List of dukes and kings of Croatia facts for kids

A list of dukes and kings of Croatia shows the rulers who led Croatia from its early days as a duchy to a kingdom. These leaders came from Croatian families and later from other European royal families.

Early Croatian History

The story of how the Croats arrived in the Balkans isn't fully clear. Around the late 500s and early 600s, Croats moved from an area called White Croatia (which is now part of Galicia). A old story from the 900s says that the Croats came to their current home led by five brothers and two sisters. They bravely fought and pushed out the Pannonian Avars from the Roman area of Dalmatia.

Some people think one of the brothers, Chrobatos (Hrvat), gave his name to the Croats (Hrvati). However, most historians don't have enough proof for this idea. The Croats slowly started to become Christian in the 600s, during the time of a ruler named Porga.

First Croatian Leaders (7th Century)

These were some of the earliest known leaders of the Croats. They were called "archons," which means a chief ruler.

Dukes of Lower Pannonia (8th Century–896)

The flat lands of modern-day Croatia, known as the Pannonian plain, also had Slavic tribes living there long ago. History tells us about some of their rulers.

Portrait	Name	Rule Started	Rule Ended	Important Facts
	Vojnomir	around 790	around 810
Ljudevit (Non-contemporary)	Ljudevit	around 810	around 823
	Ratimir	around 829	around 838
	Braslav	around 882	around 896	His wife was named Ventescela.

Dukes of Croatia (8th Century–925)

The Slavic tribes known as Croats settled in what is now Croatia around the early 7th century. Their rulers started to appear in historical records in the late 8th century.

Baptismal font of Prince Višeslav

A special baptismal font still exists today that mentions Višeslav as a duke. For a long time, Croatian historians thought he was a duke of the Croats. However, there isn't much clear proof for many of the things said about him.

Portrait	Name	Rule Started	Rule Ended	Important Facts
Borna (Non-contemporary)	Borna	around 810	821	Borna was a leader under the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. He was called the Duke of the Guduscani, and Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia. Since Croats lived in these areas, he is seen as a Croatian duke.
	Vladislav	821	around 823	He was Borna's nephew.
	Ljudemisl	around 823	around 835	Some old writings suggest he might have killed Ljudevit, the Pannonian duke.
	Mislav	around 835	around 845
The Trpimirović Family
Trpimir I	Trpimir	around 845	864	He started the Trpimirović dynasty, a very important Croatian ruling family.
	Zdeslav	864	864	He was Trpimir's son.
The Domagojević Family
Domagoj	Domagoj	864	876	He took over from Zdeslav.
	Iljko	876	878	He was later killed during a civil war.
The Trpimirović Family
	Zdeslav	878	879	He became ruler again after overthrowing Domagoj's son. He was killed by Branimir in May 879.
The Domagojević Family
Branimir	Branimir	879	around 892	His wife was Maruša (Mariosa), the earliest known Croatian female ruler.
The Trpimirović Family
	Muncimir	892	910	He was Trpimir's son. He was also called Mutimir.
	Tomislav I	910	925

Kings of Croatia (925–1102)

In a letter from 925, Pope John X called Tomislav I of the Trpimirović dynasty Rex Chroatorum, which means King of the Croats. After Tomislav I, all Croatian rulers used the title of King of Croatia. This is also shown by an old stone carving that mentions the earliest known Croatian queen, Domaslava, from the early 900s.

Portrait	Name	Rule Started	Rule Ended	Important Facts
The Trpimirović Family
	Tomislav I	925	928	He might have been the son of Muncimir. After he died, civil wars made the country weaker, and some land, like Bosnia, was lost. He is traditionally seen as the first and most famous Croatian king.
	Trpimir II	928	935	He was either Tomislav's younger brother or his son.
Krešimir I	Krešimir I	935	945	He was the son of Trpimir II.
Miroslav	Miroslav	945	949	He was the son of Krešimir I.
Michael Krešimir II	Michael Krešimir II	949	969	He was Miroslav's younger brother. Michael Krešimir ruled with his wife, Queen Helen of Zadar. During their time, Croatia got back lands it had lost, including Bosnia. After Michael Krešimir died, his wife ruled as a guardian for their young son, Stephen Držislav.
Helen of Zadar (Non-contemporary)	Helen of Zadar	969	976	She ruled as a guardian for her son Stephen Držislav from 969 until she died on October 8, 976.
	Stephen Držislav	969	997	He was the son of Michael Krešimir and Queen Helen of Zadar. He received royal symbols from the Byzantine Emperor and was crowned by the Archbishop of Split in Biograd in 988. He is considered the first crowned Croatian king.
Svetoslav Suronja	Svetoslav Suronja	997	1000	He was the oldest son of King Stephen Držislav. He was meant to be the next king but was removed from power by his brothers, Krešimir III and Gojslav.
Gojslav	Gojslav	1000	1020	He was Svetoslav Suronja's younger brother. He ruled together with Krešimir III.
Krešimir III	Krešimir III	1000	1030	He was Svetoslav Suronja's younger brother. He ruled alone after Gojslav died in 1020.
Stephen I	Stephen I	1030	1058	He was the son of Krešimir III.
Peter Krešimir IV the Great	Peter Krešimir IV the Great	1058	1074	He was the son of Stephen I. During his rule, the Croatian Kingdom was at its strongest. Near the end of his life, since he had no sons, Peter Krešimir chose Demetrius Zvonimir to be his heir.
Demetrius Zvonimir	Demetrius Zvonimir	1075	1089	He was a cousin of Peter Krešimir IV. He received royal symbols from the Pope and was crowned at the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses in Salona in 1075 or 1076. He married Princess Helen, who was the daughter of King Béla I of Hungary.
Stephen II	Stephen II	1089	1090/91	He was the son of Gojslav II, who was King Peter Krešimir IV's younger brother. He was supposed to be the next king after Peter Krešimir IV. However, the people and church chose Demetrius Zvonimir instead in 1075. He was the last ruler from the Trpimirović family and the last native king of Croatia to rule the entire medieval Croatian Kingdom.
The Árpád Family
Ladislaus I	Ladislaus I	1091	1095	After King Demetrius Zvonimir died in 1089, King Ladislaus I of Hungary ruled in Slavonia. After Stephen II died, he took over a large part of Croatia and became King of Croatia in 1091. He sent his nephew Álmos to rule as a duke for him, but only Hungarian nobles recognized him. Ladislaus claimed the throne because his sister was married to the late Croatian king Zvonimir, who had no living son. However, Hungary would not fully control Croatia until the rule of his successor, Coloman.
The Snačić Family
Petar Snačić	Petar Snačić	1093/1095	1097	Petar Snačić, a Croatian Ban (a high official), was chosen by Croatian nobles to rule. He became king during a time of great tension in the Kingdom. He fought against Coloman of Hungary for control of Croatia and was killed at the Battle of Gvozd Mountain in 1097. Petar was the last native Croatian king. From 1102 onwards, the Kings of Hungary were also Kings of Croatia, as the two crowns were joined.

Under the Hungarian Crown (1102–1527)

From 1102, the King of Hungary also ruled the Kingdom of Croatia. This was agreed upon with the Croatian nobles. A viceroy, called a ban, and a parliament, called a sabor, governed Croatia for the king. In 1409, Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights to Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice.

Portrait	Name	When they Ruled	Spouse(s)	Important Facts
The Árpád Family
Koloman	Koloman	1102 - February 3, 1116	Euphemia of Kiev	Koloman was King of Hungary from 1095 and King of Croatia from 1102 until his death. He was recognized by a council of Croatian nobles and crowned King of Croatia in 1102.
Stjepan II	Stjepan II	February 3, 1116 - April 3, 1131	A daughter of Robert I of Capua	He was Koloman's son.
Bela II	Bela II the Blind	April 3, 1131 - February 13, 1141	Helena of Serbia	He was Stjepan II's uncle and Koloman's brother.
Gejza II	Gejza II	February 13, 1141 - May 31, 1162	Euphrosyne of Kiev (married 1146)	He was the son of Bela II the Blind.
Stjepan III	Stjepan III	May 31, 1162 - March 4, 1172	Agnes of Austria (married 1168)	He was Gejza II's son. His rule was challenged from 1162 to 1163.
Ladislav II	Ladislav II	May 31, 1162 - January 14, 1163	None	He was a rebel anti-king and Gejza II's younger brother. He was the son of Bela II.
Stjepan IV	Stjepan IV	January 14, 1163 - June 1163	Maria Komnene	He was another rebel anti-king and Gejza II's younger brother. He was the son of Bela II.
Bela III	Bela III	March 4, 1172 - April 13, 1196	Agnes of Antioch (married 1172-died 1184) Margaret of France (married 1186)	He was Stjepan III's brother and Gejza II's son.
Emerik	Emerik	April 13, 1196 - November 30, 1204	Constance of Aragon (married 1198)	He was Bela III's son.
Ladislav III	Ladislav III	November 30, 1204 - May 7, 1205	None	He was Emerik's son. He was crowned when he was only 4 or 5 years old and died six months later.
Andrija II	Andrija II	May 7, 1205 - September 21, 1235	Gertrude of Merania (died 1213) Yolanda of Courtenay (married 1215-died 1233) Beatrice of Este (married 1234)	He was Ladislav III's uncle and Bela III's son. In 1222, he issued a special document called the Golden Bull. This document set out the rights of noblemen, including their right to not obey the king if he broke the law.
Bela IV	Bela IV	September 21, 1235 - May 3, 1270	Maria Laskarina	He was Andrija II's son. He ruled during the First Mongol invasion (1241–1242). In 1242, he issued another Golden Bull that made Zagreb and Samobor free royal cities.
Stjepan V	Stjepan V	May 3, 1270 - August 6, 1272	Elizabeth the Cuman	He was Bela IV's son. He was also Prince of Slavonia from 1246 to 1257.
Ladislav IV	Ladislav IV the Cuman	August 6, 1272 - July 10, 1290	Elizabeth of Sicily	He was Stjepan V's son. He lived with the nomadic Cuman tribes, which the Catholic church didn't like. Because of this, he was removed from the church.
Andrija III	Andrija III the Venetian	August 4, 1290 - January 14, 1301	Fenenna of Kuyavia (died 1295) Agnes of Austria (married 1296)	He was a distant cousin of Ladislav IV and the grandson of Andrija II. His rule was challenged by Carlo Martel and Carlo I.
The Přemyslid Family
Vjenceslav	Vjenceslav (Anti-king)	August 27, 1301 - October 9, 1305	Viola of Teschen (married 1305)	He was a great-great-grandson of Bela IV and King of Bohemia. His claim to the throne was challenged by Carlo I. The Pope declared his rule invalid.
The Wittelsbach Family
Otto	Otto (Anti-king)	October 9, 1305 - May 1307	None	He was a grandson of Bela IV and Duke of Lower Bavaria. His claim was challenged by Carlo I.
The Anjou Family
Karlo Martel	Karlo Martel	1290 - August 12, 1295	Clemence of Austria (died 1293/1295)	He was chosen by Pope Nicholas IV to be the successor of his uncle, Ladislav IV. His title as king was recognized by the Šubić and Kőszegi noble families. He was crowned in Croatia. His rule was challenged by Andrija III.
Karlo I	Karlo I	January 14, 1301 - July 16, 1342	Maria of Galicia (disputed) Maria of Bytom (married 1306-died 1317) Beatrice of Luxembourg (married 1318-died 1319) Elizabeth of Poland (married 1320)	He was Karlo Martel's son. He was also called Carlo Robert. His rule was challenged by Vjenceslav and Otto from 1301 to 1307.
Ludovik I	Ludovik I the Great	July 16, 1342 - September 11, 1382	Margaret of Bohemia (died 1349) Elizabeth of Bosnia (married 1353)	He was also King of Poland from 1370 to 1382.
Marija	Marija	September 11, 1382 - December 1385 (first reign) and February 24, 1386 - May 17, 1395 (second reign)	Žigmund (married 1385)	She married Žigmund (Sigismund) of Luxembourg after he invaded Upper Hungary in 1385. After Karlo II was killed in 1386, Marija began her second rule as co-king with her husband Žigmund.
Karlo II	Karlo II	December 31, 1385 - February 24, 1386	Margaret of Durazzo	He was also King of Naples. After Marija gave up the throne, Karlo II of Naples was crowned King. He was hurt in an assassination attempt on February 7, 1386, and died on February 24 of the same year.
Ladislav V	Ladislav V	1390-1414	Costanza Chiaramonte (marriage ended 1392) Mary of Lusignan (married 1403-died 1404) Mary of Enghien (married 1406)	He was Karlo II's son. He claimed the crowns of Hungary and Croatia from 1390, against Marija and Žigmund. He was crowned but only controlled Zadar.
The Kotromanić Family
Stjepan Tvrtko	Stjepan Tvrtko	1390-1391	Doroteja Bugarska (married 1374)	Tvrtko managed to take over large parts of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia. In May 1390, cities and islands in Dalmatia gave up to Tvrtko. He then called himself "king of Rascia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and Pomorje." His sudden death in 1391 stopped his family from keeping control of Croatian lands.
Stjepan Dabiša	Stjepan Dabiša	1391-1394	Jelena Gruba (married 1391)	In the first years of his rule, Dabiša kept Tvrtko's Kingdom of Bosnia together. This included Bosnia, Croatia, Dalmatia, and other areas. Dabiša later gave up Croatia and Dalmatia to the Hungarian king and agreed to recognize him as his feudal lord and future heir to the Bosnian throne.
The Luxembourg Family
Žigmund	Žigmund	March 31, 1387 - December 9, 1437	Marija (died 1395) Barbara of Celje (married 1305)	He was the son of Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV. He ruled with his wife Marija until she died in 1395. He became King of Bohemia in 1419 and was chosen as Holy Roman Emperor in 1433.
The Habsburg Family
Albert I	Albert I	December 18, 1437 - October 27, 1439	Elizabeth of Luxembourg	He was Žigmund's son-in-law. He was also King of Bohemia and Germany from 1438 until he died in 1439. He was the first Habsburg king of Croatia.
The Jagiellon Family
Vladislav I	Vladislav I	May 15, 1440 - November 10, 1444	None	He was also King of Poland from 1434 until he supposedly died at the Battle of Varna. His rule was challenged by Ladislav V, Albert I's son.
The Habsburg Family
Ladislav V	Ladislav V the Posthumous	November 10, 1444 - November 23, 1457	None	He was Albert I's son, born in 1440 after his father died. He spent most of his life as a captive. His rule was challenged by Vladislav I between 1440 and 1444. He had no children and was the last of his line of the Habsburg family.
The Hunyadi Family
Matija I	Matija I	January 24, 1458 - April 6, 1490	Catherine of Poděbrady (married 1463-died 1464) Beatrice of Naples (married 1475)	The nobles chose him as king. He was the son of John Hunyadi. He was also King of Bohemia from 1469 until he died in 1490, a title he fought for with Vladislav II.
The Jagiellon Family
Vladislav II	Vladislav II	July 15, 1490 - May 13, 1516	Beatrice of Naples (married 1490-marriage ended 1500) Anne of Foix-Candale (married 1502-died 1506)	He was also King of Bohemia from 1471. Hungarian nobles chose him as king after his supporters defeated Matija I's son. He died in 1516.
Ludovik II	Ludovik II	May 13, 1516 - August 29, 1526	Mary of Austria	He was also King of Bohemia from 1516 until he died in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács. He was the last king not from the Habsburg family.
The Zápolya Family
Ivan I	Ivan I (Anti-king)	November 10, 1526 - July 22, 1540	Isabella Jagiellon (married 1539)	He claimed the throne with support from Hungarian nobles and later Suleiman the Magnificent. His rule was challenged by Ferdinand I. Ivan I made a deal with Ferdinand I to recognize his right to unite Hungary after Ivan I's death. However, shortly after his son Ivan was born, Ivan I gave his kingdom to his son on his deathbed.
Ivan II	Ivan II (Anti-king)	September 13, 1540 - August 16, 1570	None	He was Ivan I's son. Supporters of Ivan I chose him as King of Hungary. His claim was challenged by Ferdinand I and Maximilian. He was never crowned.

Under the Habsburg Monarchy (1527–1918)

On January 1, 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin to choose Ferdinand I of the Habsburg family as the new King of Croatia. The Habsburg rulers later took over the lands of Dalmatia after the Napoleonic wars. The Kingdom of Dalmatia was a special territory of the Austrian Empire (1815–1867) and later part of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918).

Portrait	Name	When they Ruled	Spouse(s)	Important Facts
The Habsburg Family
Ferdinand I	Ferdinand I	January 1, 1527 - July 25, 1564	Anne of Hungary (died 1547)	He was the brother-in-law of Ludovik II. He claimed the throne based on an agreement between the Jagiellon and Habsburg families. The Sabor (Croatian Parliament) elected him King in January 1527.
Maximilian	Maximilian	September 8, 1563 - October 12, 1576	Maria of Spain	He was Ferdinand I's son. He ruled during the Siege of Szigetvár and the Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt.
Rudolf	Rudolf	September 25, 1572 - June 26, 1608	None	He was Maximilian's son. He ruled during the Battle of Sisak. He gave up his throne to his younger brother Matthias II.
Matija II	Matija II	June 26, 1608 - March 20, 1619	Anna of Tyrol (died 1618)	He was Rudolf's brother and Maximilian's son.
Ferdinand II	Ferdinand II	July 1, 1618 - February 15, 1637	Eleonora of Mantua (married 1622)	He was Matija II's cousin and Ferdinand I's grandson. In 1630, he issued a law called Statuta Valachorum. This law put Vlachs (mostly Orthodox Serbs) in the Military Frontier directly under Vienna's rule, taking away the Sabor's power over them.
Ferdinand III	Ferdinand III	December 8, 1625 - April 2, 1657	Maria Anna of Spain (married 1631-died 1646) Maria Leopoldine of Austria (married 1648-died 1649) Eleonora of Mantua (married 1651)	He was Ferdinand II's son. He helped end the Thirty Years War.
Ferdinand IV	Ferdinand IV	June 16, 1647 - July 9, 1654	None	He was Ferdinand III's son and co-king.
Leopold I	Leopold I	June 27, 1657 - May 5, 1705	Margaret Theresa of Spain (married 1666-died 1673) Claudia Felicitas of Austria (married 1673-died 1676) Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg (married 1676)	He was Ferdinand III's son. He stopped the Zrinski–Frankopan Conspiracy and took away the Sabor's right to elect a king. In 1669, he started the University of Zagreb.
Josip I	Josip I	May 5, 1705 - April 17, 1711	Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick	He was Leopold I's son.
Karlo III	Karlo III	April 11, 1711 - October 20, 1740	Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick	He was Josip I's brother and Leopold I's son. He issued a rule called the Pragmatic Sanction. This rule allowed his daughter Marija Terezija to become queen if there were no male heirs.
Marija Terezija	Marija Terezija	October 20, 1740 - November 29, 1780	Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1765)	She was Karlo III's daughter. She divided Croatia into counties. In 1767, she created a Croatian Royal Council, but she ended it in 1779. She made important changes to the military, economy, and schooling.
Josip II	Josip II	November 29, 1780 - February 20, 1790	None	He was Marija Terezija's son. He ended serfdom (a type of forced labor) and tried to make German the main language in Croatian lands.
Leopold II	Leopold II	February 20, 1790 - March 1, 1792	Maria Louisa of Spain	He was Josip II's brother and Marija Terezija's son.
Franjo	Franjo	March 1, 1792 - March 2, 1835	Maria Theresa of Sicily (died 1807) Maria Ludovica of Modena (married 1808-died 1816) Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (married 1816)	He was Leopold II's son. He brought the Habsburg Monarchy together into the Austrian Empire when the Holy Roman Empire fell apart. He was the last Holy Roman Emperor.
Ferdinand V	Ferdinand V	September 28, 1830 - December 2, 1848	Maria Anna of Sardinia (married 1831)	He was Franjo's son. Because he had epilepsy, he gave up his throne to his nephew Franjo Josip during the Revolutions of 1848. Ferdinand V died in 1875.
Franjo Josip	Franjo Josip	December 2, 1848 - November 21, 1916	Elizabeth of Bavaria (married 1854-died 1898)	He was Ferdinand V's nephew and Franjo's grandson. He was the longest-reigning Croatian monarch. During his rule, Croatian lands (Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia) were united by Ban Josip Jelačič in 1848. In 1867, he changed the monarchy into two parts: Austrian and Hungarian. From 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was a self-governing kingdom within Hungary.
Karlo IV	Blessed Karlo IV	November 21, 1916 - April 1, 1922	Zita of Parma	He was Franjo Josip's grand-nephew. In his coronation oath to the Sabor (Croatian Parliament), he recognized the unity of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia with Rijeka. He reigned until 1918, when he stopped taking part in state affairs but did not officially give up his throne. The Sabor ended Croatia's union with Hungary and Austria on October 29, 1918, but never officially removed King Karlo IV from his title. He spent his last years trying to bring back the monarchy until he died in 1922. The Catholic Church later made him a saint.

Kings of Yugoslavia (1918–1945)

After World War I and the end of Austria-Hungary, Croatia joined a new country called the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. After a short time of ruling itself, this state became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Karađorđević family. The kingdom's name changed to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. In 1920, after the Treaty of Rapallo, Istria and parts of Dalmatia became part of Italy. Based on an agreement in 1939, the Banate of Croatia was created. Under this agreement, an elected Sabor and a Ban chosen by the king would decide on internal matters in Croatia.

Portrait	Name	When they Ruled	Spouse(s)	Important Facts
The Karađorđević Family
Petar I	Petar I	December 1, 1918 - August 16, 1921	None	He was the son of Aleksandar, Prince of Serbia. After King Alexander I Obrenović was killed in 1903, Peter Karađorđević became the new king of Serbia. Later, he became King of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Aleksandar	Aleksandar	August 16, 1921 - October 9, 1934	Maria of Romania (married 1922)	He was Petar I's son. He changed the country's name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and started a royal dictatorship. He was killed in 1934 in Marseille.
Petar II	Petar II	October 9, 1934 - November 29, 1945	Alexandra of Greece (married 1944)	He was Aleksandar's son. His uncle Pavle served as a regent (someone who rules for a young king) until 1941. He was part of the Yugoslav government-in-exile after the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. The monarchy was officially ended in Yugoslavia on November 29, 1945.

King of the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943)

In 1941, Croatia was taken over by the Axis powers during World War II. The Independent State of Croatia was set up as a state controlled by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Soon after it was created, the government passed laws to make the country a kingdom. Three days later, the Treaties of Rome were signed. The Italian Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta was chosen to be King of Croatia. Many Adriatic islands and part of Dalmatia were taken by Italy. On September 10, 1943, the Independent State of Croatia said the Treaties of Rome were no longer valid and took back the part of Dalmatia that had been given to Italy.

Portrait	Name	When they Ruled	Spouse(s)	Important Facts
The Savoy Family
Tomislav II	Tomislav II (King-designate)	May 18, 1941 - July 31, 1943	Irene of Greece	Tomislav II set up a Croatian royal office in Florence and later in Rome. He first refused to become king because he was against Italy taking over the Dalmatia region. So, some sources call him the king-designate (chosen king). He gave up his claim on July 31, 1943, after Benito Mussolini was removed from power.

After World War II

• List of heads of state of Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
• List of presidents of Croatia (1991–present)
• List of prime ministers of Croatia (1991–present)

Images for kids

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  First known example of Croatian checkerboard pattern on a coat of arms in Innsbruck, Austria (1495)

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  Coat of arms of the Croatian Crown land (until 1868)

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  Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918). The official version had St. Stephen's crown.

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  Coat of arms of Banovina of Croatia (1939–1941)

What is a "Duke of Croatia"?

The title Duke of Croatia has been used in different ways:

• The Doges of Venice (leaders of Venice) used this title, with permission from the Byzantine Empire, starting around 1100. This was when Hungary was taking over the Kingdom of Croatia. They used it until a peace agreement with Hungary in 1358.
• The Dukes of Merania, whose land was next to Croatia, were sometimes called Dukes of Croatia in old historical writings.
• Various Hungarian noblemen who were given power in the South Slavic lands added "Croatia" to their title of Duke of Slavonia in the 1200s and 1300s.

See also

• History of Croatia
• Timeline of Croatian history
• Croatian nobility
• Croatian Parliament
• Ban of Croatia
• Ban of Slavonia
• List of Hungarian monarchs (1102-1526)
• List of rulers of Austria (1527-1918)
• List of heads of state of Yugoslavia (1918-1991)
• List of presidents of Croatia (1991–present)
• List of prime ministers of Croatia (1991–present)