Steel facts for kids
Steel is iron mixed with carbon and perhaps other metals. It is harder and stronger than iron. Iron with more than 1.7% percent carbon by weight is named cast iron. Steel is different from wrought iron, which has little or no carbon.
Contents
Making steel
Steel has a long history. People in India and Sri Lanka were making small amounts of steel more than 2,500 years ago. It was very expensive and was often used to make swords and knives. In the Middle Ages, steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes took a long time.
In the time since, there have been many changes to the way steel is made. In about the year 1610 steel started to be made in England, and the way it was made got better and cheaper over the next 100 years. Cheap steel helped start the Industrial Revolution in England and in Europe. The first industrial Converter (metallurgy) for making cheap steel was the Bessemer converter, followed by Siemens-Martin open-hearth process.
Today the most common way of making steel is the basic-oxygen process. The converter is a large turnip-shaped vessel. Liquid raw iron called "pig iron" is poured in and some scrap metal is added in to balance the heat. Oxygen is then blown into the iron. The oxygen burns off the extra carbon and other impurities. Then enough carbon is added to make the carbon contents as wanted. The liquid steel is then poured. It can be either cast into molds or rolled into sheets, slabs, beams and other so-called "long products", such as railway tracks. Some special steels are made in electric arc furnaces.
Steel is most often made by machines in huge buildings called steel mills. It is a very cheap metal and is used to make many things. Steel is used in making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines. Almost all ships and cars are today made from steel. When a steel object is old, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called scrap. It can be melted down and re-shaped into a new object. Steel is recyclable material; that is, the same steel can be used and re-used.
Iron and steel chemistry
Steel is a metal alloy which includes iron and often some carbon.
Every material is made up of atoms which are very small parts. Some atoms hold together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard. Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another. If other atoms like carbon are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily. This makes the metal stronger and harder.
Changing the amount of carbon (or other atoms) added to steel will change those things that are interesting and useful about the metal. These are called the properties of the steel. Some properties are:
- Hardness
- How easily it bends
- Ductility: can it be made into thin wires
- Strength
- Is it magnetic, a magnet can pick it up
- Will it rust (or corrode)
The chemical properties of steel mainly consist of iron and other elements such as carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and alloying elements. The most common components are carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. Steel has a density of 7,850 kg/m3 and a melting point of 1,510 °C.
Carbon is the principal hardening element in steel. Steel with more carbon is harder and stronger than pure iron, but it also breaks more easily (brittle).
Types of steel
There are thousands of steel types. Each type is made of different chemical elements.
All steels have some elements that have a bad effect, such as phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). Steel makers take out as much P and S as possible.
Plain carbon steels are made only of iron, carbon, and undesired elements. They fall into three general groups. Plain carbon steel with 0.05 to 0.2% carbon does not harden when cooled quickly. Welding it is simple, so it is used for shipbuilding, boilers, pipes, fence wire and other purposes where low cost is important. Plain steels are used for springs, gears, and engine parts. Plain carbon steel with 0.45 to 0.8% carbon is used for very hard items such as shears and machine tools.
Alloy steels are plain carbon steel with metals such as Boron (B), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and cobalt (Co) added. These give other properties than plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are made for specialized purposes. For example, chromium can be added to make stainless steel, which does not rust easily, or boron can be added to make very hard steel that is also not brittle.
Uses of steel
There are a huge number of things that people make from steel. It is one of the most common and useful metals. A lot of items made from iron in the past are now made of steel. Some of them are:
- Tools
- Machines
- Motors and engines
- Wires
- Rails for trains
- Buildings
- Bridges
- Bars for making reinforced concrete
- Hulls of ships and large boats
- Car and train bodies
- Major appliances
- Cutlery and knives
Recycling
Steel is one of the world's most-recycled materials, with a recycling rate of over 60% globally; in the United States alone, over 82,000,000 metric tons (81,000,000 long tons; 90,000,000 short tons) were recycled in the year 2008, for an overall recycling rate of 83%.
As more steel is produced than is scrapped, the amount of recycled raw materials is about 40% of the total of steel produced - in 2016, 1,628,000,000 tonnes (1.602×109 long tons; 1.795×109 short tons) of crude steel was produced globally, with 630,000,000 tonnes (620,000,000 long tons; 690,000,000 short tons) recycled.
Images for kids
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The steel cable of a colliery winding tower
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Incandescent steel workpiece in this depiction of the blacksmith's art
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Fe-C phase diagram for carbon steels; showing the A0, A1, A2 and A3 critical temperatures for heat treatments.
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Iron ore pellets for the production of steel
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Bloomery smelting during the Middle Ages
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A Bessemer converter in Sheffield, England
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A Siemens-Martin open hearth furnace in the Brandenburg Museum of Industry
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White-hot steel pouring out of an electric arc furnace.
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Bethlehem Steel in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (picture) was one of the world's largest manufacturers of steel before its closure in 2003.
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Forging a structural member out of steel
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A roll of steel wool
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A carbon steel knife
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A steel bridge
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A steel pylon suspending overhead power lines
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A stainless steel gravy boat
See also
In Spanish: Acero para niños
