List of hill passes of the Lake District facts for kids

Hill passes of the Lake District were originally used by people in one valley travelling to another nearby without having to go many miles around a steep ridge of intervening hills. Historically, in the Lake District of northwest England, travel on foot or by pony was difficult because of the region's steep-sided valleys so tracks across the ridges were created taking the easiest route over passes – often, but not always, via a col. Since Roman times long-distance travel had tended to be along ridges. From the 19th century these passes and ridge routes were brought back into use when recreational hill walking become popular. Forty hill passes within the Lake District National Park are listed here, using criteria for selecting the major routes.

Ullswater valley

Background

The Lake District National Park was created in 1951 covering an area of over 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) and, although its population is only 42,000, over 10 million visitors arrive each year, mostly attracted by the lakes and fells.

Geology

About 500 million years ago in the late Cambrian and early Ordivician periods, the region was situated where the Iapetus ocean floor was being subducted under the Avalonia plate. Sedimentary material became metamorphosed to the Skiddaw slates found in the north and west. For a relatively short time of 5 million years Ordovician volcanoes ejected the Borrowdale volcanic rocks – firstly lavas (mostly andesite} and later pyroclastic rocks found in the more central part of the region. The ejection of rock was extreme by world standards and it produced deposits at least 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) deep. When the Baltica-Avalonia and Laurentia continents collided some 420 million years ago in the Caledonian orogeny there was folding of the slate and fracturing (faulting) of the more brittle volcanic rock. The whole region was then uplifted again by a batholith of granite mainly in the Carboniferous period although the granite remains largely below the surface. The high ground became gradually eroded and to the south the land subsided. In the south 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) of Windermere Supergroup sediment formed in the Silurian period with Coniston Limestone towards its base. Overall cover of limestone eroded away.

In the north, slaty rocks now form a smooth topography with sharp ridges although the hills can still be quite high – 931 metres (3,054 ft) in the case of Skiddaw. Centrally the pyroclastic tuff rocks give a knobbly terrain such as that around Scafell Pike, 978 metres (3,209 ft), England's highest mountain. To the south is a mostly less hilly area.

Glaciation

Ribbon lake formed by glacial erosion – Wast Water in Wasdale

From about 2 million years ago glacial erosion then greatly modified the landscape. Glaciers formed preferentially at existing streams which had developed at the many rock faults produced by crushing during the continental collision. The terrain was ground away leaving characteristically steep-sided glacial valleys which became ribbon lakes. On the Rossett Pass (see below) Rossett Gill is an example of a geological fault and the glacier that descended from it created the Mickleden and Great Langdale valleys below. Taken as a whole the region is characterised by mountain ridges splaying out from a central core. The intervening valleys have been made by glaciers flowing outward along the lines of the previous streams draining the dome of the Lake District.

Human history

Historically the region was suitable for sheep hill farming and from medieval (or possibly Roman) times there was a substantial mining industry for rocks and minerals. The Romans had built a high-level military road north–south right through the region on its eastern edge at High Street and another road through the Hardknott and Wrynose passes for travel between forts at Ravenglass and Ambleside. Travelling between valleys was difficult on foot or by pony because of the steep passes across the mountainous ridges. With no roads suitable for wheeled traffic until the late 18th century, for long-distance transport of goods long trains of horses were used with ridge routes being preferred although Esk Hause and Stake Pass (see below) are thought to have been used in this way. However, for travel within the region, routes were best kept as low as possible consistent with avoiding excessive detours so summits and ridges were to be avoided as far as possible.

In the late 18th century the region started to become popular with travellers and the "Lake Poets" began seeing the lakes and mountains as beautiful rather than horrifying. In Victorian times, encouraged by the arrival of the Kendal and Windermere Railway, a tourist trade developed. In the mid twentieth century Alfred Wainwright inadvertently encouraged further recreational use with his series of books A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells which described detailed routes to the major summits. His considerable knowledge of the district allowed him to make use of the ancient tracks although his focus was not on the ridge passes themselves.

Hill passes

The passes are indicated in the following maps that are identical except for the annotation included. Both show the regions defined by Wainwright for his books. The first map shows the passes with their sequential numbers in the table. It also marks major lakes, valleys (dales) and a few important mountains. The second map shows the passes with their names (or a col on the route) and a few major towns. The colouring of the routes is merely to separate different adjacent ones.

• Maps of Lake District National Park showing hill passes
• 

  Showing pass numbers, lakes, valleys and mountains

• 

  Showing names of passes and towns

Table of Lake District hill passes, alphabetically within region

Reference Name (path type)	Height/ OS grid	Start: Valley/ place/ OS grid	End: Valley/ place/ OS grid	Notes	Image
Deepdale Hause 1/01/blue Deepdale Hause (footpath/path)	0655 655 m (2,149 ft)/	Patterdale/ Bridgend/	Thirlmere/ Dunmail Raise/	Part way the footpath becomes an undefined type of path.
Grisedale Hause 1/02/green Grisedale Hause (bridleway)	0590 590 m (1,940 ft)/	Patterdale/ Grisedale Bridge/	Grasmere/ Mill Bridge/
Kirkstone Pass 1/03/red Kirkstone Pass (road)	0454 454 m (1,489 ft)/	Patterdale/ Bridge End/	Rothay / Ambleside/	North: A592 (continuing to the town of Windermere). South: unclassified road.
Scandale Pass 1/04/green Scandale Pass (footpath)	0516 516 m (1,693 ft)/	Patterdale/ Caudale Bridge/	Rothay Ambleside/
Sticks Pass 1/05/black Sticks Pass (bridleway)	0738 738 m (2,421 ft)/	Patterdale/ Glencoyne/	Thirlmere/ Legburthwaite/
Boredale Hause 2/06/magenta Boredale Hause (bridleway)	0399 399 m (1,309 ft)/	Patterdale/ Hartsop/	Boredale/ Boredale Head/	Or Boardale Hause
Boredale Hause 2/07/blue Boredale Hause (bridleway)	0500 500 m (1,600 ft)/	Patterdale/ Patterdale/	Martindale/ Dale Head/	Boredale Hause is not the high point of this route.
Garburn Pass 2/08/green Garburn Pass (bridleway)	0447 447 m (1,467 ft)/	Kentmere/ Kentmere/	Troutbeck/ (village)/	The southern part is a restricted byway that is now closed to vehicles.
Gatesgarth Pass 2/09/blue Gatesgarth Pass (restricted byway)	0572 572 m (1,877 ft)/	Mardale/ Mardale Head/	Longsleddale/ Sadgill/	Restricted byway – open to all except motor vehicles (but permits are available).
Ketley Gate 2/10/red Pass over Ketley Gate (bridleway)	0323 323 m (1,060 ft)/	Eamont/ Pooley Bridge/	Lowther/ Helton/	Wainwright does not mention a name.
Nan Bield Pass 2/11/red Nan Bield Pass (bridleway)	0640 640 m (2,100 ft)/	Mardale/ Mardale Head/	Kentmere/ Hallow Bank/
Old Corpse Road, Mardale 2/12/black Old Corpse Road, Mardale (bridleway)	0512 512 m (1,680 ft)/	Mardale/ (Mardale Green)	Swindale/ Swindale Head/
Greenup Edge Pass 3/13/green Pass over Greenup Edge (bridleway)	0608 608 m (1,995 ft)/	Rothay/ Easedale/	Stonethwaite/ Stonethwaite/
High Tove 3/14/green Pass over High Tove (footpath)	0508 508 m (1,667 ft)/	Watendlath Valley/ Watendlath/	Thirlmere/ Armboth/	The traditional footpath crosses the summit of High Tove.
Long Moss Pass 3/15/blue Pass over Long Moss (bridleway)	0525 525 m (1,722 ft)/	Watendlath Valley/ Watendlath/	Thirlmere/ Wythburn/
Megs Gill Pass 3/16/blue Pass near Megs Gill (footpath)	0230 230 m (750 ft)/	Rothay/ Grasmere/	Great Langdale/ Chapel Stile/	Highest of three passes.
Esk Hause 4/17/green Esk Hause (footpath)	0759 759 m (2,490 ft)/	Borrowdale/ Seathwaite/	Eskdale/ Jubilee Bridge/	Just north there is col by a shelter that is often wrongly called "Esk Hause".
Hardknott Pass 4/18/red Hardknott Pass (road)	0393 393 m (1,289 ft)/	Duddon/ Cockley Beck/	Eskdale/ Dalegarth station/	Unclassified public road, the gradient reaches 1 in 3 33%.
Harter Fell Pass 4/19/blue Pass near Harter Fell (bridleway)	0355 355 m (1,165 ft)/	Duddon/ Seathwaite/	Eskdale/ Hardknott Castle/
Old Corpse Road, Wasdale 4/20/black Old Corpse Road, Wasdale (bridleway)	0298 298 m (978 ft)/	Eskdale/ Boot/	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/
Red Tarn Pass 4/21/red Red Tarn Pass (footpath)	0530 530 m (1,740 ft)/	Great Langdale/ Oxendale/	Little Langdale/ Three Shire Stone/	See Pike of Blisco and Cold Pike.
Rossett Pass 4/22/blue Rossett Pass (bridleway)	0610 610 m (2,000 ft)/	Great Langdale/ Mickleden/	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head	There is a higher col on this pass at 722 metres (2,369 ft) near Esk Hause.
Side Gates road 4/23/green Side Gates road (road)	0224 224 m (735 ft)/	Great Langdale/ Rossett/	Little Langdale/ Ting Mound/	Also called Blea Tarn road.
Stake Pass 4/24/magenta Stake Pass (bridleway)	0480 480 m (1,570 ft)/	Borrowdale/ Rosthwaite/	Great Langdale/ Mickleden/	On the Cumbria Way.
Sty Head Pass 4/25/green Sty Head Pass (bridleway)	0485 488 m (1,601 ft)/	Borrowdale/ Seathwaite/	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/	Between Borrowdale and Wasdale (but also Langdale and Eskdale).
Walna Scar Road 4/26/red Walna Scar Road (restricted byway)	0608 608 m (1,995 ft)/	Coniston Water/ Coniston/	Duddon/ Seathwaite/	Restricted byway – open to all except motor vehicles.
Wrynose Pass 4/27/blue Wrynose Pass (road)	0393 393 m (1,289 ft)/	Duddon/ Cockley Beck/	Little Langdale/ Fell Foot/	Unclassified public road.
Cumbria Way 5/28/green Cumbria Way, Skiddaw Forest (bridleway)	0490 488 m (1,601 ft)/	Bassenthwaite/ Peter House Farm/	Greta/ Gale Road/	Cumbria Way via Skiddaw House.
Coledale Hause 6/29/magenta Coledale Hause (footpath)	0603 603 m (1,978 ft)/	Newlands/ Braithwaite/	Crummock/ Lanthwaite/	See Coledale (Cumbria).
Hause Gate 6/30/red Hause Gate (bridleway)	0360 360 m (1,180 ft)/	Borrowdale/ Manesty/	Newlands/ Little Town/	Lucie's path to Catbells in The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle.
Newlands Hause 6/31/magenta Newlands Hause (road)	0333 333 m (1,093 ft)/	Newlands/ Little Town/	Buttermere/ (village)/	Unclassified road. Often called Buttermere Hause.
Sail Pass 6/32/blue Sail Pass (footpath)	0625 625 m (2,051 ft)/	Derwent/ Braithwaite/	Buttermere/ (village)/	This pass is far higher and not much shorter than Newlands Hause.
Whinlatter Pass 6/33/red Whinlatter Pass (road)	0318 318 m (1,043 ft)/	Newlands/ Braithwaite/	Cocker/ High Lorton/	B5292, B road.
Aaron Slack 7/34/magenta Aaron Slack (footpath)	0750 750 m (2,460 ft)/	Ennerdale/ Black Sail Hut/	Borrowdale/ Styhead Tarn/	High point at Windy Gap. Nearby is Sty Head with four onward routes.
Black Sail Pass 7/35/black Black Sail Pass (bridleway)	0545 545 m (1,788 ft)/	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/	Ennerdale/ Black Sail Hut/	Black Sail Hut is a Youth Hostel.
Floutern Tarn Pass 7/36/green Floutern Tarn Pass (bridleway)	0416 416 m (1,365 ft)/	Buttermere/ (village)/	Ennerdale/ Whins/	Goes near Scale Force.
Floutern Tarn Pass 7/37/green Floutern Tarn Pass (bridleway)	0416 416 m (1,365 ft)/	Loweswater/ (village)/	Ennerdale/ Whins/	A branch off the pass going to Buttermere.
Honister Pass 7/38/red Honister Pass (road)	0356 356 m (1,168 ft)/	Borrowdale/ Seatoller/	Buttermere/ Gatesgarth/	B5289, B road.
Moses Trod 7/39/magenta Moses Trod (footpath)	0660 660 m (2,170 ft)/	Borrowdale/ Honister Hause/	Wasdale/ Wasdale Head/	An abandoned track for transporting slate.
Scarth Gap Pass 7/40/blue Scarth Gap Pass (bridleway)	0445 445 m (1,460 ft)/	Buttermere/ Gatesgarth/	Ennerdale/ Black Sail Hut/

Volumes in Wainwright's Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells

The following individual volumes are part of a boxed set:

(same content as first 1968 edition)