia.

The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Abdulaziz, to another. The monarchy was hereditary by agnatic seniority until 2006, when a royal decree provided that future Saudi kings are to be elected by a committee of Saudi princes. King Salman, who reigns currently, first replaced the next crown prince, his brother Muqrin, with his nephew Muhammad bin Nayef. In 2017, Muhammad bin Nayef was replaced by Mohammed bin Salman, King Salman's son, as the crown prince after an approval by the Allegiance Council with 31 out of 34 votes. The king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family.

Title

House of Saud rulers
Genealogical table of the leaders of the Āl Saud

House of Saud is a translation of ʾĀl Saud, an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word ʾĀl (meaning "family of" or "House of", not to be confused with Al meaning "the") to the personal name of an ancestor. In the case of the Al Saud, the ancestor is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynasty's 18th century founder Muhammad bin Saud (Muhammad, son of Saud).

The surname "Al Saud" is carried by any descendant of Muhammad bin Saud or his three brothers Farhan, Thunayyan, and Mishari. Al Saud's other family branches like Saud Al Kabir, the Al Jiluwi, the Al Thunayan, the Al Mishari and the Al Farhan are called cadet branches. Members of the cadet branches hold high and influential positions in government though they are not in the line of succession to the Saudi throne. Many cadet members intermarry within the Al Saud to re-establish their lineage and continue to wield influence in the government.

All male members of the royal family have the title of Emir (Prince). However, the sons and patrilineal grandsons of Kings are referred to by the style "His Royal Highness" (HRH), differing from patrilineal great-grandsons and members of cadet branches who are called "His Highness" (HH), while the reigning king uses the additional title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.

History

Origins and early history

The earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was Mani' ibn Rabiah Al-Muraydi, who settled in Diriyah in 1446–1447 with his clan, the Mrudah. The Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Banu Hanifa branch of the larger Rabi'ah tribal confederation . The Banu Hanifa played an important role in shaping the Middle East and Arabia from the 6th century, with prominent theologians such as Maslama ibn Ḥabīb descending from this tribe.

Mani' was invited to Diriyah by a relative named Ibn Dir, who was the ruler of a group of villages and estates that make up modern-day Riyadh. Mani's clan had been on a sojourn in east Arabia, near Al-Qatif, from an unknown point in time. Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates, called al-Mulaybeed and Ghusayba. Mani and his family settled and renamed the region Al Diriyah after their benefactor Ibn Dir.

The Mrudah became rulers of Al Diriyah, which prospered along the banks of Wadi Hanifa and became an important Najdi settlement. As the clan grew larger, power struggles ensued, with one branch leaving for nearby Dhruma, while another branch (the "Al Watban") left for the town of az-Zubayr in southern Iraq. The Al Muqrin became the ruling family among the Mrudah in Diriyah.

The name of the clan comes from Sheikh Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, who died in 1725.

Emirate of Diriyah

First Saudi State
The maximum limits reached by the first Saudi state during the reign of Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in the year 1814

The First Saudi State was founded in 1727. This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal. At its height, the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern-day Saudi Arabia, and raids by Al Saud's allies and followers reached into Yemen, Oman, Syria, and Iraq. Islamic scholars, particularly Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants, are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period. The Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the Muwahhidun or Ahl al-Tawhid ("the monotheists"). Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis, a particularly strict, puritanical Islamic sect, named for its founder.

Leadership of Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident. The first imam, Muhammad bin Saud, was succeeded by his eldest son, Abdulaziz in 1765. In 1802, Abdulaziz's forces led 10,000 Wahhabi soldiers in an attack on the Shi'ite holy city of Karbala, in what is now southern Iraq and where Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad is buried. The Wahhabi soldiers killed more than 2,000 people, including women and children. They plundered the city, demolishing the massive golden dome above Hussein's tomb and loaded hundreds of camels with weapons, jewelry, coins and other valuable goods.

The attack on Karbala convinced the Ottomans and the Egyptians that the Saudis were a threat to regional peace. Abdulaziz was killed in 1803 by an assassin, believed by some to have been a Shi'ite seeking revenge over the sacking of Karbala the year before. Abdul-Aziz was in turn succeeded by his son, Saud, under whose rule the Saudi state reached its greatest extent. By the time Saud died in 1814, his son and successor Abdullah ibn Saud had to contend with an Ottoman-Egyptian invasion in the Wahhabi War (Ottoman-Saudi War) seeking to retake lost Ottoman Empire territory. The mainly Egyptian force succeeded in defeating Abdullah's forces, taking over the then-Saudi capital of Diriyyah in 1818. Abdullah was taken prisoner and was soon beheaded by the Ottomans in Constantinople, putting an end to the First Saudi State. The Egyptians sent many members of the Al Saud clan and other members of the local nobility as prisoners to Egypt and Constantinople, and razed the Saudi capital of Diriyyah.

Emirate of Nejd

Flag of the Second Saudi State
Flag of the First and Second Saudi State

A few years after the fall of Diriyah in 1818, the Saudis were able to re-establish their authority in Najd, establishing the Emirate of Nejd, commonly known as the Second Saudi State, with its capital in Riyadh.

Compared to the First Saudi State, the second Saudi period was marked by less territorial expansion (it never reconquered the Hijaz or 'Asir, for example) and less religious zeal, although the Saudi leaders continued to go by the title of imam and still employed Salafi religious scholars. The second state was also marked by severe internal conflicts within the Saudi family, eventually leading to the dynasty's downfall. In all but one instance, succession occurred by assassination or civil war, the exception being the passage of authority from Faisal ibn Turki to his son Abdullah ibn Faisal ibn Turki.

Present form

Franklin D. Roosevelt with King Ibn Saud aboard USS Quincy (CA-71) on 14 February 1945 (USA-C-545)
King Abdulaziz and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1945
President and First Lady Obama, With Saudi King Salman, Shake Hands With Members of the Saudi Royal Family
U.S. President Barack Obama offers condolences on death of Saudi King Abdullah, Riyadh, 27 January 2015.
Buckingham Palace reception (52873225786)
Prince Turki bin Mohammed Al Saud with Britain's King Charles III at Buckingham Palace in London

After his defeat at Mulayda, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia among the Al Murra bedouin. Soon afterward, however, he found refuge in Kuwait as a guest of the Kuwaiti emir, Mubarak Al Sabah. In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son, Abdulaziz, took on the task of restoring Saudi rule in Riyadh. Supported by a few dozen followers and accompanied by some of his brothers and relatives, Abdulaziz was able to capture Riyadh's Masmak fort and kill the governor appointed there by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid. Abdulaziz, reported to have been barely 20 at the time, was immediately proclaimed ruler in Riyadh. As the new leader of the House of Saud, Abdulaziz became commonly known from that time onward as "Ibn Saud" in Western sources, though he is still called "Abdulaziz" in the Arab world.

Abdulaziz spent the next three decades trying to re-establish his family's rule over central Arabia, starting with his native Najd. His chief rivals were the Al Rashid clan in Ha'il, the Sharifs of Mecca in the Hijaz, and the Ottoman Turks in al Hasa. Abdulaziz also had to contend with the descendants of his late uncle Saud ibn Faisal (later known as the "Saud Al Kabir" branch of the family), pretenders to the throne. Though for a time acknowledging the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultans and even taking the title of pasha, Abdulaziz allied himself to the British, in opposition to the Ottoman-backed Al Rashidis. From 1915 to 1927, Abdulaziz's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire, pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin.

Abdulaziz won final victory over the Al Rashidis in 1921, making him the ruler of most of central Arabia. He consolidated his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd. He then turned his attention to the Hijaz, finally conquering it in 1926, just months before the British protectorate ended. For the next five and a half years, he administered the two parts of his dual realm, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, as separate units.

By 1932, Abdulaziz had disposed of all his main rivals and consolidated his rule over much of the Arabian Peninsula. He united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that year. His father, Abdul Rahman, retained the honorary title of "imam". In 1937, near Dammam, American surveyors discovered what later proved to be Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves. Before the discovery of oil, many family members were destitute.

Abdulaziz sired dozens of children by his many wives. He had at most four wives at a time, divorcing many times. He made sure to marry into many of the noble clans and tribes within his territory, including the chiefs of the Bani Khalid, Ajman, and Shammar tribes, as well as the Al ash-Sheikh (descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab). He also arranged for his sons and relatives to enter into similar marriages. He appointed his eldest surviving son, Saud as heir apparent, to be succeeded by the next eldest son, Faisal. The Al Saudi family became known as the "royal family", and each member, male and female, was accorded the title amir ("prince") or amira ("princess"), respectively.

Abdulaziz died in 1953, after having cemented an alliance with the United States in 1945. He is still celebrated officially as the "Founder", and only his direct descendants may take on the title of "his or her Royal Highness". The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia's centennial in 1999 (according to the Islamic lunar calendar).

Upon Abdulaziz's death, his son Saud assumed the throne without incident, but his lavish spending led to a power struggle with his brother, Crown Prince Faisal. In 1964, the royal family forced Saud to abdicate in favor of Faisal, aided by an edict from the country's grand mufti. During this period, some of Abdulaziz's younger sons, led by Talal ibn Abdul Aziz, defected to Egypt, calling themselves the "Free Princes" and calling for liberalization and reform, but were later induced to return by Faisal. They were fully pardoned but were also barred from any future positions in government.

Faisal was assassinated in 1975 by a nephew, Faisal ibn Musaid, who was promptly executed. Another brother, Khalid, assumed the throne. The next prince in line had actually been Prince Muhammad, but he had relinquished his claim to the throne in favor of Khalid, his only full brother.

Khalid died of a heart attack in 1982, and was succeeded by Fahd, the eldest of the powerful "Sudairi Seven", so-called because they were all sons of Ibn Saud by his wife Hassa Al Sudairi. Fahd did away with the previous royal title of "his Majesty" and replaced it with the honorific "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques", in reference to the two Islamic holy sites in Mecca and Medina, in 1986.

A stroke in 1995 left Fahd largely incapacitated. His half-brother, Crown Prince Abdullah, gradually took over most of the king's responsibilities until Fahd's death in August 2005. Abdullah was proclaimed king on the day of Fahd's death and promptly appointed his younger brother, Sultan bin Abdulaziz, the minister of defense and Fahd's "Second Deputy Prime Minister", as the new heir apparent. On 27 March 2009, Abdullah appointed Prince Nayef Interior Minister as his "second deputy prime minister" and Crown Prince on 27 October. Sultan died in October 2011 while Nayef died in Geneva, Switzerland on 15 June 2012. On 23 January 2015, Abdullah died after a prolonged illness, and his half-brother, Crown Prince Salman, was declared the new king.

Many princes and government officials were arrested in 2017 in an alleged anti corruption campaign by the king and crown prince. Then-United States President Donald Trump expressed support for the arrests.

Succession

Jimmy Carter and Cyrus Vance meet with Crown Prince Fahd and King Khalid of Saudi Arabia. - NARA - 177434
U.S. President Jimmy Carter meets with King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd in January 1978.

Succession has been from brother to brother since the death of the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Abdulaziz was succeeded by his son Saud who was succeeded by his half-brother Faisal. Faisal was succeeded by his brother Khalid who, in turn, was succeeded by his half-brother Fahd. Fahd was succeeded by his half-brother Abdullah, and Abdullah by his half-brother Salman, the current King. Salman appointed his half-brother Muqrin as Crown Prince in January 2015 and removed him in April 2015. Even Abdulaziz's youngest son was to turn 70 in 2015. Abdulaziz, in 1920, had said that the further succession would be from brother to brother, not from father to son.

President Trump's Trip Abroad (34784285005)
Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef, Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, Jared Kushner, Ivanka Trump, King Salman bin Abdulaziz, and Melania Trump, Riyadh, 20 May 2017

King Salman ended the brother-to-brother succession and appointed his 56-year-old nephew Muhammad bin Nayef as crown prince in April 2015, thus making the next succession from uncle to nephew. At the same time, King Salman appointed his son, Mohammad bin Salman, as deputy crown prince, thus making the next succession from cousin to cousin, as Muhammad bin Salman is the cousin of Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef. However, in June 2017, Salman elevated Mohammad bin Salman to crown prince, following his decision to strip Muhammad bin Nayef of all positions, making his son heir apparent to the throne, and making the next succession from father to son, for the first time since 1953, when Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud succeeded his father, the founder of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud.

Amid international outcry over the killing of Jamal Khashoggi, members of the Saudi royal family were allegedly distressed over the prospect of the crown prince becoming the next king. It was reported that dozens of princes and members of the Al Saud family were interested in seeing Prince Ahmed become the next king instead. During his London tour, Prince Ahmed criticized the Saudi leadership. He was also one of the three members of the ruling family to oppose Mohammad bin Salman becoming the crown prince in 2017.

Wealth

Kingdom 5KR
Luxury yacht Kingdom 5KR owned by Saudi royal family, docked in Antibes, French Riviera

In June 2015, Forbes listed businessman Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, a grandson of Abdulaziz, the first king of Saudi Arabia, as the 34th-richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$22.6 billion.

As of 2020, the combined net worth of the entire royal family has been estimated at around US$100 billion, which makes them the richest royal family among all monarchs, as well as one of the wealthiest families in the world. Some estimates of the Royal Family's wealth put the figure as high as $1.4 trillion, which includes holdings in Saudi Aramco.

Heads

Emirate of Diriyah

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Saud I
  • سعود الأول
1640

1725
1720 1725
(death by natural causes)
Was the eponymous ancestor of the House of Saud
Son of Emir Muhammad bin Muqrin
Muqrin

First Saudi state

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Muhammad I
  • محمد الأول
1687

1765
1744 1765
(death by natural causes)
Reign established by conquest
Son of Emir Saud I
Saud Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin
Abdul-Aziz I
  • عبد العزيز الأول
1720

1803
1765 12 November 1803
(assassinated)
Son of Imam Muhammad I and Mody bint Sultan Al Kathiri Saud
Saud II
  • سعود الثاني
1748

1814
1803 April 1814
(death by natural causes)
Son of Imam Abdul-Aziz I and Al-Jawhara bint Othman Al Muammar Saud
Abdullah I
  • عبد الله الأول
1785

1818
1814 Died May 1819
(Execution by the Ottoman Empire)
Son of Imam Saud II
The last rulers of the first Saudi state
Saud Abdullah bin Saud

Second Saudi state

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
1 Turki
  • تركي
1755

1834
1824 1834
(assassinated)
Founder of the second Saudi state
Son of Prince Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Saud
Saud
2 Mishari
  • مشاري
1786

1834
1824 (40 day rule) 1834
(executed)
Son of Prince Abdul Rahman bin Hassan bin Mishari Al Saud Saud
3 and 6 Faisal I
  • فيصل الاول
1785

1865
1834–1838 (first time)
1843–1865 (second time)
1865
(death by natural causes)
Son of Imam Turki and Haya bint Hamad bin Ali Al-Anqari Al-Tamimi Saud
4 Khalid I
  • خالد الاول
1811

1865
1838 1841
(dismissal)
Distant cousin Son of Imam Saud II Saud
5 Abdullah II
  • عبد الله الثاني
?

July 1843
1841 1843
(dismissal)
Distant cousin Son of Prince Thunayan bin Ibrahim bin Thunayan bin Saud Saud
7 and 9 and 12 Abdullah III
  • عبد الله الثالث
1831

2 December 1889
1865–1871 (first time)
1871–1873 (second time)
1876–1889 (third time)
1889
(death by natural causes)
Son of Imam Faisal I and Haya bint Hamad bin Ali Al-Anqari Al-Tamimi Saud
8 and 10 Saud III
  • سعود الثالث
1833

1875
1871 (first time)
1873–1875 (second time)
1889
(death by natural causes)
Son of Imam Faisal I and Dashisha bint Didan bin Mandeel Al-Omari Al-Khalidi Saud
11 and 13 Abdul-Rahman
  • عبد الرحمن
1850

1925
1875–1876 (first time)
1889–1891 (second time)
1891
(His rule is over)
Son of Imam Faisal I and Sarah bint Mashari bin Abdulrahman Al Saud
The last rulers of the second Saudi state
Saud Saud bin Faisal bin Turki

Third Saudi state

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Abdul-Aziz II
  • عبد العزيز الثاني
(1875-01-15)15 January 1875 –
9 November 1953(1953-11-09) (aged 78)
13 January 1902 (aged 27) 9 November 1953
(death by natural causes)
Reign established by conquest
Son of Imam Abdul Rahman and Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
Saud Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
Saud IV
  • سعود الرابع
(1902-01-12)12 January 1902 –
23 February 1969(1969-02-23) (aged 67)
9 November 1953 (aged 51) 2 November 1964
(abdicated)
Son of King Abdulaziz and Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair Saud Saud of Saudi Arabia
Faisal II
  • فيصل الثاني
(1906-04-14)14 April 1906 –
25 March 1975(1975-03-25) (aged 68)
2 November 1964 (aged 58) 25 March 1975
(assassinated)
Son of King Abdulaziz and Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh Saud Faisal of Saudi Arabia
Khalid II
  • خالد الثاني
(1913-02-13)13 February 1913 –
13 June 1982(1982-06-13) (aged 69)
25 March 1975 (aged 62) 13 June 1982 (death by natural causes) Son of King Abdulaziz and Al Jawhara bint Musaed bin Jiluwi Al Saud Saud Khalid of Saudi Arabia
Fahd
  • فهد
16 March 1921 – 1 August 2005 (aged 84) 13 June 1982 (aged 61) 1 August 2005 (death by natural causes) Son of King Abdulaziz and Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi Saud Fahd of Saudi Arabia
Abdullah IV
  • عبد الله الرابع
(1924-08-01)1 August 1924 –
23 January 2015(2015-01-23) (aged 90)
1 August 2005 (aged 81) 23 January 2015 (death by natural causes) Son of King Abdulaziz and Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim Saud Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
Salman
  • سلمان
(1935-12-31) 31 December 1935 (age 88) 23 January 2015 (aged 79) Incumbent Son of King Abdulaziz and Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi The last rulers of the third Saudi state Saud Salman of Saudi Arabia

Most notable current members

Sons of King Abdulaziz

The list of King Abdulaziz's surviving sons, except for current Saudi monarch Salman, are as follows:

  1. Abdul llah bin Abdulaziz (born 1939) – Former governor of Al Jawf Province. He was special advisor to King Abdullah from 2008 to 2015.
  2. Ahmed bin Abdulaziz (born 1942) – Deputy minister of interior from 1975 to 2012; minister of interior from June 2012 to 5 November 2012.
  3. Mashhur bin Abdulaziz (born 1942)
  4. Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (born 1945) – Director general of the General Intelligence Directorate from 2005 to 2012; former governor of Ha'il and Madinah provinces. He was appointed second deputy prime minister on 1 February 2013 and he was made crown prince on 23 January 2015 when his half-brother Salman became king. On 28 April 2015 Muqrin was granted resignation based on his request to start the next generation of the royals.

Genealogy

Timeline

Salman of Saudi Arabia Abdullah of Saudi Arabia Fahd of Saudi Arabia Khalid of Saudi Arabia Faisal of Saudi Arabia Saud of Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Saud bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud Saud bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud Abdullah bin Thunayan Al Saud Khalid bin Saud Al Saud (died 1865) Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud Mishari Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad Abdullah bin Saud Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad Muhammad bin Saud Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin

Royal Standard

Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia
Royal Flag of the King Small  vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • The Royal Flag consists of a green flag, with an Arabic inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the national emblem embroidered in gold in the lower right canton.

The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith:

لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله
lā ʾilāha ʾillā-allāh, muhammadun rasūlu-allāh
There is no other god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of God.
  • The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, in the center of the national emblem embroidered with gold.
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