Dinosaur facts for kids

Quick facts for kids Dinosaurs Temporal range: Late Triassic–Present, 233.23 – 0 Mya (Range includes birds (Aves)) PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N (Possible Middle Triassic record)
A collection of fossil dinosaur skeletons. Clockwise from top left: Microraptor gui (a winged theropod), Apatosaurus louisae (a giant sauropod), Edmontosaurus regalis (a duck-billed ornithopod), Triceratops horridus (a horned ceratopsian), Stegosaurus stenops (a plated stegosaur), Pinacosaurus grangeri (an armored ankylosaur)
Scientific classification
Major groups
†Sauropodomorpha Theropoda †Ornithischia

Evolution of dinosaurs

Dinosaurs and Dinosauria (Latin: Dinosaurium; meaning "terrible lizards") are a varied group of Archosaur reptiles. They were the dominant land animals of the Mesozoic era. Over 500 different genera of dinosaurs are known. Fossils of dinosaurs have been found on every continent, and there are still frequent new discoveries.

Dinosaurs appeared in the Upper Triassic, about 230 million years ago. The earliest date of a dinosaur fossil is that of Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus from the Argentine, and Saturnalia from Brazil, 237 to 228 mya. By the early Jurassic they were the top land vertebrates, and dominated most environments on land. They continued until the sudden K/T extinction event 66 million years ago.

From the fossil record, we know that birds are living feathered dinosaurs. They evolved from the earliest theropods during the Jurassic. They were the only line of dinosaurs to survive to the present day.

Dinosaurs had adaptations which helped make them successful. The first known dinosaurs were small predators that walked on two legs. All their descendants had an upright posture, with the legs underneath the body. This transformed their whole life-style. There were other features. Most of the smaller dinosaurs had feathers, and were probably warm-blooded. This would make them active, with a higher metabolism than modern reptiles. Social interaction, with living in herds and co-operation seems very likely for some types.

The first fossils were recognised as dinosaurs in the early 19th century. Some of their bones were found much earlier, but were not understood. William Buckland, Gideon Mantell and Richard Owen saw these bones were a special group of animals. Dinosaurs are now major attractions at museums around the world. They have become part of popular culture. There have been many best-selling books and movies. New discoveries are reported in the media.

Types of dinosaurs

Dinosaurs are united by at least 21 traits in their skulls and skeletons. These common characters (called 'synapomorphies') are the reason palaeontologists are sure dinosaurs had a common origin.

However, when definite dinosaur fossils appear (early in the Upper Triassic), the group had already split into two great orders, the Saurischia, and the Ornithischia. The Saurischia keep the ancestral hip arrangement inherited from their Archosaur ancestors, and the Ornithischia have a modified hip structure.

Dinosaur classification

The following is a simplified list of dinosaur groups based on their evolution. Groups with a dagger (†) next to them don't have any living members.

• Dinosauria

The house sparrow is one of the most common living theropods

• Saurischia ("lizard-hipped"; includes Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha)

• Theropoda (all bipedal; most were carnivorous)

• †Herrerasauria (early bipedal carnivores)
• †Coelophysoidea (small, early theropods; includes Coelophysis and its close relatives)
• †Dilophosauridae (early crested and carnivorous theropods)
• †Ceratosauria (generally elaborately horned, the dominant southern carnivores of the Cretaceous)
• Tetanurae (meaning "stiff tails"; includes most theropods)

• †Megalosauroidea (early group of large carnivores including the semiaquatic spinosaurids)
• †Carnosauria (Allosaurus and close relatives, like Carcharodontosaurus)
• Coelurosauria (feathered theropods, with a range of body sizes and niches)

• †Compsognathidae (common early coelurosaurs with smaller legs)
• †Tyrannosauridae (Tyrannosaurus and its close relatives; had smaller legs)
• †Ornithomimosauria (meaning "ostrich-mimics"; mostly toothless; carnivores to possible herbivores)
• †Alvarezsauroidea (small insectivores with short arms that each had one large claw)

Size comparison of many dromaeosaurids, a family of fully feathered dinosaurs that includes both Velociraptor and Deinonychus.

• Maniraptora (meaning "hand snatchers"; had long, slender arms and fingers)

• †Therizinosauria (bipedal herbivores with large hand claws and small heads)
• †Oviraptorosauria (mostly toothless; their diet and lifestyle are uncertain)
• †Archaeopterygidae (small, winged theropods or primitive birds)
• †Deinonychosauria (small to medium-sized, bird-like, with a distinctive toe claw.)
• Avialae (modern birds and their extinct relatives)

• †Scansoriopterygidae (small primitive avialans with long third fingers)
• †Omnivoropterygidae (large, early short-tailed avialans)
• †Confuciusornithidae (small toothless avialans)
• †Enantiornithes (primitive flying avialans that lived in trees)
• Euornithes (advanced flying birds)

• †Yanornithiformes (toothed Cretaceous Chinese birds)
• †Hesperornithes (specialized aquatic diving birds)
• Aves (modern, beaked birds and their extinct relatives)

Size differences of the largest sauropods compared to a human

• †Sauropodomorpha (herbivores with small heads, long necks, long tails)

• †Guaibasauridae (small, primitive, omnivorous sauropodomorphs)
• †Plateosauridae (primitive, bipedal "prosauropods")
• †Riojasauridae (small, primitive sauropodomorphs)
• †Massospondylidae (small, primitive sauropodomorphs)
• †Sauropoda (very large and heavy, usually over 15 m (49 ft) long; quadrupedal)

• †Vulcanodontidae (primitive sauropods with pillar-like arms and legs)
• †Eusauropoda ("true sauropods")

• †Cetiosauridae ("whale reptiles")
• †Turiasauria (European group of Jurassic and Cretaceous sauropods)
• †Neosauropoda ("new sauropods")

• †Diplodocoidea (skulls and tails elongated; teeth typically narrow and pencil-like)
• †Macronaria (boxy skulls; spoon- or pencil-shaped teeth)

Various Ornithopod Dinosaurs

• †Brachiosauridae (long-necked, long-armed macronarians)
• †Titanosauria (diverse; stocky, with wide hips; most common in the late Cretaceous of southern continents)

• †Ornithischia ("bird-hipped"; diverse bipedal and quadrupedal herbivores)

• †Heterodontosauridae (small basal ornithopod herbivores/omnivores with prominent canine-like teeth)
• †Thyreophora (armored dinosaurs; mostly quadrupeds)

• †Ankylosauria (scutes as primary armor; some had club-like tails)
• †Stegosauria (spikes and plates as primary armor)

• †Neornithischia ("new ornithischians")

• †Ornithopoda (various sizes; bipeds and quadrupeds; evolved a method of chewing using flexible skulls and many teeth)
• †Marginocephalia (Had dome-like growths on their skulls made of bone)

• †Pachycephalosauria (bipedal with domed or knobby growth on skulls)
• †Ceratopsia (quadrupeds with frills; many also had horns)

Dinosaur origins and evolution

Archosaurs

The Archosaurs evolved into two main clades: those related to crocodiles, and those related to dinosaurs.

• Archosauria
  • Pseudosuchia: clade of the crocodiles and their relatives.
  • Avemetatarsalia: clade of the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds and relatives.
    • Aphanosauria
    • Ornithodira: clade of the pterosaurs and dinosaurs.
      • Pterosaurs
      • Dinosaurs

Earliest dinosaurs

The early forms Herrerasaurus (large), Eoraptor (small) and a Plateosaurus skull

The first known dinosaurs were bipedal predators that were one to two metres long.

The earliest confirmed dinosaur fossils include the saurischian ('lizard-hipped') dinosaurs Herrerasaurus 230–220 mya, Staurikosaurus possibly 230–225 mya, Eoraptor 231.4 mya, and Alwalkeria 230–220 mya. Saturnalia, 232–225 mya, may be a basal saurischian or a prosauropod. The others are basal saurischians.

Among the earliest ornithischian ('bird-hipped') dinosaurs is Pisanosaurus 230–220 mya. Although Lesothosaurus comes from 199–189 mya, skeletal features suggest that it branched from the main Ornithischia line at least as early as Pisanosaurus.

Early saurischians were similar to early ornithischians, but different from modern crocodiles. Saurischians differ from ornithischians by keeping the ancestral configuration of bones in the pelvis (shown in a diagram above). Another difference is in the skull: the upper skull of the Ornithischia is more solid, and the joint connecting the lower jaw is more flexible. These features are adaptations to herbivory; in other words, it helped them grind vegetable food.

Adaptive radiation

Dinosaurs were a varied group of animals. Adaptive radiation let them live in many ecological niches. Paleontologists have identified over 500 different genera and 1,000 species of non-avian dinosaurs. Their descendants, the birds, number 9,000 living species, and are the most diverse group of land vertebrates.

The largest dinosaurs were herbivores (plant-eaters), such as Apatosaurus and Brachiosaurus. They were the largest animals to ever walk on dry land. Other plant-eaters such as Iguanodon had special weapons, to help them fight off the meat-eaters. For example, Triceratops had three horns on its head shield, Ankylosaurus was covered in boney plates, and Stegosaurus had spikes on its tail.

The carnivores were bipedal (walked on their back legs), though not as we do. Their body was more towards the horizontal, balanced at the back by their tail. Some were very large, like Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus and Spinosaurus, but some were small, like Compsognathus. It was the smaller sized meat-eaters that may have evolved into birds. The first fossil bird, Archaeopteryx, had a skeleton which looked much like that of a dinosaur.

Life style

Locomotion

Dinosaurs were primitively bipedal: their probable ancestors were small bipedal Archosaurs. The date of the early dinosaur genus Eoraptor at 231.4 million years ago is important. Eoraptor probably resembles the common ancestor of all dinosaurs; its traits suggest that the first dinosaurs were small, bipedal predators. The discovery of primitive, pre-dinosaur, types in Middle Triassic strata supports this view. Analysis of their fossils suggests that the animals were indeed small, bipedal predators.

Hip joints and hindlimb postures

Those dinosaurs which returned to four-legged stance kept all four legs under their body. This is much more efficient than the sprawling legs of a lizard.

The big sauropods could never have reached so large a size without their pillar-like legs. A review surveys what we know about the mechanics of dinosaur movement.

Warm blooded

A major change in outlook came in the 1960s, when it was realised that small theropods were probably warm-blooded. The question of whether all theropods or even all dinosaurs were warm blooded is still undecided.

It is now certain (from fossils discovered in China: see Jehol biota) that small theropods had feathers. This fits well with the idea that they were warm-blooded, and that the origin of birds can be traced to a line of small theropods.

Activity

Warm blooded animals have a high metabolic rate (use up food faster). They can be more active, and for longer, than animals who depend on the environment for heating. Therefore, the idea of warm-blooded dinosaurs insulated by feathers led to the idea that they were more active, intelligent and faster runners than previously thought.

Main-stream palaeontologists have followed this view for small theropods, but not for larger herbivores. Since we know that the size of a Stegosaur's brain was about the size of a walnut, there is good reason to think its intelligence was limited.

Limitations

Despite their great success over a long period, there were life-styles which the dinosaurs never evolved. None ever evolved to live entirely in water, as many mammals do, though Spinosaurus was semi-aquatic. They never dominated the small terrestrial niche. All through the Mesozoic most small vertebrates were mammals and lizards.

Extinction

Badlands near Drumheller, Alberta. Erosion has exposed the claystone K/T boundary

The extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were caused by one or more catastrophic events, such as massive asteroid or meteorite impacts (like the Chicxulub impact), or increased volcanic activity.

Several impact craters and massive volcanic activity, such as that in the Deccan Traps in India, have been dated to the approximate time of the extinction event. These geological events may have reduced sunlight and hindered photosynthesis, leading to a massive disruption in Earth's ecology.

Did any terrestrial dinosaurs survive the great extinction event? Several fossils have been found in the Hell Creek Formation about 40,000 years later than the K/T extinction event. Many scientists dismiss the "Paleocene dinosaurs" as re-worked, that is, washed out of their original places and then re-buried in much later sediments. An associated skeleton (e.g. more than one bone from the same individual) found above the K/T boundary would be convincing, but no such finds have been reported.

Dinosaurs in fiction

"...Dragons of the prime,
that tare each other in their slime". Tennyson, In Memoriam,1849.

Books about dinosaurs have been popular, especially with children, but adults have also enjoyed these kinds of books. In Edwardian times, Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a novel about a plateau filled with dinosaurs which he called The Lost World.

Jurassic Park in 1990 started a new phase in dinosaur popular culture when it was followed by the movie of the same name in 1993.

Related pages

• List of dinosaurs
• Dinosaur brains and intelligence
• For "dinobirds", see Origin of birds
• K/T extinction event

Images for kids

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  Birds are avian dinosaurs, and in phylogenetic taxonomy are included in the group Dinosauria.

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  Triceratops skeleton, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

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  William Buckland

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  Sir Richard Owen's coining of the word dinosaur, at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1841

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  Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker with mounted skeleton of a tyrannosaurid (Gorgosaurus libratus)

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  Scipionyx fossil with intestines, Natural History Museum of Milan

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  The supercontinent Pangaea in the early Mesozoic (around 200 million years ago)

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  Restoration of four macronarian sauropods: from left to right Camarasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Euhelopus

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  An adult bee hummingbird, the smallest known dinosaur

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  A nesting ground of the hadrosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum was discovered in 1978

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  Restoration of two Centrosaurus apertus engaged in intra-specific combat

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  Restoration of a striking and unusual visual display in a Lambeosaurus magnicristatus

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  Nest of a plover (Charadrius)

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  Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid Citipati at the American Museum of Natural History. Smaller fossil far right showing inside one of the eggs.

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  This 1897 restoration of Brontosaurus as an aquatic, tail-dragging animal, by Charles R. Knight, typified early views on dinosaur lifestyles.

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  Comparison between the air sacs of an abelisaur and a bird

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  Various feathered non-avian dinosaurs, including Archaeopteryx, Anchiornis, Microraptor and Zhenyuanlong

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  Pneumatopores on the left ilium of Aerosteon riocoloradensis

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  The Chicxulub Crater at the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula; the impactor that formed this crater may have caused the dinosaur extinction.

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  Outdated Iguanodon statues created by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins for the Crystal Palace Park in 1853

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  The battles that may have occurred between Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops are a recurring theme in popular science and dinosaurs' depiction in culture

See also

In Spanish: Dinosaurios para niños