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Outline of astronomy facts for kids

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KeckObservatory
Mauna Kea in Hawaii is one of the world's premier observatory sites. Pictured is the W. M. Keck Observatory, an optical interferometer.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy:

Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astronomy also intersects with biology, as astrobiology, studying potential life throughout the universe.

Nature of astronomy

Astronomy can be described as all the following:

  • An academic discipline: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
  • A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies it
  • A hobby or part-time pursuit for the satisfaction of personal curiosity or appreciation of beauty, the latter especially including astrophotography.

Branches

  • Astrobiology – studies the advent and evolution of biological systems in the universe.
  • Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background; and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are:
  • Planetary Science – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
    • Atmospheric science – study of atmospheres and weather.
    • Exoplanetology – various planets outside of the Solar System
    • Planetary formation – formation of planets and moons in the context of the formation and evolution of the Solar System.
    • Planetary rings – dynamics, stability, and composition of planetary rings
    • Magnetospheres – magnetic fields of planets and moons
    • Planetary surfaces – surface geology of planets and moons
    • Planetary interiors – interior composition of planets and moons
    • Small Solar System bodies – smallest bodies, including asteroids, comets, Kuiper belt objects, and dust.
  • Astronomy divided by general technique used for astronomical research:
    • Astrometry – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the kinematics of objects in our Galaxy.
    • Observational astronomy – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of observational astronomy are generally made by the specifications of the detectors, specifically the ranges of wavelengths observed:
      • Radio astronomy – Above 300 μm
      • Submillimetre astronomy – 200 μm to 1 mm
      • Infrared astronomy – 0.7–350 μm
      • Optical astronomy – 380–750 nm
      • Ultraviolet astronomy – 10–320 nm
      • X-ray astronomy – 0.01–10 nm
      • Gamma-ray astronomy – Below 0.01 nm
      • Cosmic ray astronomy – Cosmic rays, including plasma
      • Neutrino astronomy – Neutrinos
      • Dust astronomy – Cosmic dust
      • Gravitational wave astronomy – Gravitons
    • Photometry – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters
    • Spectroscopy – study of the spectra of astronomical objects
  • Other disciplines that may be considered part of astronomy:
    • Archaeoastronomy
    • Astrochemistry

History

History of astronomy

Basic astronomical phenomena

Astronomical objects

Astronomical object

Solar System

The Sun Mercury Venus The Moon Earth Mars Phobos and Deimos Ceres The main asteroid belt Jupiter Moons of Jupiter Rings of Jupiter Saturn Moons of Saturn Rings of Saturn Uranus Moons of Uranus Rings of Uranus Neptune Moons of Neptune Rings of Neptune Pluto Moons of Pluto Haumea Moons of Haumea Makemake The Kuiper Belt Eris Dysnomia The Scattered Disc The Hills Cloud The Oort CloudSolar System Template Final.png

Sun

Sun

Planets

Small Solar System bodies

Small Solar System body

Exoplanets

  • Exoplanet (also known as extrasolar planets) – planet outside the Solar System. A total of 4,341 such planets have been identified as of 28 Jan 2021.
    • Super-Earth – exoplanet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below those of the Solar System's ice giants.
    • Mini-Neptune – also known as a gas dwarf or transitional planet. A planet up to 10 Earth masses, but less massive than Uranus and Neptune.
    • Super-Jupiter – an exoplanet more massive than Jupiter.
    • Sub-Earth – an exoplanet "substantially less massive" than Earth and Venus.
    • Circumbinary planet – an exoplanet that orbits two stars.
    • Hot Jupiter – an exoplanet whose characteristics are similar to Jupiter, but that have high surface temperatures because they orbit very close to their parent stars, whereas Jupiter orbits its parent star (the Sun) at 5.2 AU (780×106 km), causing low surface temperatures.
    • Hot Neptune – an exoplanet in an orbit close to its star (normally less than one astronomical unit away), with a mass similar to that of Uranus or Neptune.
    • Pulsar planet – a planet that orbits a pulsar or a rapidly rotating neutron star.
    • Rogue planet (also known as an interstellar planet) – a planetary-mass object that orbits the galaxy directly.

Stars and stellar objects

  • Fixed stars

Stars

Variable stars

Variable star

  • Pulsating
    • Cepheids and cepheid-like
    • Blue-white with early spectra
      • Beta Cephei variable
      • PV Telescopii variable
    • Long Period and Semiregular
      • Mira variable
      • Semiregular variable
      • Slow irregular variable
    • Other
      • RV Tauri variable
      • Alpha Cygni variable
      • Pulsating white dwarf
  • Eruptive
    • Pre-main sequence star
      • Herbig Ae/Be
      • Orion variable
      • FU Orionis star
    • Main Sequence
    • Giants and supergiants
    • Eruptive binary
      • RS Canum Venaticorum variable
    • Cataclysmic or explosive
      • Cataclysmic variable star
      • Dwarf nova
      • Nova
      • Supernova
      • Z Andromedae
  • Rotating
    • Non-spherical
      • Ellipsoidal
    • Stellar spots
      • FK Comae Berenices
      • BY Draconis variable
    • Magnetic fields
      • Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable
      • SX Arietis
      • Pulsar
  • Eclipsing binary
    • Algol variable
    • Beta Lyrae variable
    • W Ursae Majoris variable

Supernovae

Supernova

Black holes

BlackHole
Artist's representation of a black hole.

Black hole

Constellations

The 88 modern constellations

Constellation history

The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD
The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries
Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis

Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis Anser

  • Antinous
  • Argo Navis
  • Asterion
  • Cancer Minor
  • Cerberus
  • Chara
  • Custos Messium
  • Felis
  • Frederici Honores/Gloria Frederici
  • Gallus
  • Globus Aerostaticus
  • Jordanus
  • Lochium Funis
  • Machina Electrica
  • Malus
  • Mons Maenalus
  • Musca Borealis
  • Noctua
  • Officina Typographica
  • Polophylax
  • Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii
  • Quadrans Muralis
  • Ramus Pomifer
  • Robur Carolinum
  • Sceptrum Brandenburgicum
  • Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae
  • Solarium
  • Rangifer/Tarandus
  • Taurus Poniatovii
  • Telescopium Herschelii
  • Testudo
  • Tigris
  • Triangulum Minus
  • Turdus Solitarius
  • Vespa
  • Vultur cadens
  • Vultur volans

Clusters and nebulae


Galaxies



Cosmology


Space exploration

See: Outline of space exploration

Organizations

Public sector space agencies

Space agencies

Africa
North Africa
  • Algeria Algerian Space Agency
  • Egypt National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences
  • Egypt Remote Sensing Center
  • Morocco Royal Centre for Remote Sensing
  • Tunisia National Remote Sensing Center
Sub-Saharan
  • Nigeria National Space Research and Development Agency
  • South Africa South African National Space Agency
North America
South America
  • Venezuela Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales
  • Brazil Brazilian Space Agency
  • Brazil Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology
  • Colombia Colombian Space Commission
  • Argentina Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales
  • Peru Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial
  • Brazil Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
  • Venezuela Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
  • Brazil National Institute for Space Research
Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
  • Indonesia National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
  • Malaysia Malaysian Space Agency
  • Philippines Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
  • Thailand Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency
  • Vietnam Space Technology Institute
  • Vietnam Space Commission
South Asia
Southwest Asia
Central Asia
  • Kazakhstan KazCosmos
  • Kazakh Space Research Institute1
  • Turkmenistan Turkmenistan National Space Agency1
  • Uzbekistan UzbekCosmos1
Europe
  • Austria Austrian Space Agency
  • Belarus Belarus Space Agency1
  • Belgium Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
  • Bulgaria Bulgarian Space Agency
  • Czech Republic Czech Space Office
  • Denmark Danish National Space Center
  • esa European Cooperation for Space Standardization
  • European Space Agency
  • European Union EUMETSAT
  • European Union Satellite Centre
  • France CNES
  • Germany German Aerospace Center
  • Greece Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing
  • Hungary Hungarian Space Office
  • Republic of Ireland Space Ireland
  • Italy Italian Space Agency
  • Lithuania Space Science and Technology Institute1
  • Luxembourg Luxinnovation
  • Netherlands Netherlands Institute for Space Research
  • Norway Norwegian Space Centre
  • Poland Space Research Centre
  • Portugal Portuguese Space Company
  • Romania Romanian Space Agency
  • Russia Russian Federal Space Agency1
  • Russian Space Research Institute1
  • Russian Space Forces
  • Soviet Union Soviet space program
  • Spain Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
  • Sweden Swedish National Space Board
  • Switzerland Swiss Space Office
  • United Kingdom UK Space Agency
  • Ukraine State Space Agency of Ukraine1
Oceania
World

1 Preceded by the Soviet space program

Books and publications

Astronomers

See also

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Outline of astronomy Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.