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| Greenfield, Massachusetts | ||
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| City | ||
Greenfield from Poet's Seat Tower, 1917
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 Location in Franklin County in Massachusetts |
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| Country | United States | |
| State | Massachusetts | |
| County | Franklin | |
| Settled | 1686 | |
| Incorporated | 1753 | |
| Area | ||
| • Total | 21.9 sq mi (56.7 km2) | |
| • Land | 21.4 sq mi (55.5 km2) | |
| • Water | 0.5 sq mi (1.2 km2) | |
| Elevation | 250 ft (76 m) | |
| Population (2010) | ||
| • Total | 17,456 | |
| • Density | 797.4/sq mi (307.87/km2) | |
| Time zone | Eastern (UTC-5) | |
| • Summer (DST) | Eastern (UTC-4) | |
| ZIP code | 01301 | |
| Area code(s) | 413 | |
| FIPS code | 25-27025 | |
| GNIS feature ID | 0618166 | |
| Website | greenfield-ma |
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Greenfield is a city in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Greenfield was first settled in 1686. The population was 17,456 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Franklin County. Greenfield is home to Greenfield Community College, the Pioneer Valley Symphony Orchestra, and the Franklin County Fair. The city has a Main Street Historic District containing fine examples of Federal, Greek Revival, and Victorian architecture.
Greenfield is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Pocumtuck Indians first settled and originally inhabited the Greenfield area. Native American artifacts found in the area have been dated between 7,000 and 9,000 years BCE. The Pocumtucks planted field crops and fished local rivers. Some sources claim that they were wiped out by the Mohawks in 1664 and that the land was left unoccupied. This theory may be an example of the principle of vacuum domicilium, a frequently used justification for the displacement of native peoples. Other sources show that the Pocumtucks joined the Wampanoag chief Metacom in August 1675 in the fight against English encroachment, indicating a continued presence in the area. The Pocumtuck also played an important role in the Battle of Great Falls / Wissantinnewag - Peskeompskut on May 19, 1676, and tribal oral tradition indicates that following the battle, elements of the Pocumtuck fled to and were incorporated into the Abenaki people to the north and the Mahican people to the west.
The area was colonized as part of Deerfield by the English in 1686. In 1753, Greenfield, named for the Green River, was incorporated as a separate town from Deerfield.
In 1795 the South Hadley Canal opened, enabling boats to bypass the South Hadley falls and reach Greenfield via the Connecticut River. Located at the confluence of the Deerfield and Green rivers, and not far from where they merge into the Connecticut River, Greenfield developed into a trade center. Falls provided water power for industry, and Greenfield grew into a prosperous mill town. John Russell established the Green River Works in 1834, hiring skilled German workers at what was the country's first cutlery factory. The Connecticut River Railroad was the first of several railways to enter the town, replacing the former canal trade. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Greenfield was one of the most important American centers of the tap and die business and was the home of Greenfield Tap & Die Company (GTD).
It was designated the county seat when Franklin County was created from Hampshire County in 1811.
Old Stone Mill c. 1920
Franklin Street in 1906
Mansion House c. 1908
Early bridges over the Deerfield River c. 1915
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22 square miles (56.7 km2), of which 21 square miles (55.5 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.2 km2), or 2.08%, is water. Greenfield is located at the center of the county and is bordered by Colrain, Leyden, and Bernardston to the north; Gill to the east; Montague to the southeast; Deerfield to the south; and Shelburne to the west. Greenfield is located 39 miles (63 km) north of Springfield and 90 miles (145 km) west-northwest of Boston.
Greenfield lies at the confluence of the Deerfield, Green, and Connecticut rivers. The Green River runs from the north, through town to the Deerfield, which lies along the city's southern border. From there, the Deerfield meets the Connecticut, which flows southward along the Montague border before bending eastward briefly before continuing southward. Several brooks flow into the three rivers, as well as a fourth river, the Fall River, which makes up the city's border with Gill. The city is located beside the Pocumtuck Range, the northernmost subridge of the Metacomet Ridge, and is surrounded by hills, with the town center lying on an elevated point above the rivers.
Like most of New England, Greenfield has a humid continental climate, exactly on the border between Köppen Dfa and Dfb with its warmest-month (July) mean of 71.6 °F (22.0 °C). with cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Extreme temperatures range from 100 °F (37.8 °C), recorded on July 22, 1926, and August 26, 1948, to −30 °F (−34.4 °C), recorded on January 22, 1961. Precipitation is abundant and well distributed (every month except February over 3 inches) and averages 41.3 inches per year.
| Climate data for Greenfield, Massachusetts | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °F (°C) | 32.7 (0.39) |
34.5 (1.39) |
44.2 (6.78) |
57.3 (14.06) |
70.0 (21.11) |
78.4 (25.78) |
83.0 (28.33) |
80.6 (27) |
73.2 (22.89) |
62.2 (16.78) |
48.3 (9.06) |
35.7 (2.06) |
58.3 (14.61) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 14.0 (-10) |
14.5 (-9.72) |
25.0 (-3.89) |
35.2 (1.78) |
45.8 (7.67) |
55.1 (12.83) |
60.2 (15.67) |
58.2 (14.56) |
50.8 (10.44) |
40.1 (4.5) |
30.7 (-0.72) |
18.9 (-7.28) |
37.4 (3) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 3.2 (81) |
2.8 (71) |
3.5 (89) |
3.4 (86) |
3.6 (91) |
3.7 (94) |
3.7 (94) |
3.8 (97) |
3.6 (91) |
3.0 (76) |
3.6 (91) |
3.5 (89) |
41.3 (1,049) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 15.3 (38.9) |
15.1 (38.4) |
8.8 (22.4) |
2.0 (5.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2.3 (5.8) |
9.5 (24.1) |
53.0 (134.6) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 113 |
| Source: Weatherbase | |||||||||||||
Greenfield lies at the junction of four highways. Interstate 91 travels north and south through the western stretch of the city and is duplexed for a 3-mile (5 km) stretch with Massachusetts Route 2. Route 2, which follows the rough path of (and is nicknamed after) the Mohawk Trail, enters over the Fall River as a surface road before becoming a limited-access highway until its concurrence with I-91. Once it leaves the interstate, Route 2 becomes a surface road again. Between the start of the limited access section of Route 2 and its split from I-91 at Exit 24, the Mohawk Trail follows Massachusetts Route 2A, which uses Route 2's former right of way through the center of Greenfield. At the town center, Route 2A meets the duplexed U.S. Route 5 and Massachusetts Route 10, which comes over the Deerfield River in the south before heading northward through town, with another interchange along the highway portion of Route 2.
Greenfield lies at the junction of two rail lines, an east–west line heading from the northern points of Worcester County towards the Hoosac Tunnel and Albany, New York, and the north–south line heading from Springfield in the south towards Vermont in the north. Both lines are owned and operated by Pan Am Railways.
Passenger rail service resumed in Greenfield on December 29, 2014, with the rerouting of Amtrak's Vermonter. The station platform in Greenfield is located behind the Olver Transit Center. The former Greenfield train station (torn down in 1966) was located across the tracks from the current train platform, in the present day Energy Park.
The town is served by the Peter Pan and Greyhound bus lines and is the hub of the Franklin Regional Transit Authority (FRTA), whose local service extends from Bernardston to Northampton and from Orange to Charlemont. The John W. Olver Transit Center is the hub for FRTA bus service, as well as the local depot for Peter Pan and Greyhound intercity service. MAX provides intercity bus service to Fitchburg, Worcester and Boston, with intermediate stops.
The nearest general aviation airport is located in the Turners Falls section of Montague, and the nearest national air service is at Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
See also: Greenfield (CDP), Massachusetts
| Historical population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1850 | 2,580 | — |
| 1860 | 3,108 | +20.5% |
| 1870 | 3,589 | +15.5% |
| 1880 | 3,903 | +8.7% |
| 1890 | 5,252 | +34.6% |
| 1900 | 7,927 | +50.9% |
| 1910 | 10,427 | +31.5% |
| 1920 | 15,462 | +48.3% |
| 1930 | 15,500 | +0.2% |
| 1940 | 15,672 | +1.1% |
| 1950 | 17,349 | +10.7% |
| 1960 | 17,690 | +2.0% |
| 1970 | 18,116 | +2.4% |
| 1980 | 18,436 | +1.8% |
| 1990 | 18,666 | +1.2% |
| 2000 | 18,168 | −2.7% |
| 2010 | 17,456 | −3.9% |
| 2014 | 17,368 | −0.5% |
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data. Source: |
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By the 2010 census, the population had decreased to 17,456. Greenfield, as the only community in the county with a population over 10,000, is the largest community by population or population density in the county. It is also the smallest mainland county seat in the Commonwealth, as only the island towns of Edgartown and Nantucket are smaller.
As of the census of 2000, there had been 18,168 people, 7,939 households, and 4,374 families residing in the city. The population density was 836.2 people per square mile (322.8/km²). There were 8,301 housing units at an average density of 382.1 per square mile (147.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.39% White, 1.34% Black or African American, 0.32% Native American, 1.10% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.41% from other races, and 2.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.54% of the population.
There were 7,939 households out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.9% were non-families. 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the town the population was spread out with 21.9% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $33,110, and the median income for a family was $46,412. Males had a median income of $33,903 versus $26,427 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,830. About 11.4% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.2% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
Greenfield City Hall
Poet's Seat Tower circa 1915
