List of rulers of Saxony facts for kids

This article tells you about the important leaders who ruled different parts of Saxony, a region in Germany. It covers a long time, from the first Saxon Duchy in the 500s until the German monarchies ended in 1918.

Many of Saxony's leaders, called Electors, followed the Lutheran faith. However, one Elector, Augustus II, became Catholic. This was so he could also become the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. All the Kings of Saxony after him were Catholic too.

The First Rulers of Saxony

The old Saxon coat of arms is still seen today in the coats of arms of Lower Saxony and Westphalia.

The first Duchy of Saxony was in the northwest part of what is now Germany. This area included the modern German state of Lower Saxony, as well as Westphalia and western Saxony-Anhalt. It was not the same as the modern German state of Saxony.

The Frankish king Charlemagne conquered Saxony and made it part of his large empire. Later, in the 800s, power started to shift from the Frankish king back to the local Saxon leaders. This led to the creation of the Younger Stem Duchy.

Early Saxon Leaders

These leaders ruled Saxony when it was more independent:

• Hadugato (around 531)
• Berthoald (around 622)
• Theoderic (around 743–744)
• Widukind (around 777–785), a famous leader who fought against Charlemagne
• Albion (around 785–811)

Dukes of Saxony in the Frankish Empire

Dukes of Saxony
Image	Name	Ruled	Notes
Hattonid Family
	Banzleib	838 – 840	A count and border ruler.
Liudolfing/Ottonian Family
	Liudolf I	850 – 864 or 866	A count and border ruler.
	Bruno	864 or 866 – 880	A count and border ruler.
	Otto I the Illustrious	880 – 912	The first Duke of the Younger Stem Duchy.
	Henry I the Fowler	912 – 936	Also a German King from 919 to 936.
	Otto II the Great	936 – 961	Also a German King from 936 to 973, and Emperor from 962 to 973.
Billung Family
	Hermann	961 – 973
	Bernard I	973 – 1011
	Bernard II	1011 – 1059
	Ordulf	1059 – 1072
	Magnus	1072 – 1106
Supplinburg Family
	Lothar	1106 – 1137	Also a German King from 1125 to 1137, and Emperor from 1133 to 1137.
Ascanian Family
	Otto the Rich	1112	Appointed by Emperor Henry V against Duke Lothar. Otto was the father-in-law of Duke Magnus Billung.
House of Mansfeld
	Hoyer I, Count of Mansfeld	1115	Appointed by Emperor Henry V against Duke Lothar.
Welf Family
	Henry the Proud	1137 – 1139	Son-in-law of Lothar; also Duke of Bavaria.
Ascanian Family
	Albert the Bear	1139 – 1142	Son of Otto the Rich and grandson of Magnus Billung; also Margrave of Brandenburg.
Welf Family
	Henry the Lion	1142–1180	Son of Henry the Proud and grandson of Lothar III; also Duke of Bavaria.

In 1180, the Welfs family lost power, and the Duchy of Saxony became much smaller. The western part, Westphalia, went to the Archbishop of Cologne. The Duchy of Brunswick stayed with the Welfs. The new Ascanian Dukes were based further east, near the Elbe river. This is why the name "Saxony" moved eastward. After this division, the numbering of the dukes started over.

In the 900s, Emperor Otto I created the County Palatine of Saxony in the southern part of Saxony. This important position was held by different counts and later by the Landgraves of Thuringia. When the Wettin family became Electors of Saxony, these two positions joined together.

The Newer Saxony: Duchy and Electorate

The Coat of arms of Saxony used since 1180. It shows the Ascanian family's symbols with a green crown-like band, which means it's a ducal rank.

The new dukes changed the Saxon horse emblem (). They introduced their Ascanian family colors and symbol (), adding a green crown-like band. This new symbol () became the new coat of arms for Saxony. Later rulers from the House of Wettin also used this Ascanian coat of arms.

After the Duchy was divided, the numbering of the dukes started again. The first Ascanian duke is sometimes called Bernard III (because two earlier dukes had the same name) or Bernard I. However, his successor, Albert I, is usually called the first, even though there was an earlier Albert (Albert the Bear) before 1180.

The Ascanian Family's Rule

How Saxony was Divided under Ascanian Rule

List of Ascanian Rulers

(Note: Both lines follow the numbering from this table until 1296, when they were created. From 1296 onwards, each line has its own numbering for Saxon dukes.)

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling Part	Spouse	Notes
Bernard III		around 1134	1180–1212	February 2, 1212	Saxony	Brigitte of Denmark six children Sophia of Thuringia one child Judith of Poland around 1173 no children	Also Count of Ballenstedt and Prince of Anhalt. Father of the next ruler.
Albert I		around 1175	1212–1260	October 7, 1260	Saxony	Agnes of Austria 1222 five children Agnes of Thuringia 1238 three children Helene of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1247 five children	Father of the next two dukes.
Albert II		1250	1260–1296	August 25, 1298	Saxony	Agnes of Austria 1282 six children	Ruled together; and included his nephews in the joint rule after his brother's death. However, these three nephews later divided the land with him. Albert II kept Saxe-Wittenberg and became the head of the Elder Saxon Line. Albert III, Eric I, and John II ruled together in Saxe-Lauenburg, starting the Younger Saxon Line.
			1296–1298		Saxe-Wittenberg
John I		1249	1260–1282	July 30, 1285	Saxony	Ingeborg Birgersdotter of Sweden 1270 eight children
In 1296, Albert II and his nephews Albert III, Eric I, and John II ended their joint rule. They divided Saxony into the Lauenburg line (where Albert III, Eric I, and John II continued to rule together until 1303) and the Wittenberg line (where Albert II ruled alone until 1298). Since the Duke of Saxony was one of the prince-electors who chose a new Holy Roman Emperor, the Lauenburg and Wittenberg lines argued over who should cast Saxony's vote. In 1314, both lines supported different candidates in a double election. Eventually, the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg won this right in 1356, when the Golden Bull was issued. To tell him apart from other rulers called Duke of Saxony, he was often called the Elector of Saxony.
John II		1275	1296–1303	April 22, 1322	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg 1315 one child	Children of John I. They first ruled jointly with their uncle Albert II starting in 1282 (after their father's death). In 1296, they split the land with him. They kept Lauenburg, which they divided again. Albert's land went to his widow, and after her death in 1315, the territory was reorganized. Eric divided Bergdorf with his surviving brother and took all of his brother Albert's inheritance. However, he later gave up his rule to his son.
			1303–1322		Saxe-Mölln
Eric I		1280	1296–1303	1360	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elisabeth of Pomerania 1316 or 1318 four children
			1303–1338		Saxe-Bergedorf (1303-15) Saxe-Ratzeburg (1315-38)
Albert III		1281	1296-1303	1308	Saxe-Lauenburg	Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 1302 two children
			1303–1308		Saxe-Ratzeburg
Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel		1270	1308–1315	May 1, 1315	Saxe-Ratzeburg	Przemysł II, King of Poland 1302 two children Albert III 1302 two children
In 1315, after Margaret of Brandenburg died, her remaining brothers Eric and John reorganized the land in Saxe-Lauenburg. Eric kept all of Margaret's part but had to give some of his original lands to his brother.
Rudolph I (Rudolf I)		1284	1298-1356 January 10, 1356 – March 12, 1356	March 12, 1356	Saxe-Wittenberg Electorate of Saxony	Jutta of Brandenburg 1298 eight children Kunigunde of Poland August 28, 1328 one child Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin 1333 three children	In January 1356, the Golden Bull confirmed Rudolf I as the official Saxon Prince-Elector. This meant that the rulers of Saxe-Wittenberg were now considered Electors of Saxony.
The Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed that the Duke of Saxony from the Saxe-Wittenberg line had the right to help choose a new Holy Roman Emperor.
Regency of Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg (1322-1330)
Albert IV			1315	1322–1343	1343	Saxe-Mölln	Beata of Schwerin 1334 three children Sophia of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow 1341 no children
Eric II		1318/20	1338–1368	1368	Saxe-Ratzeburg	Agnes of Holstein-Plön between 1342 and 1349 four children
John III		around 1330	1343–1356	1356	Saxe-Mölln	Unmarried	Had no children. His brother, Albert, took over after him.
Albert V		around 1330	1356–1370	1370	Saxe-Mölln	Catherine of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow January 25, 1366 no children	Had no children. His brother, Eric, took over after him.
Rudolph II the Blind (Rudolf II. der Blinde)		1307	March 12, 1356 – December 6, 1370	December 6, 1370	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Elisabeth of Hesse Before May 8, 1336 one child	Had no children.
Wenceslaus I		1337	December 6, 1370 – May 15, 1388	May 15, 1388	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Cecilia da Carrara January 23, 1376 six children	Brother of the previous ruler.
Eric III		around 1330	1370–1401	1401	Saxe-Mölln	Unmarried	Wanted to join the clergy, but had to rule after his brothers. He also had no children, which allowed the Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg line to reunite Saxe-Lauenburg.
Rudolph III		1378	May 15, 1388 – June 11, 1419	June 11, 1419	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Anna of Meissen 1387/89 three children Barbara of Legnica March 1396 two children	Had no sons. His brother, Albert, took over after him.
In 1401, Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg inherited Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln from the Ascanian Elder Lauenburg line, which had no more male heirs after Eric IV's death. The reunited duchy continued to be called Saxe-Lauenburg.
Eric IV		1354	1368–1401	June 21, 1411/12	Saxe-Ratzeburg	Sophia of Brunswick-Lüneburg April 8, 1373 ten children	In 1401, he reunited Saxe-Lauenburg.
			1401–1411/12		Saxe-Lauenburg
Eric V		after 1373	1411/12–1436	1436	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elisabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg 1404 no children Elisabeth of Weinsberg before 1422 one child	Ruled together. The numbering here can be confusing, as some historians don't count John IV in the list of Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg, calling John V (John IV's nephew) as John IV.
John IV		after 1373	1411/12–1414	1414	Saxe-Lauenburg	Unmarried
Albert IV		1375/80	June 11, 1419 – (before November 12) 1422	before November 12, 1422	Saxe-Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony	Euphemia of Oleśnica January 14, 1420 no children	Had no sons, which meant the Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line ended.
The Ascanian family continued in Saxe-Lauenburg until 1689. However, after the Lauenburg line lost the Saxon Electorate to the Wittenberg line in 1356 and failed to get it back after 1422, people stopped recognizing the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg as Dukes of Saxony. To see the rest of the Ascanian family in Saxe-Lauenburg, look at this table. For the next Electors of Saxony, see the House of Wettin section below.
Bernard IV		1385/93	1436–1463	July 16, 1463	Saxe-Lauenburg	Adelaide of Pomerania-Stolp 1428 two children
John V		July 18, 1439	1463–1507	August 15, 1507	Saxe-Lauenburg	Dorothea of Brandenburg February 12, 1464 twelve children	Sometimes called John IV. He is sometimes confused with his uncle, John IV (Eric V and Bernard IV's brother) and one of his own sons (John IV, Bishop of Hildesheim).
Magnus I		January 1, 1470	1507–1543	August 1, 1543	Saxe-Lauenburg	Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel November 20, 1509 Wolfenbüttel six children
Francis I		1510	1543-1571	March 19, 1581	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sibylle of Saxony February 8, 1540 Dresden nine children	In 1571, Francis I was deeply in debt. He gave up his rule to his oldest son, Magnus II, who had promised to pay off the debts using money from his military work and his marriage to a Swedish princess.
Magnus II		1543	1571–1573	March 14, 1603	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sophia of Sweden July 4, 1568 Stockholm one child	Eldest son of Francis I. He did not pay the debts he promised, which led to conflict with his father and brothers. Two years later, they removed Magnus II from power, and Francis I became ruler again. Magnus's attempts to get the duchy back failed. In 1588, he was imprisoned for the rest of his life.
Francis I		1510	1573–1581	March 19, 1581	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sibylle of Saxony February 8, 1540 Dresden nine children	Became ruler again in 1573 after Magnus II was removed.
Francis II		August 10, 1547	1581–1619	July 2, 1619	Saxe-Lauenburg	Margaret of Pomerania-Wolgast December 26, 1574 Wolgast four children Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel November 10, 1582 Wolfenbüttel fourteen children	Was a co-ruler from 1578, and administrator from 1581. Ruled jointly with his brother Maurice between 1581 and 1612. Father of Augustus and Julius Henry.
Maurice		1551	1581–1612	November 2, 1612	Saxe-Lauenburg	Katharina von Spörck 1581 (marriage ended 1582) no children	Ruled jointly with his brother Francis II.
Augustus		February 17, 1577	1619–1656	January 18, 1656	Saxe-Lauenburg	Elisabeth Sofie of Holstein-Gottorp March 5, 1621 Husum six children Catherine of Oldenburg June 4, 1633 no children	Had no sons; his half-brother Julius Henry took over after him.
Julius Henry		April 9, 1586	1656–1665	November 20, 1665	Saxe-Lauenburg	Anna of East Frisia March 17, 1617 Grabow no children Elisabeth Sophia of Brandenburg June 4, 1633 Toužim one son Anna Magdalena of Lobkowicz August 18, 1632 Vienna six children
Francis Erdmann		February 25, 1629	1665–1666	July 30, 1666	Saxe-Lauenburg	Sibylle Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg 1654 no children	Had no children; his brother Julius Francis took over after him.
Julius Francis		September 16, 1641	1666–1689	September 30, 1689	Saxe-Lauenburg	Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach April 9, 1668 Sulzbach two children

The male line of the Saxe-Lauenburg Ascanians ended in 1689 when Julius Francis died. Even though he had two daughters who should have inherited the duchy, the House of Welf took control of it instead. They prevented the rightful heiress, Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg, from becoming duchess. George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a descendant of Magnus I, took over. His descendants later became the Monarchs of Great Britain starting in 1714.

In 1814, after being removed from power during the Napoleonic Wars, Regent George agreed to give Saxe-Lauenburg to his Danish cousin, Frederick VI of Denmark. Frederick VI changed the official colors of Saxe-Lauenburg to red and gold. The duchy changed hands again in 1865 when Christian IX of Denmark was removed from power in the Second Schleswig War. Saxe-Lauenburg then went to William I of Prussia. The local leaders of Saxe-Lauenburg offered him the ducal throne. The coat of arms of Saxe-Lauenburg was changed to red and silver, with a border in the Prussian colors of black and white. Both the duke and the local leaders decided to merge Saxe-Lauenburg into Prussia, becoming the district Duchy of Lauenburg, starting on July 1, 1876.

The Wettin Family's Rule

The Ascanian line of Saxe-Wittenberg ended when Elector Albert III died in 1422. After this, Emperor Sigismund gave the land and the title of Elector to Margrave Frederick IV of Meissen. Frederick had been a loyal supporter during the Hussite Wars. Albert's Ascanian relative, Duke Eric V of Saxe-Lauenburg, protested, but it was no use. Frederick was a member of the House of Wettin. This family had ruled the nearby Margraviate of Meissen since 1089 and the Landgraviate of Thuringia since 1242. So, in 1423, Saxe-Wittenberg, the Margraviate of Meissen, and Thuringia were joined under one ruler. This combined territory gradually became known as (Upper) Saxony, or simply Saxony.

How Saxony was Divided under Wettin Rule

List of Wettin Rulers

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling Part	Spouse	Notes
Frederick I the Warlike (Friedrich der Streitbare)		April 11, 1370	January 6, 1423 – January 4, 1428	January 4, 1428	Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony	Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg February 7, 1402 seven children	After the Ascanian family's Wittenberg line ended, Frederick, Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia, from the House of Wettin, was given the Electorate.
Frederick II the Gentle (Friedrich der Sanftmütige)		April 22, 1412	January 4, 1428 – September 7, 1464	September 7, 1464	Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony	Margaret of Austria June 3, 1431 Leipzig eight children	Son of Frederick I. He ruled Saxony with his brothers, but he was the only Elector. Father of Ernest and Albert, who started the Ernestine and Albertine Saxon lines.
Ernest I (Ernst)		March 24, 1441	September 7, 1464 – August 26, 1486	August 26, 1486	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Elisabeth of Bavaria-Munich November 25, 1460 Leipzig seven children	Son of Frederick II. He started the Ernestine line of Saxon princes.
Albert III the Bold		January 27, 1443	1464–1500	September 12, 1500	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Sidonie of Poděbrady November 11, 1464 Cheb nine children	Son of Frederick II. He started the Albertine line of Saxon princes.
Frederick III the Wise (Friedrich der Weise)		January 17, 1463	August 26, 1486 – May 5, 1525	May 5, 1525	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Unmarried	Son of Ernest. He protected Martin Luther, but remained Catholic his whole life. He had no sons. His brother John took over after him.
George I the Bearded		August 27, 1471	1500–1539	April 17, 1539	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Barbara of Poland November 21, 1496 Dresden ten children	He supported Catholic reforms and strongly opposed Martin Luther. He had no surviving sons. His brother Henry took over after him.
John I the Steadfast (Johann der Beständige)		June 30, 1468	May 5, 1525 – August 16, 1532	August 16, 1532	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Sophie of Mecklenburg March 1, 1500 Torgau one child Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen November 13, 1513 Torgau four children	He ruled with his brother Frederick III (August 26, 1486 – May 5, 1525) and had his own home in Weimar since 1513. He made Lutheranism the official religion in his lands in 1527.
John Frederick I the Magnanimous (Johann Friedrich I der Großmütige)		June 30, 1503	August 16, 1532 – May 19, 1547	March 3, 1554	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Sibylle of Cleves February 9, 1527 Torgau four children	He lost his Elector title and lands to his cousin Maurice after being defeated by the Emperor in the Schmalkaldic War. He was left with some lands as the Duchy of Saxony. After he died, the Duchy of Saxony was divided among his three sons.
			May 19, 1547 – 1554		Ernestine Duchy of Saxony
John Ernest I	.	May 10, 1521	August 16, 1532 – February 8, 1553	February 8, 1553	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg	Catherine of Brunswick-Grubenhagen February 12, 1542 Torgau no children	Until 1542, John Ernest ruled with his brother, Elector John Frederick I. When John Frederick decided to rule alone, he created the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg for his brother. After John Ernest died without children, the land went back to John Frederick.
Henry IV the Pious		March 16, 1473	1539–1541	August 18, 1541	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Catherine of Mecklenburg January 69, 1541 Marburg nine children	He took over after his brother George I. He made Lutheranism the official religion in Albertine Saxony.
Maurice I (Moritz)		March 21, 1521	1541–1547	July 9, 1553	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Agnes of Hesse January 9, 1541 Marburg two children	He was the second cousin of John Frederick and grandson of Albert. Even though he was a Lutheran, he joined forces with Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League. He gained the Electorate for the Albertine line in 1547 after Charles V won the Battle of Mühlberg. He had no sons. His brother Augustus took over after him.
			June 4, 1547 – July 9, 1553		Albertine Electorate of Saxony
After being replaced by the Albertine family, the Ernestine branch of the Wettins continued to rule in southern Thuringia as "Dukes of Saxony." However, their lands eventually split into many small Ernestine duchies.
Augustus I (August)		July 31, 1526	July 9, 1553 – February 11, 1586	February 11, 1586	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Anna of Denmark October 7, 1548 Torgau fifteen children Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt January 3, 1586 Dessau no children	Brother of Maurice. John Frederick I, who had been removed, recognized him as Elector in 1554. From 1573, he also ruled for Frederick William in the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Weimar.
John Frederick II		January 8, 1529	1554–1565	May 19, 1595	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach	Agnes of Hesse May 26, 1555 Weimar no children Elisabeth of the Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim June 12, 1558 Weimar four children	Received Saxe-Weimar. In 1565, he joined his lands with those of his younger brother in Gotha. In 1566, he gave up his rule to his brother John William, who reunited the duchy.
			1565–1566		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach and Saxe-Gotha
John Frederick III the Younger		January 16, 1538	1554–1565	October 21, 1565	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha	Unmarried	Received Saxe-Gotha. However, he let his older brothers manage it. After he died, his lands were taken over by his older brother.
John William I		March 11, 1530	1554–1566	March 2, 1573	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern June 15, 1560 Heidelberg five children	Received Saxe-Weimar. In 1565, he joined his lands with those of his younger brother in Gotha. He reunited Saxony in 1566, after his older brother gave up his rule. In 1572, the Division of Erfurt split Saxony again, between John William and his nephews, sons of John Frederick II. He received Saxe-Weimar again.
			1566–1572		Ernestine Duchy of Saxony
			1572–1573		Ernestine Saxe-Weimar
John Casimir		June 12, 1564	1572–1596	July 16, 1633	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach	Anna of Saxony January 16, 1586 Dresden no children Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg September 16, 1599 Coburg no children	Sons of John Frederick II, they ruled together. In 1596, they divided the land. John Casimir received Saxe-Coburg, and John Ernest received Saxe-Eisenach. In 1633, John Casimir died without children, and John Ernest reunited Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. However, since he also had no heirs, the duchies were divided between their neighbors, Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar.
			1596–1633		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg
John Ernest I		July 9, 1566	1572–1596	October 23, 1638	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach	Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort November 23, 1591 Wiener Neustadt one child Christine of Hesse-Kassel May 14, 1598 Rotenburg an der Fulda no children
			1596–1633		Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach
			1633–1638		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg -Eisenach
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was divided between its neighbors Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar
Regency of Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (1573-1586)	After his death, his brother took the land and the next year divided it with his nephews (sons of Frederick William).
Frederick William I			April 25, 1562	1573–1602	July 7, 1602	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Sophie of Württemberg May 5, 1583 Weimar six children Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg September 9, 1591 Neuburg an der Donau six children
Christian I (Christian I)		October 29, 1560	February 11, 1586 – September 25, 1591	September 25, 1591	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Sophie of Brandenburg April 25, 1582 Dresden seven children
Regency of Sophie of Brandenburg (1591-1601)
Christian II (Christian II)			September 23, 1583	September 25, 1591 – June 23, 1611	June 23, 1611	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Hedwig of Denmark September 12, 1602 Dresden no children
John II		May 22, 1570	1602–1605	July 18, 1605	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea Maria of Anhalt January 7, 1593 Altenburg twelve children	He divided Saxe-Weimar with his nephews in 1603, keeping a smaller Saxe-Weimar (sometimes called Saxe-Weimar-Jena).
John Philip		January 25, 1597	1603–1639	April 1, 1639	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel October 25, 1618 Altenburg one child	They received and ruled together the newly created Saxe-Altenburg after the division of 1603. None of them had sons.
Frederick		February 12, 1599	1603–1625	October 24, 1625	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Unmarried
John William		April 13, 1600	1603–1632	December 2, 1632	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Unmarried
John Ernest I		February 21, 1594	1605–1626	December 6, 1626	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Unmarried	Sons of John IV, they ruled together. In 1640, they divided the land. William kept Saxe-Weimar. In 1644, William reunited his own lands with Albert's. After William's death, his lands were divided by his four sons. Ernest, on the other hand, inherited Saxe-Gotha and reunited it with his wife's lands (as she was the heiress of Saxe-Altenburg).
William I the Great		April 11, 1598	1626–1644	May 17, 1662	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau May 23, 1625 Weimar nine children
			1644–1662		Ernestine Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach
Albert IV		July 27, 1599	1605–1640	December 20, 1644	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg June 24, 1633 Weimar no children
			1640–1644		Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Eisenach
Ernest I the Pious		December 25, 1601	1605–1640	March 26, 1675	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg October 24, 1636 Altenburg eighteen children
			1640–1672		Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Gotha
			1672–1675		Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
John George I (Johann Georg I)		March 5, 1585	June 23, 1611 – October 8, 1656	October 8, 1656	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Sibylle Elisabeth of Württemberg September 16, 1604 Dresden one child Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia July 19, 1607 Torgau ten children	Brother of Christian II. He ruled during the Thirty Years' War, sometimes allied with the Emperor and sometimes with the King of Sweden.
Frederick William II		February 12, 1602	1639–1669	April 22, 1669	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Sophie Elisabeth of Brandenburg September 18, 1638 Altenburg no children Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony October 11, 1652 Dresden three children	Brother of John Philip, Frederick, and John William. He took over after his brothers, who had no children. He received part of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1638.
John George II (Johann Georg II)		May 31, 1613	October 8, 1656 – August 22, 1680	August 22, 1680	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth November 13, 1638 Dresden three children	Elector. He also ruled Saxe-Altenburg for Frederick William III, who was still a child. The young duke never grew up.
Augustus I		August 13, 1614	1656–1680	June 4, 1680	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels	Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin November 23, 1647 Schwerin twelve children Johanna Walpurgis of Leiningen-Westerburg January 29, 1672 Halle three children	Son of Elector John George I. He inherited Saxe-Weissenfels. After he died, Weissenfels was divided.
Christian I		October 27, 1615	1656–1691	October 18, 1691	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg November 19, 1650 Dresden eleven children	Son of Elector John George I. He inherited Saxe-Merseburg.
Maurice I		March 28, 1619	1662–1681	December 4, 1681	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz	Sophie Hedwig of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg November 19, 1650 Dresden two children Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar July 3, 1656 Weimar ten children Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg June 14, 1676 Wiesenburg no children	Son of Elector John George I. He inherited Saxe-Zeitz.
Bernard II		October 14, 1638	1662–1678	May 3, 1678	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Marie Charlotte de la Trémoille June 10, 1662 Paris five children	Son of William I. He received Saxe-Jena.
John Ernest II		September 11, 1627	1662–1683	May 15, 1683	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg August 14, 1656 Weimar five children	Son of William I. He received the remaining Saxe-Weimar. He also ruled for his nephew, John William of Saxe-Jena.
Adolf William		May 15, 1632	1662–1668	November 21, 1668	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel January 18, 1663 Wolfenbüttel five children	Son of William I. He received Saxe-Eisenach.
Regency of John George I, Duke of Saxe-Marksuhl (1668-1671)	Died as a child. His uncle, who was ruling for him, inherited his land.
William August			November 30, 1668	1668–1671	February 23, 1671	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Unmarried
John George I		April 11, 1598	1662–1671	May 17, 1662	Ernestine Saxe-Marksuhl	Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein May 29, 1661 Wallau nine children	Son of William I. He received Saxe-Marksuhl. He also ruled for his nephew William August in Saxe-Eisenach. After his nephew's death in 1671, he inherited it himself, combining Marksuhl into Eisenach. From 1683, he also ruled for another nephew, John William III, in Saxe-Jena.
			1671–1686		Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach
Saxe-Marksuhl joined with Saxe-Eisenach
Regency of John George II, Elector of Saxony (1669-1672)	Son of Frederick William II. Died as a child. His lands were divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar.
Frederick William III			July 12, 1657	1669–1672	April 14, 1672	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Unmarried
Saxe-Altenburg joined with Saxe-Gotha to form Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Frederick I		July 15, 1646	1675–1691	August 2, 1691	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels November 14, 1669 Halle eight children Christine of Baden-Durlach August 14, 1681 Ansbach no children	Son of Ernest I. He received Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Albert V		May 24, 1648	1675–1699	August 6, 1699	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg	Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel July 18, 1676 Gotha one child Susanne Elisabeth Kempinsky May 24, 1688 Coburg (not a royal marriage) no children	Son of Ernest I. He received Saxe-Coburg. He had no sons. His lands were taken over by Saafeld.
Saxe-Coburg joined with Saxe-Saalfeld to form Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Bernard I		September 10, 1649	1675–1706	April 27, 1706	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt November 20, 1671 Gotha seven children Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel January 25, 1681 Schöningen five children	Son of Ernest I. He received Saxe-Meiningen. He also ruled for his nephew, Frederick II, in Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, along with his brother Henry.
Henry		November 19, 1650	1675–1710	May 13, 1710	Ernestine Saxe-Römhild	Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt March 1, 1676 Darmstadt no children	Son of Ernest I. He received Saxe-Römhild. He had no children, and his lands were taken over by Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. He also ruled for his nephew, Frederick II, along with his brother Henry.
Saxe-Römhild was taken over by Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Christian		January 6, 1653	1675–1707	April 28, 1707	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenberg	Christiane of Saxe-Merseburg February 13, 1677 Merseburg one child Sophie Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt February 9, 1681 Darmstadt no children	Son of Ernest I. He received Saxe-Eisenberg. He had no sons, and his lands were taken over by Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Eisenberg was taken over by Saxe-Hildburghausen
Ernest I		June 12, 1655	1675–1715	October 17, 1715	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Sophie of Waldeck November 30, 1680 Arolsen eighteen children	Son of Ernest I of Saxe-Gotha. He received Saxe-Hildburghausen.
John Ernest		August 22, 1658	1675–1699	February 17, 1729	Ernestine Saxe-Saalfeld	Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg February 18, 1680 Merseburg five children Charlotte Johanna of Waldeck-Wildungen December 2, 1690 Maastricht eight children	Son of Ernest I. He received Saxe-Saafeld. In 1699, he reunited it with Saxe-Coburg, forming Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
			1699–1729		Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Regencies of John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1678-83), John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1683-86) and William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1686-90)	Son of Bernard II. Died as a child.
John William			March 28, 1675	1678–1690	November 4, 1690	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Unmarried
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was divided between its neighbors Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Weimar
John George III (Johann Georg III)		June 20, 1647	August 22, 1680 – September 12, 1691	September 12, 1691	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Anna Sophie of Denmark October 9, 1666 Copenhagen two children
John Adolph I		November 2, 1649	1680–1697	May 24, 1697	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg October 25, 1671 Altenburg eleven children Christiane Wilhelmine of Bünau February 3, 1692 Querfurt (not a royal marriage) eleven children	He inherited the remaining Saxe-Weissenfels.
Henry		September 29, 1657	1680–1728	February 16, 1728	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby	Elisabeth Albertine of Anhalt-Dessau March 30, 1686 Dessau seven children	He inherited Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby.
Maurice William		March 12, 1664	1681–1718	November 15, 1718	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz	Marie Amalie of Brandenburg June 25, 1689 Potsdam five children	Had no children. After he died, Saxe-Zeitz joined the Electorate.
Saxe-Zeitz joined the Electorate of Saxony
William Ernest I		October 19, 1662	1683–1728	August 26, 1728	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Charlotte Marie of Saxe-Jena November 2, 1683 Eisenach no children	They ruled together. John Ernest was only a ruler in name; William Ernest had full control. William Ernest also ruled for his cousin, John William, in Saxe-Jena.
John Ernest III		June 22, 1664	1683–1707	May 10, 1707	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Sophie Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst October 11, 1685 Zerbst five children Charlotte of Hesse-Homburg November 4, 1694 Kassel four children
Philip		October 26, 1657	1684–1690	July 1, 1690	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt	Eleonore Sophie of Saxe-Weimar July 9, 1684 Weimar two children Louise Elisabeth of Württemberg-Oels August 17, 1688 Bernstadt one child	Son of Christian. He received the town of Lauchstädt from his father and ruled it during his father's lifetime. After he died, his land returned to his father.
John George II		July 24, 1665	1686–1698	November 10, 1698	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Sophie Charlotte of Württemberg September 20, 1688 Kirchheim unter Teck no children	Had no children. His brother took over after him.
John George IV (Johann Georg IV)		October 18, 1668	September 12, 1691 – April 27, 1694	April 27, 1694	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach April 17, 1692 Leipzig no children
Christian II		November 19, 1653	1691–1694	October 20, 1694	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz October 14, 1679 Moritzburg seven children
Augustus		February 15, 1655	1691–1715	March 27, 1715	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig	Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow December 1, 1686 Güstrow eight children	Son of Christian. He received the town of Zörbig from his brother. He had no sons. His lands returned to Saxe-Merseburg.
Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig joined with Saxe-Merseburg
Regencies of Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild (1691-1693)
Frederick II			July 28, 1676	1691–1732	March 23, 1732	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst June 7, 1696 Gotha nineteen children
Frederick Augustus I the Strong (Friedrich August I)		May 12, 1670	April 27, 1694 – February 1, 1733	February 1, 1733	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth January 20, 1693 Bayreuth one child	Brother of John George IV. He became Catholic in 1697 to try and become King of Poland. He became King of Poland in 1697, but was opposed by Stanisław Leszczyński. He was forced to give up the throne in 1706, but returned as monarch in 1709 until his death. He also ruled for Dukes Christian Maurice and Maurice Wilhelm in Saxe-Merseburg.
Regencies of Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz and Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (1694-1712)	Both brothers had no children. Maurice William's uncle, Henry, took over after him.
Christian III Maurice			November 7, 1680	1694	November 14, 1694	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Unmarried
Maurice William			February 5, 1688	1694–1731	April 21, 1731	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Henriette Charlotte of Nassau-Idstein November 4, 1711 Istein one child
Henry		September 2, 1661	1694–1731	July 28, 1738	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg	Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow March 29, 1692 Güstrow three children	Son of Christian. He received the town of Spremberg from his brother. In 1731, he became ruler of Saxe-Merseburg, reuniting its original lands with those he unexpectedly inherited. He had no children, and Saxe-Merseburg joined the Electorate of Saxony.
			1731–1738		Albertine Saxe-Merseburg
Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg joined with Saxe-Merseburg
Saxe-Merseburg joined with the Electorate of Saxony
John George		July 13, 1677	1697–1712	March 16, 1712	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Fredericka Elisabeth of Saxe-Eisenach January 7, 1698 Jena seven children	Had no sons. His brother Christian took over after him.
John William III		October 17, 1666	1698–1729	January 14, 1729	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Amalie of Nassau-Dietz November 28, 1690 Oranjewoud two children Christine Juliane of Baden-Durlach February 27, 1697 Wolfenbüttel seven children Magdalene Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels July 28, 1708 Weissenfels three children Marie Christine Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg-Heidesheim May 29, 1727 Hanau no children
Frederick Henry		July 21, 1668	1699–1713	December 18, 1713	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt	Sophie Angelika of Württemberg-Oels April 23, 1699 Oleśnica no children Anna Fredericka Philippine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg February 27, 1702 Moritzburg two children	Son of Maurice. He received the towns of Pegau and Neustadt from his brother. He had no sons. His lands returned to Saxe-Zeitz.
Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt joined with Saxe-Zeitz
Ernest Louis I		October 7, 1672	1706–1724	November 24, 1724	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Dorothea Marie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg September 19, 1704 Gotha five children Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg June 3, 1714 Coburg no children
Frederick		November 20, 1673	1711–1715	April 16, 1715	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme	Emilie Agnes Reuss of Schleiz February 13, 1711 Dahme no children	Son of Augustus. His brother John Adolph gave him Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme in 1711. After he died, Dahme was taken back by Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme joined with Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
Christian		February 23, 1682	1712–1736	June 28, 1736	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Louise Christine of Stolberg-Stolberg-Ortenberg May 12, 1712 Stolberg no children	Had no sons. His brother John Adolf took over after him.
Ernest Frederick I		August 21, 1681	1715–1724	March 9, 1724	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach February 4, 1704 Erbach im Odenwald fourteen children
Ernest Louis II		August 8, 1709	1724–1729	February 24, 1729	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Had no children. His brother took over after him.
Regency of Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach (1724-1728)
Ernest Frederick II			December 17, 1707	1724–1745	August 13, 1745	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau June 19, 1726 Fürstenau four children
George Albert		April 19, 1695	1728–1739	June 12, 1739	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby	Auguste Louise of Württemberg-Oels February 18, 1721 Forst no children	Had no children, and his land joined with Saxe-Weissenfels.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby joined with Saxe-Weissenfels
William Henry		November 10, 1691	1729–1741	July 26, 1741	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Albertine Juliane of Nassau-Idstein February 15, 1713 Idstein no children Anna Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt June 3, 1723 Berlin no children	Had no children: Saxe-Eisenach joined with Saxe-Weimar.
Saxe-Eisenach joined with Saxe-Weimar to form Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Ernest Augustus I		April 19, 1688	1728–1741	January 19, 1748	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Eleonore Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Köthen November 2, 1683 Nienburg eight children Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth April 7, 1734 Bayreuth four children	Son of John Ernest III. He reunited the duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach under his rule.
			1741–1748		Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Christian Ernest		August 18, 1683	1729–1745	September 4, 1745	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Christiane Fredericka of Koss August 18, 1724 Naitschau (not a royal marriage) no children	Had no children. His brother took over after him.
Charles Frederick I		July 18, 1712	1729–1743	March 28, 1743	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Brother of Ernest Louis II. Had no children. His uncle took over after him.
Frederick III		April 14, 1699	1732–1772	March 10, 1772	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen September 17, 1729 Gotha eight children	He also ruled for Duke Ernest Augustus II of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Frederick Augustus II the Fat (Friedrich August II)		October 17, 1696	February 1, 1733 – October 5, 1763	October 5, 1763	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Maria Josepha of Austria August 20, 1719 Dresden sixteen children	Son of Frederick Augustus I. He became Catholic in 1712. He was King of Poland from 1734 to 1763.
John Adolph II		September 4, 1685	1736–1746	May 16, 1746	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Johannette Antoinette Juliane of Saxe-Eisenach May 9, 1721 Eisenach one child Fredericka of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg November 27, 1734 Altenburg five children	Had no sons. After he died, the Duchy was taken back by the Electorate of Saxony.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt joined with the Electorate of Saxony
Frederick William IV		February 16, 1679	1743–1746	March 10, 1746	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Brother of Ernest Louis I. Had no children. His half-brother took over after him.
Regency of Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau (1745-1748)
Ernest Frederick III			June 10, 1727	1745–1780	September 23, 1780	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Louise of Denmark October 1, 1749 Copenhagen one child Christiane Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth January 20, 1757 Copenhagen one child Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar July 1, 1758 Bayreuth three children
Francis Josias		September 25, 1697	1745–1764	September 16, 1764	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt January 2, 1723 Rudolstadt eight children	Brother of Christian Ernest. He also ruled for Duke Ernest Augustus II of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Anthony Ulrich		October 22, 1687	1746–1763	January 27, 1763	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Philippine Elisabeth Caesar January 1711 not a royal marriage ten children Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal September 26, 1750 Bad Homburg vor der Höhe eight children
Regency of Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1748-1755)
Ernest Augustus II			June 2, 1737	1748–1758	May 28, 1758	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel March 16, 1756 Brunswick two children
Regency of Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1758-1775)	In 1815, his title of Duke was changed to Grand Duke; from 1815, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach became a Grand Duchy.
Charles Augustus			September 3, 1757	1758–1828	June 14, 1828	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt October 3, 1775 Karlsruhe seven children
Frederick Christian (Friedrich Christian)		September 5, 1722	October 5, 1763 – December 17, 1763	December 17, 1763	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Maria Antonia of Bavaria June 13, 1747 Munich (by proxy) June 20, 1747 Dresden (in person) nine children	Son of Frederick Augustus II, raised Catholic.
Regency of Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal (1763-1779)	Had no children. His brother took over after him.
Charles William			November 19, 1754	1763–1782	January 21, 1782	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Louise of Stolberg-Gedern June 5, 1780 Gedern no children
Regency of Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1763-1768)	Son of Frederick Christian. His Electorate ended when the Holy Roman Empire fell in 1806, and he became King of Saxony.
Frederick Augustus III the Just (Friedrich August III)			December 23, 1750	December 17, 1763 – December 20, 1806	May 5, 1827	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld January 17, 1769 Mannheim (by proxy) January 29, 1769 Dresden (in person) four children
In 1806, the Elector of Saxony became King of an independent Kingdom of Saxony. For the Kings who followed the Electors, see the Kingdom of Saxony section below. To continue the list of the many duchies that existed at the same time as this kingdom, follow this table.
Ernest Frederick		March 8, 1724	1764–1800	September 8, 1800	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel April 23, 1749 Wolfenbüttel seven children
Ernest II		January 30, 1745	1772–1804	April 20, 1804	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen March 21, 1769 Meiningen four children
George I		February 4, 1761	1782–1803	December 24, 1803	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg November 27, 1782 Langenburg four children
Francis		July 15, 1750	1800–1806	December 9, 1806	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen March 6, 1776 Hildburghausen no children Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf June 13, 1777 Ebersdorf ten children
Regency of Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1803-1821)
Bernard II			December 17, 1800	1803–1866	December 3, 1882	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel March 23, 1825 Kassel two children
Augustus		November 23, 1772	1804–1822	May 17, 1822	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin October 21, 1797 Ludwigslust one child Karoline Amalie of Hesse-Kassel April 24, 1802 Kassel no children	Had no sons. His brother Frederick inherited the land.
Ernest I		January 2, 1784	1806–1844	January 29, 1844	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1800-1826) Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826-1844)	Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg July 3, 1817 Gotha two children Marie of Württemberg December 23, 1832 Coburg no children	He inherited Gotha from Frederick IX, but had to give Saafeld to Saxe-Meiningen. The duchy changed its name to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Frederick IV		November 28, 1774	1822–1825	February 11, 1825	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Unmarried	Brother of Augustus. Had no sons. The land was divided between Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was divided between its neighbors Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen
Regency of Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780-1787)	He inherited Altenburg from Frederick IV, combining it with Hildburghausen. However, Frederick changed the name of the united duchy to Saxe-Altenburg.
Frederick			April 29, 1763	1780–1834	September 29, 1834	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen (1787-1826) Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg (1826–1834)	Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz September 3, 1785 Hildburghausen twelve children
Charles Frederick		February 2, 1783	1828–1853	July 8, 1853	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Maria Pavlovna of Russia August 3, 1804 St. Petersburg four children
Joseph		August 27, 1789	1834–1848	November 25, 1868	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Amelia of Württemberg April 24, 1817 Kirchheim unter Teck six children	He built several buildings in Altenburg, but his rule was seen as old-fashioned and against change. Because of this, he was forced to give up his throne during the civil revolution of 1848. He had no sons. His brother George took over after him.
Ernest II		June 21, 1818	1844–1893	August 22, 1893	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Alexandrine of Baden May 3, 1842 Karlsruhe no children	Had no children. His nephews took over after him.
George		July 24, 1796	1848–1853	August 3, 1853	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin October 7, 1825 Ludwigslust three children	Brother of Joseph.
Charles Alexander		June 24, 1818	1853–1901	January 5, 1901	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Sophie of the Netherlands October 8, 1842 The Hague four children
Ernest I		February 16, 1826	1853–1908	February 7, 1908	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Agnes of Anhalt-Dessau April 28, 1853 Ludwigslust two children	Had no sons. His nephew took over after him.
George II		April 2, 1826	1866–1914	June 25, 1914	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Charlotte of Prussia May 18, 1850 Berlin four children Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg October 23, 1858 Langenburg three children Ellen Franz March 18, 1873 Liebenstein (not a royal marriage) no children
Alfred		August 6, 1844	1893–1900	July 30, 1900	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Maria Alexandrovna of Russia January 23, 1874 St Petersburg six children	Son of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria. Nephew of Ernest II.
Regency of Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900-1905)	Son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany; Nephew of Alfred. The monarchy ended in 1918.
Charles Edward			July 19, 1884	1900–1918	March 6, 1954	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein October 11, 1905 Schleswig five children
William Ernest		June 10, 1876	1901–1918	April 24, 1923	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Caroline Reuss of Greiz April 30, 1903 Bückeburg no children Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen January 14, 1910 Meiningen four children	Grandson of Charles Alexander, as son of Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The monarchy ended in 1918.
Ernest II		August 31, 1871	1908–1918	March 22, 1955	Ernestine Saxe-Altenburg	Adelaide of Schaumburg-Lippe February 17, 1898 Bückeburg (marriage ended 1920) four children Maria Triebel July 15, 1934 Trockenborn-Wolfersdorf (not a royal marriage) no children	Grandson of George III, as son of Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg. The monarchy ended in 1918.
Bernard III		April 1, 1851	1914–1918	January 16, 1928	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Charlotte of Prussia February 18, 1878 Berlin two children	The monarchy ended in 1918.

The Kingdom of Saxony

The Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806. The Elector of Saxony, who was allied with Napoleon, became the ruler of an independent Kingdom of Saxony in 1806.

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling Part	Spouse	Notes
Frederick Augustus I the Just (Friedrich August I der Gerechte)		December 23, 1750	December 20, 1806 – May 5, 1827	May 5, 1827	Kingdom of Saxony	Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld January 17, 1769 Mannheim (by proxy) January 29, 1769 Dresden (in person) four children	In 1806, he became king of the new independent Kingdom of Saxony. He was also Duke of Warsaw from 1807 to 1813. He had no sons. His brother took over after him. (The numbering starts over here).
Anthony the Kind (Anton der Gütige)		December 27, 1755	May 5, 1827 – June 6, 1836	June 6, 1836	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Carolina of Savoy September 29, 1781 Stupinigi (by proxy) October 24, 1781 Dresden (in person) no children Maria Theresa of Austria September 8, 1787 Florence (by proxy) October 18, 1787 Dresden (in person) four children	Had no sons. His nephew took over after him.
Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II)		May 18, 1797	June 6, 1836 – August 9, 1854	August 9, 1854	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Carolina of Austria September 26, 1819 Vienna (by proxy) October 7, 1819 Dresden (by person) no children Maria Anna of Bavaria April 24, 1833 Dresden no children	Son of Prince Maximilian of Saxony. Had no children. His brother took over after him.
John (Johann I)		December 12, 1801	August 9, 1854 – October 29, 1873	October 29, 1873	Kingdom of Saxony	Amalie Auguste of Bavaria November 10, 1822 Munich (by proxy) November 21, 1822 Dresden (in person) nine children	Became a ruler under the German Empire after Germany was united in 1871.
Albert the Good (Albrecht der Gute)		April 23, 1828	October 29, 1873 – June 19, 1902	June 19, 1902	Kingdom of Saxony	Carola of Sweden June 18, 1853 Dresden no children
George (Georg)		August 8, 1832	June 19, 1902 – October 15, 1904	October 15, 1904	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Anna of Portugal May 11, 1859 Lisbon eight children
Frederick Augustus III (Friedrich August III)		May 25, 1865	October 15, 1904 – November 13, 1918	February 18, 1932	Kingdom of Saxony	Louise of Austria November 21, 1891 Vienna (marriage ended by royal order in 1903, after she left court) seven children	The last King of Saxony. He willingly gave up his throne during the German Revolution of 1918–1919.

The Free State of Saxony

For leaders of the government of Saxony since 1918, see List of ministers-president of Saxony. For heads of state, see List of presidents of Germany.

See also

In Spanish: Anexo:Soberanos de Sajonia para niños

• Coat of arms of Saxony
• History of Saxony