Mineral facts for kids
Minerals are substances that are formed naturally in the Earth.
Minerals are usually solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure, and form naturally by geological processes.
The study of minerals is called mineralogy.
A mineral can be made of single chemical element or more usually a compound. There are over 4,000 types of known minerals. Two common minerals are quartz and feldspar.
Contents
Characteristics of minerals
A mineral is a substance that usually
- is an inorganic solid. (elemental mercury is an exception)p184
- has a definite chemical make-up
- usually has a crystal structure; some do not
- is formed naturally by geological processes
One recent definition is:
- "A mineral is a homogeneous naturally occurring substance with a definite but not necessarily fixed chemical composition. Most minerals are solids with an ordered atomic arrangement, and most are inorganic in the chemical sense of that word".
Alternatively, a mineral is one listed as such by the International Mineralogical Association.
Minerals and rocks
Minerals are different from rocks. A mineral is a chemical compound with a given composition and a defined crystal structure. A rock is a mixture of one or several minerals, in varying proportions.
A rock has only two of the characteristics minerals have–it is a solid and it forms naturally. A rock usually contains two or more types of minerals. Two samples of the same type of rock may have different kinds of minerals in them. Minerals are always made up of the same materials in nearly the same proportions. A ruby is a mineral. Therefore, a ruby found in India has similar makeup as a ruby found in Australia.
Types of Rocks
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
- Igneous Rocks: These rocks are born from fire! "Igneous" comes from the Latin word "ignis," which means fire. Igneous rocks are formed when hot, molten rock called magma (inside the Earth) or lava (on the Earth's surface) cools and hardens.
Examples: Granite and basalt are two common types of igneous rocks. Granite is often used for countertops and buildings. Basalt is a dark, fine-grained rock that makes up much of the ocean floor.
- Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks are made from tiny pieces of other rocks, minerals, and even the remains of plants and animals! These little bits, called sediment, get carried by wind and water and eventually settle in layers. Over time, the layers get squished together and cemented to form sedimentary rock.
Examples: Sandstone, limestone, and shale are sedimentary rocks.
- Metamorphic Rocks: These rocks are rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure. "Metamorphic" comes from Greek words meaning "to change form." When rocks are buried deep inside the Earth, they can get squeezed and heated. This can change their minerals and texture, creating a new type of rock!
Examples: Marble and slate are metamorphic rocks. Marble is formed from limestone and is often used for sculptures and buildings. Slate is formed from shale and is used for roofing and paving.
Ores
Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element, typically a metal. Examples are cinnabar (HgS), an ore of mercury; sphalerite (ZnS), an ore of zinc; cassiterite (SnO2), an ore of tin; and colemanite, an ore of boron.
Gems
Gems, also called gemstones, are special minerals that are beautiful, rare, and durable. People have treasured gems for thousands of years! They are often used in jewelry and other decorative objects.
Examples:
- Diamonds: Diamonds are the hardest known natural substance. They are made of pure carbon and are often used in engagement rings.
- Rubies: Rubies are red gemstones made of the mineral corundum. The red color comes from the element chromium.
- Sapphires: Sapphires are also made of corundum, but they come in many different colors, including blue, pink, yellow, and green.
- Emeralds: Emeralds are green gemstones made of the mineral beryl. The green color comes from the element chromium or vanadium.
- Amethysts: Amethysts are purple gemstones made of the mineral quartz. The purple color comes from the element iron.
Formed in nature
Minerals are formed by natural processes. A few substances with the same chemical composition as minerals can be produced by living creatures as part of their shells or bones. The shells of molluscs are composed of either calcite or aragonite, or both.
Traditionally, chemicals produced by living things are not considered minerals. However, it is difficult to see why an organic substance should not be called a mineral if its chemical nature and its crystalline structure is identical with its inorganic twin. This issue is now under debate: see Railsback part II.
Minerals form in many ways. The mineral halite, which is used as table salt, forms when water evaporates in a hot, shallow part of the ocean, leaving behind the salt it contained. Many types of minerals are made when molten rock, or magma cools and turns into a solid. Talc, a mineral that can be used to make baby powder, forms deep in Earth as high pressure and temperature causes changes in solid rock.
The extraordinary thing is, that most minerals owe their formation to life, or at least to the Great Oxygenation Event. "Sturdy minerals rather than fragile organic remains may provide the most robust and lasting signs of biology".
Solid
A mineral is a solid—that is, it has a definite volume and a rough shape. Volume refers to the amount of space an object takes up. For example a golf ball has a smaller volume than a baseball, and a baseball has a smaller volume than a basketball.
A substance that is a liquid or a gas is not a mineral. However, in some cases its solid form is a mineral. For instance, liquid water is not a mineral, but ice is.
Physical properties
These properties are used most often:
- Crystal structure: see below
- Hardness: on the Mohs scale, a ten-point scale running from the softest, talc to the hardest, diamond.
- Lustre: appearance in light
- Colour
- Streak: colour of a mineral when it has been ground to a fine powder. Often tested by rubbing the specimen on an unglazed plate.
- Cleavage: how mineral splits along various planes
- Fracture: how it breaks against its natural cleavage planes
- Specific gravity: density compared with water
- Any other properties
Crystal structure
The particles of ice that make up frost have smooth, flat surfaces. These flat surfaces form because of the arrangement of atoms in the ice, which is a mineral. Such an internal arrangement is a characteristic of minerals. It is the structure of a crystal, a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repeating three-dimensional pattern.
Each mineral has its own type of crystal structure. In some cases, two minerals have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures. For example, both diamond and graphite consist of just one element—carbon. But the arrangements of the carbon atoms in these two minerals are not the same, so they have different crystal structures and very different properties. Diamonds are extremely hard and have a brilliant sparkle. Graphite is soft, gray, and dull.
In nature, a perfect crystal is rare. Most crystals have imperfect shapes because their growth was limited by other crystals forming next to them.
Chemical properties
Definite chemical makeup
Each mineral has a definite chemical makeup: it consists of a specific combination of atoms of certain elements. An element is a substance that contains only one type of atom.
Scientists can classify minerals into groups on the basis of their chemical makeup. Though there are thousands of different minerals, only about 30 are common in Earth's crust. These 30 minerals make up most rocks in the crust. For that reason, they are called rock-forming minerals.
- Silicates are most common group. All the minerals in this group contain oxygen and silicon—the two most common elements in Earth's crust—joined together. Silicates may include other elements such as aluminium, magnesium, iron and calcium. Quartz, feldspar, and mica are common silicates.
- Carbonates are the second most common group of rock-forming minerals is the carbonates. All the minerals in this group contain carbon and oxygen joined together. Calcite, which is common in seashells, is a carbonate mineral.
- Oxides include the minerals from which most metals, such as tin and copper, are refined. An oxide consists of an element, usually a metal, joined to oxygen. This group includes haematite, a source of iron.
- Sulphates contain the sulphate group SO4. Sulphates commonly form in evaporites where highly salty waters slowly evaporate, allowing sulfates and halides to precipitate where the water evaporates. Sulphates also occur where hot waters are forced through the rock, as with geysers.
There are many other mineral groups.
Some uses of minerals
People use minerals for many everyday purposes. Every time people turn on a microwave oven or a TV, minerals are being used. The copper in the wires that carry electricity to the machine is made from a mineral. Table salt or halite, is another mineral that people use in their everyday life.
- Graphite is used to make pencils
- Rock salt is used in cooking
- Mineral ores are the source of metals.
Related pages
Images for kids
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Crystals of serandite, natrolite, analcime, and aegirine from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada
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Schist is a metamorphic rock characterized by an abundance of platy minerals. In this example, the rock has prominent sillimanite porphyroblasts as large as 3 cm (1.2 in).
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Hübnerite, the manganese-rich end-member of the wolframite series, with minor quartz in the background
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When minerals react, the products will sometimes assume the shape of the reagent; the product mineral is termed a pseudomorph of (or after) the reagent. Illustrated here is a pseudomorph of kaolinite after orthoclase. Here, the pseudomorph preserved the Carlsbad twinning common in orthoclase.
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Topaz has a characteristic orthorhombic elongated crystal shape.
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Contact twins, as seen in spinel
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Diamond is the hardest natural material, and has a Mohs hardness of 10.
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Pyrite has a metallic lustre.
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Perfect basal cleavage as seen in biotite (black), and good cleavage seen in the matrix (pink orthoclase).
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Galena, PbS, is a mineral with a high specific gravity.
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Carnotite (yellow) is a radioactive uranium-bearing mineral.
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Aegirine, an iron-sodium clinopyroxene, is part of the inosilicate subclass.
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Natrolite is a mineral series in the zeolite group; this sample has a very prominent acicular crystal habit.
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Muscovite, a mineral species in the mica group, within the phyllosilicate subclass
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Asbestiform tremolite, part of the amphibole group in the inosilicate subclass
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An example of elbaite, a species of tourmaline, with distinctive colour banding.
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Epidote often has a distinctive pistachio-green colour.
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Black andradite, an end-member of the orthosilicate garnet group.
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Native gold. Rare specimen of stout crystals growing off of a central stalk, size 3.7 x 1.1 x 0.4 cm, from Venezuela.
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Red cinnabar (HgS), a mercury ore, on dolomite.
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Pink cubic halite (NaCl; halide class) crystals on a nahcolite matrix (NaHCO3; a carbonate, and mineral form of sodium bicarbonate, used as baking soda).
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Gypsum desert rose
See also
In Spanish: Mineral para niños
