List of rulers of Saxony facts for kids

Quick facts for kids Monarchy of Saxony
Royal coat of arms
Frederick Augustus III
Details
Style	His Majesty
First monarch	Hadugato
Last monarch	Frederick Augustus III
Formation	531
Abolition	13 November 1918
Appointer	Hereditary
Pretender(s)	Disputed: Daniel, Margrave of Meissen or Prince Alexander

This article tells the story of the rulers of Saxony, a historic region in Germany. You'll learn about the dukes, electors, and kings who governed different parts of Saxony. Their rule began in the 6th century with the Saxon Duchy and ended in 1918 when Germany stopped having monarchies.

Many electors of Saxony were Lutheran Protestants. But Augustus II changed to Catholicism. He did this so he could become King of Poland. All the Kings of Saxony after him were Catholic.

Old Saxony: Early Rulers

The old Saxon coat of arms is still seen today in Lower Saxony and Westphalia.

The first Duchy of Saxony was in what is now north-western Germany. This area included parts of Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and Western Saxony-Anhalt. It's important to know this is not the same as the modern German state of Saxony.

The Frankish king Charlemagne conquered Saxony. He made it part of his large Carolingian Empire. Later, in the 9th century, power shifted. Local Saxon leaders became stronger than the Frankish king. This led to the creation of the Younger Stem Duchy of Saxony.

Independent Saxon Leaders

Here are some early Saxon leaders:

• Hadugato (around 531)
• Berthoald (around 622)
• Theoderic (around 743–744)
• Widukind (around 777–785), a famous leader who fought against Charlemagne.
• Albion (around 785–811)

Dukes of Saxony in the Frankish Kingdom

Dukes of Saxony
Image	Name	Ruled	Notes
Hattonid Family
	Banzleib	838 – 840	A count and margrave.
Liudolfing/Ottonian Family
	Liudolf I	850 – 864 or 866	A count and margrave.
	Bruno	864 or 866 – 880	A count and margrave.
	Otto I the Illustrious	880 – 912	The first Duke of the Younger Stem Duchy.
	Henry I the Fowler	912 – 936	Also a German King from 919 to 936.
	Otto II the Great	936 – 961	Also German King from 936 to 973 and Emperor from 962 to 973.
Billung Family
	Hermann	961 – 973
	Bernard I	973 – 1011
	Bernard II	1011 – 1059
	Ordulf	1059 – 1072
	Magnus	1072 – 1106
Supplinburg Family
	Lothar	1106 – 1137	Also German King from 1125 to 1137 and Emperor from 1133 to 1137.
Ascanian Family
	Otto the Rich	1112	Appointed by Emperor Henry V.
House of Mansfeld
	Hoyer I, Count of Mansfeld	1115	Appointed by Emperor Henry V.
Welf Family
	Henry the Proud	1137 – 1139	Son-in-law of Lothar; also Duke of Bavaria.
Ascanian Family
	Albert the Bear	1139 – 1142	Son of Otto the Rich; also Margrave of Brandenburg.
Welf Family
	Henry the Lion	1142–1180	Son of Henry the Proud; also Duke of Bavaria.

In 1180, the Duchy of Saxony became much smaller. This happened after the Welfs family lost power. The western part, Westphalia, went to the Archbishop of Cologne. The Duchy of Brunswick stayed with the Welfs. The Ascanian Dukes moved their base further east, near the Elbe river. This is why the name Saxony moved eastward. After this division, the counting of the dukes started over.

In the 10th century, Emperor Otto I created the County Palatine of Saxony. This was in the southern part of Saxony. Later, when the Wettin family became Electors of Saxony, these two positions combined.

The Newer Saxony: Duchy and Electorate

The Coat of arms of Saxony has been used since 1180. It shows the Ascanian family arms with a special crown symbol.

The new dukes changed the Saxon horse emblem. They introduced their Ascanian family colors and emblem. They added a special crown symbol to show their ducal rank. Later rulers from the House of Wettin adopted this Ascanian coat of arms.

After the duchy was divided, the numbering of dukes began again. The first Ascanian duke is sometimes called Bernard III or Bernard I. His successor, Albert I, is usually counted as the first.

The Ascanian Family Rulers

Saxony Divisions Under Ascanian Rule

Ascanian Rulers Table

(Note: Both lines follow the numbering until 1296. From 1296, each line follows its own succession.)

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling Part	Consort	Notes
Bernard III		c.1134	1180–1212	1212	Saxony	Brigitte of Denmark Sophia of Thuringia Judith of Poland	Also Count of Ballenstedt and Prince of Anhalt. Father of the next ruler.
Albert I		c.1175	1212–1260	1260	Saxony	Agnes of Austria Agnes of Thuringia Helene of Brunswick-Lüneburg	Father of the next two dukes.
Albert II		1250	1260–1296	1298	Saxony	Agnes of Austria	Ruled together. Albert II kept Saxe-Wittenberg. His nephews Albert III, Eric I, and John II ruled Saxe-Lauenburg.
			1296–1298		Saxe-Wittenberg
John I		1249	1260–1282	1285	Saxony	Ingeborg Birgersdotter of Sweden
In 1296, Albert II and his nephews divided Saxony. Albert II kept Saxe-Wittenberg. His nephews ruled Saxe-Lauenburg. A big argument started over who could vote for the new Holy Roman Emperor. In 1356, the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg won this right. They were then called Elector of Saxony.
John II		1275	1296–1303	1322	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg	Sons of John I. They first ruled with their uncle Albert II. In 1296, they split the land. They kept Lauenburg, which they then divided again.
			1303–1322		Saxe-Mölln
Eric I		1280	1296–1303	1360	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elisabeth of Pomerania
			1303–1338		Saxe-Bergedorf (1303-15) Saxe-Ratzeburg (1315-38)
Albert III		1281	1296-1303	1308	Saxe-Lauenburg	Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel
			1303–1308		Saxe-Ratzeburg
Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel		1270	1308–1315	1315	Saxe-Ratzeburg	Przemysł II, King of Poland Albert III
In 1315, Eric and John, the remaining brothers, reorganized Saxe-Lauenburg.
Rudolph I		1284	1298-1356 1356	1356	Saxe-Wittenberg Electorate of Saxony	Jutta of Brandenburg Kunigunde of Poland Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin	In 1356, the Golden Bull confirmed Rudolf I as the official Saxon Prince-Elector.
The Golden Bull of 1356 gave the Duke of Saxony in the Saxe-Wittenberg line the right to help choose a new Holy Roman Emperor.
Regency of Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg (1322-1330)
Albert IV			1315	1322–1343	1343	Saxe-Mölln	Beata of Schwerin Sophia of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow
Eric II		1318/20	1338–1368	1368	Saxe-Ratzeburg	Agnes of Holstein-Plön
John III		c.1330	1343–1356	1356	Saxe-Mölln	Unmarried	No children. His brother Albert succeeded him.
Albert V		c.1330	1356–1370	1370	Saxe-Mölln	Catherine of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow	No children. His brother Eric succeeded him.
Rudolph II the Blind		1307	1356 – 1370	1370	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Elisabeth of Hesse	No children.
Wenceslaus I		1337	1370 – 1388	1388	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Cecilia da Carrara	Brother of the previous ruler.
Eric III		c.1330	1370–1401	1401	Saxe-Mölln	Unmarried	No children. This allowed Saxe-Lauenburg to reunite.
Rudolph III		1378	1388 – 1419	1419	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Anna of Meissen Barbara of Legnica	No male children. His brother Albert succeeded him.
In 1401, Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg inherited Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln. The reunited duchy kept the name Saxe-Lauenburg.
Eric IV		1354	1368–1401	1411/12	Saxe-Ratzeburg	Sophia of Brunswick-Lüneburg	In 1401, he reunited Saxe-Lauenburg.
			1401–1411/12		Saxe-Lauenburg
Eric V		after 1373	1411/12–1436	1436	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elisabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg Elisabeth of Weinsberg	Ruled together.
John IV		after 1373	1411/12–1414	1414	Saxe-Lauenburg	Unmarried
Albert IV		1375/80	1419 – 1422	1422	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Euphemia of Oleśnica	No male children. This ended the Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line.
The Ascanian family continued in Saxe-Lauenburg until 1689. But they lost the right to be Elector of Saxony in 1356. After 1422, the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg were no longer seen as the main Dukes of Saxony. To learn about the Ascanian family in Saxe-Lauenburg, continue with this table. For the next Electors of Saxony, see the House of Wettin section below.
Bernard IV		1385/93	1436–1463	1463	Saxe-Lauenburg	Adelaide of Pomerania-Stolp
John V		1439	1463–1507	1507	Saxe-Lauenburg	Dorothea of Brandenburg	Sometimes called John IV.
Magnus I		1470	1507–1543	1543	Saxe-Lauenburg	Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Francis I		1510	1543-1571	1581	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sibylle of Saxony	In 1571, Francis I gave up his rule to his son Magnus II because of debt.
Magnus II		1543	1571–1573	1603	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sophia of Sweden	Magnus II did not pay the debts he promised. His father and brothers removed him from power.
Francis I		1510	1573–1581	1581	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sibylle of Saxony	Regained his title in 1573.
Francis II		1547	1581–1619	1619	Saxe-Lauenburg	Margaret of Pomerania-Wolgast Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	Brother of Magnus II. Ruled with his brother Maurice for a time.
Maurice		1551	1581–1612	1612	Saxe-Lauenburg	Katharina von Spörck	Ruled together with his brother Francis II.
Augustus		1577	1619–1656	1656	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elisabeth Sofie of Holstein-Gottorp Catherine of Oldenburg	No male children. His half-brother Julius Henry succeeded him.
Julius Henry		1586	1656–1665	1665	Saxe-Lauenburg	Anna of East Frisia Elisabeth Sophia of Brandenburg Anna Magdalena of Lobkowicz
Francis Erdmann		1629	1665–1666	1666	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sibylle Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg	No children. His brother Julius Francis succeeded him.
Julius Francis		1641	1666–1689	1689	Saxe-Lauenburg	Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach

The male line of the Ascanian family in Saxe-Lauenburg ended in 1689. Even though Julius Francis had two daughters who should have inherited, the House of Welf took over the duchy. This prevented the rightful heiress, Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg, from ruling. Later, in 1814, Saxe-Lauenburg changed hands again. It went to Frederick VI of Denmark. In 1865, it passed to William I of Prussia. Saxe-Lauenburg eventually became a district of Prussia in 1876.

The Wettin Family Rulers

The Ascanian line in Saxe-Wittenberg ended in 1422. After this, Emperor Sigismund gave the land and the title of Elector to Frederick IV of Meissen. Frederick was from the House of Wettin. This family had ruled the Margraviate of Meissen since 1089. They also ruled Thuringia since 1242. So, in 1423, Saxe-Wittenberg, Meissen, and Thuringia were all united under one ruler. This combined area gradually became known as Saxony.

Saxony Divisions Under Wettin Rule

Wettin Rulers Table

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling Part	Consort	Notes
Frederick I the Warlike		1370	1423 – 1428	1428	Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony	Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg	After the Ascanian line ended, Frederick became Elector. He was from the House of Wettin.
Frederick II the Gentle		1412	1428 – 1464	1464	Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony	Margaret of Austria	Son of Frederick I. His sons Ernest and Albert started the Ernestine and Albertine lines.
Ernest I		1441	1464 – 1486	1486	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Elisabeth of Bavaria-Munich	Son of Frederick II. He started the Ernestine line.
Albert III the Bold		1443	1464–1500	1500	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Sidonie of Poděbrady	Son of Frederick II. He started the Albertine line.
Frederick III the Wise		1463	1486 – 1525	1525	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Unmarried	Son of Ernest. He protected Martin Luther. His brother John succeeded him.
George I the Bearded		1471	1500–1539	1539	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Barbara of Poland	Opposed Martin Luther. His brother Henry succeeded him.
John I the Steadfast		1468	1525 – 1532	1532	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Sophie of Mecklenburg Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen	He made Lutheranism the official religion in his lands.
John Frederick I the Magnanimous		1503	1532 – 1547	1554	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Sibylle of Cleves	He lost his Elector title and much land to his cousin Maurice after a war.
			1547 – 1554		Ernestine Duchy of Saxony
John Ernest I	.	1521	1532 – 1553	1553	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg	Catherine of Brunswick-Grubenhagen	He was co-ruler with his brother. When he died without children, his land went back to John Frederick.
Henry IV the Pious		1473	1539–1541	1541	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Catherine of Mecklenburg	He made Lutheranism the official religion in Albertine Saxony.
Maurice I		1521	1541–1547	1553	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Agnes of Hesse	He allied with Emperor Charles V and gained the Electorate for his family in 1547. His brother Augustus succeeded him.
			1547 – 1553		Albertine Electorate of Saxony
After losing the Electorate, the Ernestine Wettin family continued to rule in southern Thuringia. Their lands eventually split into many small Ernestine duchies.
Augustus I		1526	1553 – 1586	1586	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Anna of Denmark Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt	Brother of Maurice. He was also a regent for Frederick William in Saxe-Weimar.
John Frederick II		1529	1554–1565	1595	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach	Agnes of Hesse Elisabeth of the Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim	He received Saxe-Weimar. In 1566, he gave up his rule to his brother John William.
			1565–1566		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach and Saxe-Gotha
John Frederick III the Younger		1538	1554–1565	1565	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha	Unmarried	He left his lands to his older brother when he died.
John William I		1530	1554–1566	1573	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern	He received Saxe-Weimar. In 1572, Saxony was divided again. He received Saxe-Weimar once more.
			1566–1572		Ernestine Duchy of Saxony
			1572–1573		Ernestine Saxe-Weimar
John Casimir		1564	1572–1596	1633	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach	Anna of Saxony Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg	Sons of John Frederick II. They ruled together. In 1596, they divided the land. John Casimir got Saxe-Coburg, and John Ernest got Saxe-Eisenach.
			1596–1633		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg
John Ernest I		1566	1572–1596	1638	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach	Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort Christine of Hesse-Kassel
			1596–1633		Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach
			1633–1638		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was divided among its neighbors Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar.
Regency of Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (1573-1586)	After his death, his brother took the land and later divided it with his nephews.
Frederick William I			1562	1573–1602	1602	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Sophie of Württemberg Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg
Christian I		1560	1586 – 1591	1591	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Sophie of Brandenburg
Regency of Sophie of Brandenburg (1591-1601)
Christian II			1583	1591 – 1611	1611	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Hedwig of Denmark
John II		1570	1602–1605	1605	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea Maria of Anhalt	He divided Saxe-Weimar in 1603, keeping a smaller part.
John Philip		1597	1603–1639	1639	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	They received and ruled the new Saxe-Altenburg together. None of them had male children.
Frederick		1599	1603–1625	1625	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Unmarried
John William		1600	1603–1632	1632	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Unmarried
John Ernest I		1594	1605–1626	1626	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Unmarried	Sons of John IV. They ruled together. In 1640, they divided the land. William kept Saxe-Weimar. Ernest inherited Saxe-Gotha.
William I the Great		1598	1626–1644	1662	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau
			1644–1662		Ernestine Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach
Albert IV		1599	1605–1640	1644	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg
			1640–1644		Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Eisenach
Ernest I the Pious		1601	1605–1640	1675	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
			1640–1672		Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Gotha
			1672–1675		Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
John George I		1585	1611 – 1656	1656	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Sibylle Elisabeth of Württemberg Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia	He ruled during the Thirty Years' War.
Frederick William II		1602	1639–1669	1669	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Sophie Elisabeth of Brandenburg Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony	Brother of John Philip, Frederick and John William. He inherited part of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
John George II		1613	1656 – 1680	1680	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth	He was also a regent for Frederick William III in Saxe-Altenburg.
Augustus I		1614	1656–1680	1680	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels	Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Johanna Walpurgis of Leiningen-Westerburg	Son of Elector John George I. After his death, Weissenfels was divided.
Christian I		1615	1656–1691	1691	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg	Son of Elector John George I.
Maurice I		1619	1662–1681	1681	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz	Sophie Hedwig of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg	Son of Elector John George I.
Bernard II		1638	1662–1678	1678	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Marie Charlotte de la Trémoille	Son of William I.
John Ernest II		1627	1662–1683	1683	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg	Son of William I.
Adolf William		1632	1662–1668	1668	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	Son of William I.
Regency of John George I, Duke of Saxe-Marksuhl (1668-1671)	Died as a child. His uncle inherited his land.
William August			1668	1668–1671	1671	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Unmarried
John George I		1598	1662–1671	1662	Ernestine Saxe-Marksuhl	Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein	Son of William I. He inherited Saxe-Eisenach after his nephew's death.
			1671–1686		Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach
Saxe-Marksuhl merged into Saxe-Eisenach.
Regency of John George II, Elector of Saxony (1669-1672)	Son of Frederick William II. Died as a child. His lands were divided.
Frederick William III			1657	1669–1672	1672	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Unmarried
Saxe-Altenburg merged into Saxe-Gotha to form Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Frederick I		1646	1675–1691	1691	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels Christine of Baden-Durlach	Son of Ernest I.
Albert V		1648	1675–1699	1699	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg	Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Susanne Elisabeth Kempinsky	Son of Ernest I. No male children. His lands were added to Saalfeld.
Saxe-Coburg merged into Saxe-Saalfeld to form Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Bernard I		1649	1675–1706	1706	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	Son of Ernest I.
Henry		1650	1675–1710	1710	Ernestine Saxe-Römhild	Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt	Son of Ernest I. No children. His lands were added to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Saxe-Römhild was added to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Christian		1653	1675–1707	1707	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenberg	Christiane of Saxe-Merseburg Sophie Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt	Son of Ernest I. No male children. His lands were added to Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Eisenberg was added to Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Ernest I		1655	1675–1715	1715	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Sophie of Waldeck	Son of Ernest I of Saxe-Gotha.
John Ernest		1658	1675–1699	1729	Ernestine Saxe-Saalfeld	Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg Charlotte Johanna of Waldeck-Wildungen	Son of Ernest I. In 1699, he united it with Saxe-Coburg, forming Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
			1699–1729		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Regencies of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1678-83), John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1683-86) and William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1686-90)	Son of Bernard II. Died as a child.
John William			1675	1678–1690	1690	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Unmarried
Saxe-Jena was divided between its neighbors Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Weimar.
John George III		1647	1680 – 1691	1691	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Anna Sophie of Denmark
John Adolph I		1649	1680–1697	1697	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg Christiane Wilhelmine of Bünau	He inherited the remaining Saxe-Weissenfels.
Henry		1657	1680–1728	1728	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby	Elisabeth Albertine of Anhalt-Dessau	He inherited Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby.
Maurice William		1664	1681–1718	1718	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz	Marie Amalie of Brandenburg	No children. Saxe-Zeitz merged into the Electorate after his death.
Saxe-Zeitz merged into the Electorate of Saxony.
William Ernest I		1662	1683–1728	1728	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Charlotte Marie of Saxe-Jena	Ruled together. William Ernest had full power.
John Ernest III		1664	1683–1707	1707	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Sophie Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst Charlotte of Hesse-Homburg
Philip		1657	1684–1690	1690	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt	Eleonore Sophie of Saxe-Weimar Louise Elisabeth of Württemberg-Oels	Son of Christian. His land returned to his father after his death.
John George II		1665	1686–1698	1698	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Sophie Charlotte of Württemberg	No children. His brother succeeded him.
John George IV		1668	1691 – 1694	1694	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach
Christian II		1653	1691–1694	1694	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz
Augustus		1655	1691–1715	1715	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig	Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow	Son of Christian. No male children. His lands returned to Saxe-Merseburg.
Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig merged into Saxe-Merseburg.
Regencies of Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild (1691-1693)
Frederick II			1676	1691–1732	1732	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst
Frederick Augustus I the Strong		1670	1694 – 1733	1733	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth	Brother of John George IV. He became Catholic to become King of Poland.
Regencies of Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz and Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (1694-1712)	Both brothers had no children. Maurice William was succeeded by his uncle, Henry.
Christian III Maurice			1680	1694	1694	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Unmarried
Maurice William			1688	1694–1731	1731	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Henriette Charlotte of Nassau-Idstein
Henry		1661	1694–1731	1738	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg	Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow	Son of Christian. He inherited Saxe-Merseburg in 1731. No children. Saxe-Merseburg merged into the Electorate of Saxony.
			1731–1738		Albertine Saxe-Merseburg
Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg merged into Saxe-Merseburg.
Saxe-Merseburg merged into the Electorate of Saxony.
John George		1677	1697–1712	1712	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Fredericka Elisabeth of Saxe-Eisenach	No male children. His brother Christian succeeded him.
John William III		1666	1698–1729	1729	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Amalie of Nassau-Dietz Christine Juliane of Baden-Durlach Magdalene Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels Marie Christine Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg-Heidesheim
Frederick Henry		1668	1699–1713	1713	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt	Sophie Angelika of Württemberg-Oels Anna Fredericka Philippine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg	Son of Maurice. No male children. His lands returned to Saxe-Zeitz.
Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt merged into Saxe-Zeitz.
Ernest Louis I		1672	1706–1724	1724	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Dorothea Marie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg
Frederick		1673	1711–1715	1715	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme	Emilie Agnes Reuss of Schleiz	Son of Augustus. After his death, Dahme was reabsorbed by Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme merged into Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt.
Christian		1682	1712–1736	1736	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Louise Christine of Stolberg-Stolberg-Ortenberg	No male children. His brother John Adolf succeeded him.
Ernest Frederick I		1681	1715–1724	1724	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach
Ernest Louis II		1709	1724–1729	1729	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	No children. His brother succeeded him.
Regency of Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach (1724-1728)
Ernest Frederick II			1707	1724–1745	1745	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau
George Albert		1695	1728–1739	1739	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby	Auguste Louise of Württemberg-Oels	No children. His land merged into Saxe-Weissenfels.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby merged into Saxe-Weissenfels.
William Henry		1691	1729–1741	1741	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Albertine Juliane of Nassau-Idstein Anna Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt	No children. Saxe-Eisenach merged with Saxe-Weimar.
Saxe-Eisenach merged into Saxe-Weimar to form Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Ernest Augustus I		1688	1728–1741	1748	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Eleonore Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Köthen Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth	He united the duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach.
			1741–1748		Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Christian Ernest		1683	1729–1745	1745	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Christiane Fredericka of Koss	No children. His brother succeeded him.
Charles Frederick I		1712	1729–1743	1743	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Brother of Ernest Louis II. No children. His uncle succeeded him.
Frederick III		1699	1732–1772	1772	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen	He was also a regent for Ernest Augustus II of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Frederick Augustus II the Fat		1696	1733 – 1763	1763	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Maria Josepha of Austria	Son of Frederick Augustus I. He was King of Poland from 1734 to 1763.
John Adolph II		1685	1736–1746	1746	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Johannette Antoinette Juliane of Saxe-Eisenach Fredericka of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	No male children. After his death, the Duchy was reannexed by the Electorate of Saxony.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt merged into the Electorate of Saxony.
Frederick William IV		1679	1743–1746	1746	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Brother of Ernest Louis I. No children. His half-brother succeeded him.
Regency of Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau (1745-1748)
Ernest Frederick III			1727	1745–1780	1780	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Louise of Denmark Christiane Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar
Francis Josias		1697	1745–1764	1764	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt	Brother of Christian Ernest.
Anthony Ulrich		1687	1746–1763	1763	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Philippine Elisabeth Caesar Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal
Regency of Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1748-1755)
Ernest Augustus II			1737	1748–1758	1758	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Regency of Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1758-1775)	In 1815, his title changed from Duke to Grand Duke. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach became a Grand Duchy.
Charles Augustus			1757	1758–1828	1828	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
Frederick Christian		1722	1763 – 1763	1763	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Maria Antonia of Bavaria	Son of Frederick Augustus II.
Regency of Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal (1763-1779)	No children. His brother succeeded him.
Charles William			1754	1763–1782	1782	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
Regency of Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1763-1768)	Son of Frederick Christian. He became King of Saxony in 1806.
Frederick Augustus III the Just			1750	1763 – 1806	1827	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
In 1806, the Elector of Saxony became King of an independent Kingdom of Saxony. For the Kings, see the Kingdom of Saxony section below. To continue the list of other duchies, follow this table.
Ernest Frederick		1724	1764–1800	1800	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Ernest II		1745	1772–1804	1804	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen
George I		1761	1782–1803	1803	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Francis		1750	1800–1806	1806	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
Regency of Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1803-1821)
Bernard II			1800	1803–1866	1882	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel
Augustus		1772	1804–1822	1822	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Karoline Amalie of Hesse-Kassel	No male children. His brother Frederick inherited the land.
Ernest I		1784	1806–1844	1844	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1800-1826) Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826-1844)	Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Marie of Württemberg	He inherited Gotha and the duchy became Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Frederick IV		1774	1822–1825	1825	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Unmarried	Brother of Augustus. No male children. The land was divided.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was divided between Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Regency of Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780-1787)	He inherited Altenburg and changed the name of the united duchy to Saxe-Altenburg.
Frederick			1763	1780–1834	1834	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen (1787-1826) Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg (1826–1834)	Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Charles Frederick		1783	1828–1853	1853	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Maria Pavlovna of Russia
Joseph		1789	1834–1848	1868	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Amelia of Württemberg	He was forced to give up his rule in 1848. No male children. His brother George succeeded him.
Ernest II		1818	1844–1893	1893	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Alexandrine of Baden	No children. His nephews succeeded him.
George		1796	1848–1853	1853	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Brother of Joseph.
Charles Alexander		1818	1853–1901	1901	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Sophie of the Netherlands
Ernest I		1826	1853–1908	1908	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Agnes of Anhalt-Dessau	No male children. His nephew succeeded him.
George II		1826	1866–1914	1914	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Charlotte of Prussia Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg Ellen Franz
Alfred		1844	1893–1900	1900	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Maria Alexandrovna of Russia	Nephew of Ernest II.
Regency of Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900-1905)	Nephew of Alfred. The monarchy ended in 1918.
Charles Edward			1884	1900–1918	1954	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein
William Ernest		1876	1901–1918	1923	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Caroline Reuss of Greiz Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen	Grandson of Charles Alexander. The monarchy ended in 1918.
Ernest II		1871	1908–1918	1955	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Adelaide of Schaumburg-Lippe Maria Triebel	Grandson of George III. The monarchy ended in 1918.
Bernard III		1851	1914–1918	1928	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Charlotte of Prussia	The monarchy ended in 1918.

Kingdom of Saxony: The Last Monarchs

The Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806. The Elector of Saxony, who was allied with Napoleon, became the ruler of an independent Kingdom of Saxony in 1806.

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling Part	Consort	Notes
Frederick Augustus I the Just		1750	1806 – 1827	1827	Kingdom of Saxony	Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld	He became king in 1806. He was also Duke of Warsaw from 1807 to 1813. No male children. His brother succeeded him.
Anthony the Kind		1755	1827 – 1836	1836	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Carolina of Savoy Maria Theresa of Austria	No male children. His nephew succeeded him.
Frederick Augustus II		1797	1836 – 1854	1854	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Carolina of Austria Maria Anna of Bavaria	Son of Prince Maximilian of Saxony. No children. His brother succeeded him.
John		1801	1854 – 1873	1873	Kingdom of Saxony	Amalie Auguste of Bavaria	Saxony became part of the German Empire in 1871.
Albert the Good		1828	1873 – 1902	1902	Kingdom of Saxony	Carola of Sweden
George		1832	1902 – 1904	1904	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Anna of Portugal
Frederick Augustus III		1865	1904 – 1918	1932	Kingdom of Saxony	Louise of Austria	The last King of Saxony. He gave up his throne in 1918.

Free State of Saxony

For leaders of Saxony since 1918, see List of ministers-president of Saxony. For heads of state, see List of presidents of Germany.

See also

In Spanish: Anexo:Soberanos de Sajonia para niños

• Coat of arms of Saxony
• History of Saxony